Quiz Study Guide Flashcards
Aerobic capacity
the maximum rate at which O2 can be taken in and used by your muscles cells
autotrophs
are organisms that make all their own matter (Carbon dioxide from the air + water+ minerals) Ex plants
Heterotrophs
include humans and other
animals
Photosynthesis
The chemical ingredients for
photosynthesis are carbon dioxide
(CO2) and water (H2O).
Cellular respiration
convert the energy stored
in sugar to another source called ATP. The waste products of cellular respiration are CO2 and
H2O.
Cellular Respiration
it turns chemical energy from organic fuel molecules
Glycolysis
the process in which glucose is broken down to produce energy. using the produces two molecules of pyruvate, ATP, NADH and water.
The Citric Acid Cycle
Overall, one turn of the citric acid cycle releases two carbon dioxide molecules and produces three NADH, one FADH, and one ATP or GTP. The citric acid cycle goes around twice for each molecule.
Electron Transport
Electrons are transferred from glucose in food to NAD+
* This electron transfer convers NAD+ to NADH
* NADH releases 2 electrons that enter an electron
transport chain, a series of carrier molecules.
*With each exchange, the electron gives up a bit of energy.
Electron Transport
Each of these miniature machines
are called ATP synthase
Fermentation
To harvest food energy during
glycolysis, NAD+ must be
present to receive electrons
FERMENTATION IN
MICROORGANISMS
Wastes from
fermentation can be
ethyl alcohol, lactic
acid, or other
compounds,
depending on the
species
Photosynthesis
Transforms light energy into
chemical energy, Uses CO2 and water as starting
materials, and Releases oxygen gas as a by-
product.
Chloroplast
Light-absorbing organelles, they are found on the leaves.
Photosynthesis equation
That the reactants of
photosynthesis, carbon dioxide
(CO2) and water (H2O), are the
same as the waste products of
cellular respiration
Calvin Cycle
which uses the
products of the light reactions to
power the production of sugar from
carbon dioxide
cell division
two “daughter” cells are
produced that are genetically
identical to each other and the
“parent” cell.
asexual reproduction
single-celled
organisms reproduce by dividing in half,
producing offspring that are genetic clones
wavelength
The distance between
the crests of two
adjacent waves
electromagnetic
spectrum
The full range of
radiation
Sexual
reproduction
requires
fertilization of an egg by a
sperm
gametes
egg and
sperm - involves a special
type of cell division called
meiosis, which occurs only
in reproductive organs.
eukaryotic cells
genes are located on chromosomes in the cell
nucleus
chromatin
fibers composed of roughly equal amounts of DNA and
protein molecules
chromatin
fibers
composed of roughly equal amounts of DNA and protein molecules
sister chromatids
which contain
identical genes
cell cycle
is an ordered sequence
of events that extend from the time a
cell is first formed from a dividing
parent cell to its own division into
two cells.
cleavage
an
indentation at the
equator of the cell.
cell plate
cytokinesis begins when
vesicles containing cell wall material
collect at the middle of the cell and
then fuse,
life cycle
multicellular organism is
the sequence of
generation-to-generation
stages from fertilization to
the production of its own
offspring
Meiosis
is the process of cell
division that produces haploid
gametes in diploid organisms.
