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quiz questions Flashcards

1
Q

Choose the correct statement:

  • The head is inferior to the neck
  • The forearm is superior to the arm
  • The abdomen is superior to the throat
  • The leg is inferior to the knee
  • A wristwatch is worn on the arm
A

The leg is inferior to the knee

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2
Q

Choose the correct statement:

  • A mid sagittal plane divides the body into equal upper and lower halves
  • Superior and inferior are terms that describe structures relative to a coronal plane.
  • Anterior and dorsal are synonymous terms.
  • The thumb is lateral to the pinkie
  • In the anatomic position, the feet are hips width apart and the palms face backwards.
A

The thumb is lateral to the pinkie

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3
Q

Choose the correct statement about epithelial tissue:

  • Epithelium is one of four tissues that makes up an organ system
  • Epithelium functions as a nonselective barrier
  • Epithelium sits inside of loose connective tissue
  • Epithelium is avascular
  • Epithelium covers only internal surfaces of the body
A

Epithelium is avascular

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4
Q

Choose the correct statement about connective tissue:

  • Dense connective tissue directly underlies epithelial tissue
  • Dense irregular connective tissue forms tendons of muscles
  • Bone and cartilage are specialized connective tissue
  • Connective tissue can be distinguished from smooth muscle with a Hematoxylin & Eosin stain
  • Both loose and dense irregular connective tissue contains collagen, but not elastic fibers
A

Bone and cartilage are specialized connective tissue

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5
Q

Which of the following statements is correct?

  • Skeletal and cardiac muscle are striated
  • Somatic nerves regulate how cardiac muscle contracts
  • Autonomic nerves innervate skeletal muscle
  • Nociception is muscle position sense
  • Skeletal and smooth muscle are under voluntary control
A

skeletal and cardiac muscle are striated

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6
Q

Which of the following statements regarding the nervous system are correct?

  • A spinal nerve is formed when a dorsal root joins a ventral root
  • The dorsal and ventral rami of spinal nerves branch off of the spinal nerve far from the spinal cord segment
  • The central nervous system consists of cranial and spinal nerves
  • There are more cranial nerves than spinal nerves
  • All branches of each spinal nerve have either motor or sensory axons, but not both.
A

a spinal nerve is formed when a dorsal root joins a ventral root

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7
Q

Which of the following statements concerning spinal nerves is correct?

  • Dorsal rami and ventral rami of the same spinal nerve innervate an individual dermatome and a myotome
  • All of the neuron cell bodies of the dorsal root are inside the spinal cord.
  • Dorsal rami do not innervate skeletal muscle.
  • All of the neuron cell bodies of a ventral root are in a ventral root ganglion.
  • Intercostal nerves are dorsal rami that innervate muscles on the dorsal thoracic wall
A

Dorsal rami and ventral rami of the same spinal nerve innervate an individual dermatome and a myotome

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8
Q

Thalamus makes up which of the following brain vesicles?

  • Diencephalon
  • Mesencephalon
  • Metencephalon
  • Telencephalon
A

diencephalon

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9
Q

Which structure divides the frontal and parietal lobes on lateral view of the cerebral hemisphere?

  • Central sulcus
  • Lateral sulcus
  • Corpus callosum
  • Transverse fissure
A

central sulcus

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10
Q

Which of the following is not part of the basal nuclei?

  • caudate nucleus
  • limbic lobe
  • putamen
  • globus pallidus
A

limbic lobe

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11
Q

Which part of the cerebellum is involved in control of balance and smooth execution of conjugate eye movements?

  • Cerebrocerebellum
  • Spinocerebellum
  • Vestibulocerebellum
  • Pontocerebellum
A

Vestibulocerebellum

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12
Q

Which of the following correctly pairs the part of the cerebellum with its action?

  • Paravermal hemisphere and movement of hand
  • Lateral hemisphere and movement of chest
  • Paravermal hemisphere and movement of shoulder
  • Vermis and movement of foot
A

paravermal hemisphere and movement of hand

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13
Q

Which are the only neurons in the cerebellar cortex that send axons out of the cortex?

  • Granule cells
  • Stellate cells
  • Purkinje cells
  • Basket cells
A

Purkinje cells

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14
Q

Which are the only neurons in the cerebellar cortex that are excitatory?

  • Stellate cells
  • Granule cells
  • Basket cells
  • Purkinje cells
A

Granule cells

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15
Q

What are the two types of input that enter the cerebellum?

  • Parallel fibers and granule cells
  • Mossy fibers and Purkinje cells
  • Stellate cells and basket cells
  • Climbing fibers and mossy fibers
A

climbing fibers and mossy fibers

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16
Q

Where do Purkinje cells synapse?

  • Upper motor neurons
  • Granule cell layer
  • Molecular layer
  • Deep cerebellar nuclei
A

deep cerebellar nuclei

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17
Q

Which of the following statements is FALSE about parallel fibers?

  • Mossy fibers provide indirect excitatory input through parallel fiber axons.
  • They do NOT arise from the inferior olivary nucleus.
  • They produce a steady stream of simple spikes in Purkinje cell axons.
  • Each Purkinje cell receives only a single parallel fiber.
A

Each Purkinje cells receives only a single parallel fiber

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18
Q

Where do climbing fibers arise from?

  • Ipsilateral inferior olivary nuclei
  • Contralateral superior olivary nuclei
  • Ipsilateral inferior olivary nuclei
  • Contralateral inferior olivary nuclei
A

Contralateral inferior olivary nuclei

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19
Q

Which of the following statements is TRUE about Clarke’s nucleus?

  • Small unmyelinated axons from the lower limbs synapse on Clarke’s nucleus.
  • Its axons project to the contralateral cerebellum.
  • It receives information from the upper limbs.
  • It is found in the intermediate zone of the spinal cord (T1-L3)
A

It is found in the intermediate zone of the spinal cord (T1-L3)

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20
Q

Which of the following correctly pairs the Purkinje cells’ location and its projection?

  • Axons in the vermis project to the dentate nucleus.
  • Axons in the vermis project to the fastigial nucleus.
  • Axons in the intermediate hemisphere project to the dentate nucleus.
  • Axons in the lateral hemisphere project to the fastigial nucleus.
A

axons in the vermis project to the fastigial nucleus

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21
Q

Where do the axons from the dentate and interposed nuclei terminate?

  • Ventral medial nucleus
  • Ventral lateral nucleus
  • Secondary motor cortex
  • Primary motor cortex
A

Ventral lateral nucleus

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22
Q

The left side of the cerebellum promotes…

  • no movement of any limb muscles
  • smooth execution of left limb muscles
  • smooth execution of right limb muscles
  • only inhibition of left limb muscles
A

smooth execution of left limb muscles

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23
Q

Which of the following is NOT due to a lesion of the cerebellar hemispheres?

  • Dysmetria
  • Intention tremor
  • Dysdiadochokinesis
  • Motor ataxia
A

motor ataxia

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24
Q

Which test would best identify if someone has a cerebellar hemisphere lesion?

  • Reflex testing
  • Finger-to-nose testing
  • Lift-off-chair testing
  • Romberg sign testing
A

finger-to-nose testing

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25
Q

Why do alcoholics experience motor ataxia due to thiamine deficiency?

  • Effect on anterior vermis
  • Effect on lateral cerebellar hemispheres
  • Effect on flocculonodular lobe
  • Effect on pontocerebellum
A

effect on anterior vermis

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26
Q

What is the major bundle of axons that separates the caudate nucleus from the putamen?

  • Subthalamic nuclei
  • Globus pallidus
  • Internal capsule
  • Nucleus accumbens
A

internal capsule

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27
Q

Which of the following correctly pairs the part of the substantia nigra with its main type of neurons?

  • Compact part and dopamine
  • Reticular part and glutamate
  • Compact part and GABA
  • Reticular part and dopamine
A

compact part and dopamine

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28
Q

What is the major role of the basal ganglia?

  • Smooth execution of movement
  • Initiation of desired movement
  • Voluntary muscle contraction
  • Motor planning
A

initiation of desire movement

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29
Q

Which component of the basal ganglia is NOT part of the direct pathway?

  • Globus pallidus internal segment
  • Putamen
  • Thalamus
  • Globus pallidus external segment
A

globus pallidus external segment

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30
Q

Which of the following best illustrates the direct pathway’s laterality?
Right cerebral cortex, Left basal ganglia, Left thalamus, Left UMN, Left LMN, Left muscle
Right cerebral cortex, Right basal ganglia, Right thalamus, Right UMN, Left LMN, Left muscle
Right cerebral cortex, Right basal ganglia, Right thalamus, Left UMN, Left LMN, Left muscle
Right cerebral cortex, Right basal ganglia, Left thalamus, Left UMN, Left LMN, Left muscle

A

Right cerebral cortex. Right basal ganglia. Right thalamus. Right UMN. Left LMN. Left muscle.

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31
Q

Which of the following statements best describes Parkinson’s disease?
ALL cases of Parkinson’s have bilateral involvement of the substantia nigra.
They mainly experience an intention tremor instead of a “pill-rolling” tremor.
It is caused by the degeneration of neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta.
The motor cortex is overactive in those with Parkinson’s disease.

A

It is caused by the degeneration of neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta.

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32
Q

Each of the following can be found in Huntington’s disease EXCEPT:

  • Athetosis
  • Involuntary movements
  • Chorea
  • Hemiballismus
A

Hemiballismus

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33
Q

A lesion to the right subthalamic nucleus would classically lead to:
Violent projectile movements of the right leg
Slow writhing movements of the right hand.
Slow writhing movements of the left hand
Violent projectile movements of the left leg

A

Violent projectile movements of the left leg

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34
Q

Which of the following neurons are NOT part of the indirect basal ganglia pathway?
Glutamatergic neurons in subthalamic nucleus
GABA neurons in caudate nucleus
GABA neurons in globus pallidus internal segment
Dopaminergic neurons in substantia nigra

A

Dopaminergic neurons in substantia nigra

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35
Q 
Which of the following cranial nerves arises from the brain stem?
I 
XI
III
II
A

III

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36
Q 
Which of the following cranial nerves is NOT a mixed nerve?
III
VII
X
V
A

III

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37
Q

The fourth ventricle overlies which part of the brain stem?

  • The pons and upper medulla
  • The lower medulla
  • The superior and inferior colliculi
  • The midbrain
A

The pons and upper medulla

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38
Q 
A lesion to the descending hypothalamic fibers on the right side would result in:
Increased blood pressure
A constricted right pupil
A droop of left eyelid
Increased facial sweating
A

A constricted right pupil

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39
Q 
How does the corticospinal tract travel in the brain stem?
Ascends laterally 
Descends laterally
Descends medially
Ascends medially
A

Descends medially

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40
Q 
If a patient has a right upper motor neuron lesion, he/she may demonstrate all of the following except:
Hyperactive muscle stretch reflexes
Weakness in the right limbs
Weakness in the left limbs
Babinski sign
A

Weakness in the right limbs

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41
Q

Which two tracts are always in a lateral vascular territory in the brain stem?
Descending hypothalamic and corticospinal tracts
Medial lemniscus and descending hypothalamic tract.
Spinothalamic and corticospinal tracts
Spinothalamic and descending hypothalamic tracts

A

Spinothalamic and descending hypothalamic tracts

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42
Q

What is different about the medial lemniscus compared to the other tracts?
It starts out laterally and moves medially as it ascends.
It is part of a 3 neuron pathway that carries pain and temperature information.
It changes its vascular territory as it ascends the brain stem.
It is purely a motor tract.

A

It changes vascular territory as it ascends the brain stem

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43
Q 
Lesions to each of the following would cause deficits contralateral to the lesion except:
Corticospinal tract
Medial lemniscus
Descending hypothalamic fibers
Spinothalamic tract
A

Descending hypothalamic fibers

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44
Q

Which of the following is a true statement?
The alar plate and sensory neurons are medial.
The basal plate and motor neurons are lateral.
The alar plate and motor neurons are medial.
The basal plate and motor neurons are medial.

A

The basal plate and motor neurons are medial

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45
Q 
A medial brain stem vascular syndrome would affect which cranial nerve?
CN VIII
CN V
CN VII
CN VI
A

CN VI

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46
Q 
All of the following are mixed cranial nerves except:
Hypoglossal
Trigeminal
Vagus
Glossopharyngeal
A

Hypoglossal

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47
Q 
The only dorsally exiting cranial nerve from the brain stem is:
Trochlear nerve
Accessory
Glossopharyngeal
Hypoglossal
A

Trochlear nerve

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48
Q 
All of the following can be found in the caudal medulla except:
Reticular formation
Inferior olivary nuclei
Nucleus cuneatus
Nucleus gracillis
A

Inferior olivary nuclei

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49
Q 
The abducens nucleus is located in the:
Caudal medulla
Lower midbrain
Caudal pons
Rostral medulla
A

Caudal pons

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50
Q

Medially, the brain stem contains:
Discontinuous columns of functionally different nuclei
Discontinuous columns of functionally similar nuclei
Continuous columns of functionally similar nuclei
Continuous columns of functionally different nuclei

A

Discontinuous columns of functionally similar nuclei

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51
Q 
The four somatic nuclei in the most medial functional column belong to CNs:
III, VII, IX, and X
III, IV, VI, and XII
III, IV, V, and VI
IV, VI, X, and XII
A

III, IV, VI, XII

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52
Q 
Which type of nucleus can be found in every brain stem section due to its continuity?
Solitary
Trigeminal
Cochlear
Vestibular
A

Trigeminal

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53
Q

At the pyramidal decussation, fibers belonging to which tract(s) cross?
Spinothalamic
Descending hypothalamic
Descending hypothalamic and spinothalamic
Corticospinal

A

Corticospinal

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54
Q

What is a distinguishing characteristic of the caudal “closed” medulla vs the rostral “open” medulla?
The closed medulla is below the level of all cranial nerve nuclei.
The closed medulla is below the level of the fourth ventricle.
The open medulla is above the level of the fourth ventricle.
The open medulla does not contain the inferior olivary nuclei.

A

The closed medulla is below the level of the fourth ventricle.

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55
Q 
This cranial nerve is shown in the rostral medulla exiting the brainstem most medially:
X
XII
IX
VII
A

XII

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56
Q 
The "ventral bulge" is found in:
only caudal pons
none of the pons sections
only rostral pons
all pons sections
A

all pons sections

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57
Q

Which of the following is true about the course of cranial nerves in the caudal pons?
The abducens nerve travels around the facial nucleus.
The facial nerve travels around the abducens nucleus.
The facial nerve travels around the vestibular nucleus.
The vestibular nerve travels around the abducens nucleus.

A

The facial nerve travels around the abducens nucleus

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58
Q

From the pontine nuclei, the pontine fibers travel:
To the ipsilateral inferior cerebellar peduncle.
To the contralateral inferior cerebellar peduncle.
To the ipsilateral middle cerebellar peduncle.
To the contralateral middle cerebral peduncle.

A

To the contralateral middle cerebral peduncle

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59
Q 
Which of the following is ONLY found in midbrain myelin stained sections?
Pyramidal decussation
Middle cerebral peduncles
Cerebral aqueduct
Fourth ventricle
A

Cerebral aqueduct

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60
Q

Which two neural tracts travel together ONLY in the midbrain and NOT in pons or medulla?
Medial lemniscus and spinothalamic tracts
Descending hypothalamic and spinothalamic tracts
Corticospinal and spinothalamic tracts
Medial lemniscus and corticospinal tracts

A

Medial lemniscus and spinothalamic tracts

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61
Q 
Which of the following is NOT found in UPPER midbrain sections?
Cerebral peduncles 
Nucleus of Edinger-Westphal
Trochlear nucleus 
Superior colliculi
A

Trochlear nucleus

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62
Q 
Leakage of clear fluid from the nose may indicate a traumatic injury to the:
Inferior nasal concha
Nasal vestibule
Cribriform plate
Nares
A

Cribriform plate

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63
Q

Which of the following statements is FALSE about a lesion to CN II?
It may indicate that the patient has multiple sclerosis.
The patient would not be able to respond appropriately to light.
It can result in dysosmia.
It can result in visual field deficits.

A

It can result in dysosmia

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64
Q 
Which of the following correctly pairs the component of vestibulocochlear nerve with its function?
  Cochlear component and gravity 
  Cochlear component and head turning 
  Vestibular component and balance 
  Vestibular component and hearing
A

Vestibular component and balance

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65
Q

Which of the following is true for CNs III, IV AND VI?
All of their nuclei can be found in the midbrain.
The medial longitudinal fasciculus contains information from all three nerves.
All cranial nerves innervate muscles involved with pupillary constriction.
They all enter the orbit through the superior orbital fissure.

A

They all enter the orbit through the superior orbital fissure

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66
Q 
Which two nerves control horizontal movement of each eye?
CNs III and VI
CNs IV and VI 
CNs II and III 
CNs III and IV
A

CNs III and VI

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67
Q 
All of the following vertical eye muscles are innervated by CN III EXCEPT:
Inferior rectus
Superior oblique
Superior rectus
Inferior oblique
A

Superior oblique

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68
Q 
All of the following would indicate lesions of the oculomotor nerve except:
Loss of near response
Diplopia with internal stabismus
Dilated pupil
Ptosis
A

Dipolopia with internal strabismus

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69
Q

What is the most prominent clinical finding of a trochlear nerve lesion?
Weakness looking up with eye adducted
Weakness looking down with eye abducted
Weakness looking up with eye abducted
Weakness looking down with eye adducted

A

Weakness looking down with eye adducted

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70
Q

What would be the result of an injury to the carotid plexus on internal carotid artery?
Constricted pupil due to disruption of parasympathetics.
Constricted pupil due to disruption of sympathetics
Dilated pupil due to disruption of sympathetics.
Dilated pupil due to disruption of parasympathetics.

A

Constricted pupil due to disruption of sympathetics

71
Q

The axons that course in the medial longitudinal fasciculus may convey information:
From the left abducens nucleus to the left oculomotor nucleus to abduct the left eye.
From the left abducens nucleus to the right oculomotor nucleus to abduct the right eye.
From the left abducens nucleus to the left oculomotor nucleus to adduct the left eye.
From the left abducens nucleus to the right oculomotor nucleus to adduct the right eye.

A

From the left abducens nucleus to the right oculomotor nucleus to adduct the right eye

72
Q

A lesion to the right medial longitudinal fasciculus would inhibit:
Right eye adduction AND left eye abduction on attempted gaze to left.
Right eye adduction on attempted gaze to left AND when converging eyes in near response.
Right eye from adduction on attempted gaze to left
Right eye adduction only when converging eyes in near response.

A

Right eye from adduction on attempted gaze to left

73
Q

Deficits in saccadic eye movement that are only temporary can be due to:
Lesion of either the frontal eye field or inferior colliculus.
Lesion of either the frontal eye field or superior colliculus.
Lesion of both the frontal eye field and inferior colliculus.
Lesion of both the frontal eye field and superior colliculus.

A

Lesion of either the frontal eye field or superior colliculus.

74
Q 
All of the following may result from a lesion of the vagus nerve except:
Loss of palate elevation
Loss of gag reflex
Jaw deviation towards affected side
Uvula deviation to side opposite lesion
A

Jaw deviation towards affected side

75
Q 
The only motor function of the glossopharyngeal nerve is control of which muscle:
Mylohyoid
Tensor veli palatini
Stylopharyngeus
Cricothyroid
A

Stylopharyngeus

76
Q 
Involvement of which cranial nerve would result in Bell's palsy (characterized by an inability to move facial muscles)?
Glossopharyngeal nerve
Facial nerve
Trigeminal nerve
Vagus nerve
A

facial nerve

77
Q

Which of the following is false about CN XI?
It can be referred to as “misplaced” cervical spinal cord nerve.
A lesion would result in difficulty raising shoulders.
A lesion would result in weakness turning chin to the same side of lesion.
CN XI innervates the sternocleidomastoid muscle.

A

A lesion would result in weakness turning chin to the same side of lesion

78
Q

If a patient has a left hypoglossal nerve lesion:
The tip of the tongue will deviate towards left.
The jaw will deviate towards left.
The jaw will deviate towards right.
The tip of the tongue will deviate towards right.

A

The tip of tongue will deviate towards left

79
Q 
Which of the following physical exam maneuvers would be most useful to differentiate an oculomotor nerve lesion from Horner’s syndrome?
  Check for presence of ptosis 
  Touch cornea with cotton swab 
  Assess pupil size 
  Ask patient to close eyes
A

Assess pupil size

80
Q

Which of the following differentiates central Horner’s from peripheral Horner’s?
In Central Horner’s, there is a contralateral loss of limb and trunk pain and temperature.
In Peripheral Horner’s, there is a ipsilateral loss of limb and trunk vibration and proprioception.
In Peripheral Horner’s, there is a contralateral loss of limb and trunk vibration and proprioception.
In Central Horner’s, there is an ipsilateral loss of limb and trunk pain and temperature.

A

In Central Horner’s, there is a contralateral loss of limb and trunk pain and temperature

81
Q 
All of the following would cause only peripheral Horner's except:
  Cervical spinal cord lesion 
  Internal carotid dissection 
  Apical lung tumor 
  Thoracic outlet syndrome
A

Cervical spinal cord lesion

82
Q

Fill in the blanks: Lower motor neurons in the (1) nucleus receive bilateral corticobulbar innervation for (2).

(1) Trigeminal motor (2) Muscles of mastication
(2) Facial motor (2) Muscles of lower face
(1) Accessory (2) Trapezius
(1) Accessory (2) Sternocleidomastoid

A
  1. trigeminal motor 2. muscles of mastication
83
Q

Lesions to which of the following would cause RIGHT upper facial muscle weakness?
Corticobulbar fibers out of left motor cortex
Left facial nerve after the facial nucleus.
Corticobulbar fibers out of right motor cortex
Right facial nerve after the facial nucleus

A

Right facial nerve after the facial nucleus

84
Q

The corticobulbar innervation to the accessory nucleus allows for the:
Head to turn towards the side of contracting upper limb.
Head to turn towards the side of contracting lower limb.
Head to turn towards the side of relaxing upper limb.
Head to turn away from the side of contracting upper limb.

A

Head to turn towards the side of contracting upper limb

85
Q

Which of the following correctly shows how the trigeminal system conveys facial pain and temperature?
Trigeminal ganglion–> spinal tract–> main sensory nucleus of V–> medial lemniscus–> VPM thalamus
Trigeminal ganglion–> main sensory nucleus of V–> spinothalamic tract–> VPM thalamus
Trigeminal ganglion–> spinal tract–> spinal nucleus of V–> spinothalamic tract–> VPM thalamus
Trigeminal ganglion–> spinal nucleus of V–> medial lemniscus–> VPM thalamus

A

Trigeminal ganglion–> spinal tract–> spinal nucleus of V–> spinothalamic tract–> VPM thalamus

86
Q 
All of the following nerves send taste information to the solitary nucleus except:
CN VII
CN IX
CN X
CN V
A

CN V

87
Q 
Which of the following correctly pairs the trigeminal nucleus with the type of information?
  Main nucleus and proprioception 
  Spinal nucleus and facial touch 
  Spinal nucleus and proprioception 
  Main nucleus and facial touch
A

main nucleus and facial touch

88
Q

Most commonly, the brain stem lesion results in a:
Contralateral long tract sign with a contralateral cranial nerve sign.
Ipsilateral long tract sign with an contralateral cranial nerve sign.
Contralateral long tract sign with an ipsilateral cranial nerve sign.
Ipsilateral long tract sign with an ipsilateral cranial nerve sign.

A

Contralateral long tract sign with an ipsilateral cranial nerve sign

89
Q 
A medial vascular syndrome in the rostral medulla most commonly involves the:
  Anterior spinal artery 
  Posterior cerebral artery 
  Posterior inferior cerebellar artery 
  Anterior inferior cerebellar artery
A

anterior spinal artery

90
Q

Lateral medullary syndrome (Wallenberg’s syndrome) would result in all of the following EXCEPT:
Alteration or loss of taste from the tongue
Loss of pain and temperature sensation in limbs and trunk ipsilateral to the lesion.
Dysphagia (difficulty in swallowing)
Dysphagia (difficulty in swallowing)

A

Loss of pain and temperature sensation in limbs and trunk ipsilateral to the lesion

91
Q

“Inferior alternating hemiplegia” in a medial medullary syndrome refers to:
A spastic weakness in limbs ipsilateral to lesion and tongue weakness contralateral to lesion
A loss of touch vibration and pressure in limbs contralateral to lesion and tongue weakness contralateral to lesion
A spastic weakness in limbs contralateral to lesion and tongue weakness ipsilateral to lesion
A loss of touch vibration and pressure in limbs ipsilateral to lesion and tongue weakness contralateral to lesion.

A

a spastic weakness in limbs contralateral to lesion and tongue weakness ipsilateral to lesion

92
Q

Lesions of the corticospinal and corticobulbar tracts AND the oculomotor nerve can be due to:
Occlusion of the posterior inferior cerebellar artery in medial midbrain syndrome
Occlusion of the posterior inferior cerebellar artery in lateral midbrain syndrome
Occlusion of the posterior cerebral artery in lateral midbrain syndrome
Occlusion of the posterior cerebral artery in medial midbrain syndrome

A

Occlusion of the posterior cerebral artery in medial midbrain syndrome

93
Q

Which of the following correctly traces how sound is transmitted in the ear?
External auditory meatus–> tympanic membrane–> oval window–> malleus, incus, and stapes
External auditory meatus–> oval window–> tympanic membrane
External auditory meatus–> tympanic membrane–> malleus, incus, stapes –> oval window
Tympanic membrane–> external auditory meatus–> oval window

A

External auditory meatus–> tympanic membrane–> malleus, incus, stapes–> oval window

94
Q

Which of the following is INCORRECT about conductive hearing loss?
It is due to a loss of amplification provided by middle ear.
Air conduction is better than bone conduction
A patient will hear vibrations better on the side of the defective middle ear.
A common cause in children is a middle ear infection.

A

Air conduction is better than bone conduction

95
Q

Which of the following correctly pairs the component of the ear with its function?
External ear and amplification of sound
Middle ear and amplification of sound
Middle ear and transduction of sound
External ear and transduction of sound

A

Middle ear and amplification of sound

96
Q 
All of the following are components of the inner ear except:
Saccule
Utricle
Malleus
Semicircular ducts
A

malleus

97
Q

Which of the following is incorrect about the APEX of the basilar membrane?
The apex is more flexible than the base.
The hair cells at the apex responds to low frequency sound.
The stereocilia at the apex are shorter.
The apex is wider than the base.

A

The stereocilia at the apex are shorter

98
Q

Which of the following correctly states how the hair cells function?
Stereocilia deflect towards SHORTEST stereocilia–> closure of potassium ions–> calcium influx–> neurotransmitter release
Stereocilia deflect towards SHORTEST stereocilia–> influx of potassium ions–> calcium influx–> neurotransmitter release
Stereocilia deflect towards TALLEST stereocilia–> closure of potassium channels–> calcium influx–> neurotransmitter release
Stereocilia deflect towards TALLEST stereocilia–> influx of potassium ions–> calcium influx–> neurotransmitter release

A

Stereocilia deflect towards TALLEST stereocilia–> influx of potassium ions–> calcium influx–> neurotransmitter release

99
Q

Which of the following is true about the hair cells’ innervation by CN VIII?
Most of the afferent axons innervate inner hair cells and some of the efferent axons innervate outer hair cells.
Most of the afferent axons innervate inner hair cells and most of the efferent axons innervate outer hair cells.
There are no differences in the innervation of inner hair cells vs outer hair cells.
Some of the afferent axons innervate inner hair cells and most of the efferent axons innervate outer hair cells.

A

Most of the afferent axons innervate inner hair cells and most of the efferent axons innervate outer hair cells

100
Q 
Where in the central auditory system does sound localization processing begin?
  Superior olivary nuclei 
  Inferior colliculi 
  Superior colliculi 
  Inferior olivary nuclei
A

Superior olivary nuclei

101
Q

Lesion(s) at which locations would cause an only right-sided sensorineural hearing loss?
Right inner ear or left cochlear nerve
Right cochlear nerve, right cochlear nucleus or right superior olivary nucleus
Right cochlear nerve or left cochlear nucleus
Right cochlear nerve or right cochlear nucleus.

A

Right cochlear nerve or right cochlear nucleus

102
Q

Which of the following correctly pairs the vestibulospinal tract with its action?
Lateral vestibulospinal tract and coordination of head and neck position.
Lateral vestibulospinal tract and maintenance of upright standing posture.
Medial vestibulospinal tract and maintenance of upright standing posture.
Medial vestibulospinal tract and maintenance of upright sitting posture.

A

Lateral vestibulospinal tract and maintenance of upright standing posture

103
Q

Fill in the blanks: Hair cells in the ampullae are (1) in the direction of head turn and (2) on the side that the head turns away from.

(1) stimulated (2) inhibited
(1) inhibited (2) stimulated
(1) stimulated (2) stimulated
(1) stimulated (2) remain at baseline activity

A
  1. stimulated 2. inhibited
104
Q

A pathological nystagmus involving the vestibular nerve is defined by:
An initial fast deviation of the eyes away from side of lesion and fast or corrective phase towards side of lesion generated by cerebral cortex.
An initial fast deviation of the eyes towards side of lesion and slow or corrective phase in the opposite direction generated by cerebral cortex.
An initial slow deviation of the eyes towards side of lesion and fast or corrective phase in the opposite direction generated by cerebral cortex.
An initial slow deviation of the eyes away from side of lesion and fast or corrective phase towards side of lesion generated by cerebral cortex.

A

An initial slow deviation of the eyes towards side of lesion and fast or corrective phase in the opposite direction generated by cerebral cortex

105
Q

Which of the following is correctly pairs the part of the eyeball with its function?
Iris and relaxation of suspensory ligaments
Cornea and secretion of aqueous humor
Sclera and mechanical stability
Ciliary muscle and pupil constriction

A

Sclera and mechanical stability

106
Q 
What separates the anterior chamber from the posterior chamber of the eyeball?
Cornea
Vitreous humor
Retina
Iris and pupil
A

Iris and pupil

107
Q

Which of the following is true about the ciliary muscle?
It is important for pupil dilation
It is not necessary for the accommodation reflex or near response.
It relaxes the suspensory ligaments of the lens, allowing the lens to round up for near vision
Retina

A

It relaxes the suspensory ligaments of the lens, allowing the lens to round up for near vision

108
Q 
Place the following in the correct order of how the pupillary light reflex occurs: (1) Nuclei of Edinger-Westphal (2) Pretectal Nuclei (3) Retina (4) Optic nerve/chiasm/tract (5) Ciliary ganglia
  3, 2, 4, 1, 5 
  4, 3, 2, 1, 5 
  2, 3, 1, 4, 5 
  3, 4, 2, 1, 5
A

3 (retina), 4 (optic nerve/chiasm/tract), 2 (pretectal nuclei), 1 (nuclei of Edinger-Westphal), 5 (ciliary ganglia)

109
Q 
Which of the following is NOT required in the accommodation convergence reflex?
  Ciliary ganglion 
  Edinger-Westphal 
  Lateral geniculate nuclei 
  Pretectal nuclei
A

Pretectal nuclei

110
Q 
All of the following would NOT affect the pupillary light reflex except a lesion in the:
Optic nerve 
Visual radiations
Optic tract
Lateral geniculate nucleus
A

Optic nerve

111
Q 
Which of the following is FALSE about rods in the neural retina?
They can be found in the fovea
There is only one kind of rod
They have low spatial resolution
They have high light sensitivity
A

They can only be found in the fovea

112
Q

In the visual pathway to convey information from photoreceptors to cerebral cortex:
Rods and cones synapse first with bipolar cells which then synapse on horizontal cells.
Rods and cones synapse first with ganglion cells which then synapse on bipolar cells.
Rods and cones synapse first with horizontal cells which then synapse on bipolar cells.
Rods and cones first synapse with bipolar cells which then synapse on ganglion cells.

A

Rods and cones first synapse with bipolar cells which then synapse on ganglion cells

113
Q 
Which two types of neurons promote lateral interaction within the retina?
  Bipolar cells and ganglion cells 
  Bipolar cells and horizontal cells 
  Horizontal cells and amacrine cells 
  Amacrine cells and ganglion cells
A

Horizontal cells and amacrine cells

114
Q

As a second neuron in the visual pathway arising from ganglion cells, the axons of the optic nerve:
Should cross, but none of the axons do.
Should cross, but some of the axons do not.
Should not cross, but some of the axons do cross.
Should not cross, but all of the axons cross.

A

Should cross, but some of the axons do not

115
Q

Fill in the blanks: The fibers that cross at the optic chiasm arise from the (1) half of each retina and represent information from the (2) half of each visual field.

(1) Temporal (2) Temporal
(1) Temporal (2) Nasal
(1) Nasal (2) Nasal
(1) Nasal (2) Temporal

A
  1. Nasal 2. Temporal
116
Q

What is the role of Meyer’s loop in visual processing?
Conveys information from the lower quadrants of visual hemifields.
Conveys all information from the right eye.
Conveys information from the upper quadrants of visual hemifields.
Conveys all information from the left eye.

A

Conveys information from the upper quadrants of visual hemifields

117
Q 
A complete lesion of the optic chiasm by a pituitary tumor would cause: 
  Bitemporal heteronymous hemianopsia
  Left homonymous hemianopsia 
  Anopsia of the right eye 
  Right homonymous hemianopsia
A

Bitemporal heteronymous hemianopsia

118
Q

A contralateral homonymous quadrant anopsia WITH macular sparing could be due to:
Defect in neurons of Meyer’s loop directly
Pituitary tumor
Aneurysm of internal carotid artery
Blockage of branches of posterior cerebral artery

A

Blockage of branches of posterior cerebral artery

119
Q

Which of the following statements is TRUE?
Lesions in visual pathways past the chiasm are contralateral and binocular.
Lesions in visual pathways past the chiasm are ipsilateral and binocular.
Lesions in visual pathways before the chiasm are ipsilateral and binocular.
Lesions in visual pathways before the chiasm are contralateral and binocular.

A

Lesions in visual pathways past the chiasm are contralateral and binocular

120
Q 
The diencephalon is found mainly in the lateral wall of which ventricle?
Fourth
Second
Lateral
Third
A

Third

121
Q 
Which of the following glands is part of the diencephalon? 
Pineal gland
Pituitary gland
Thyroid gland
Parathyroid gland
A

Pineal gland

122
Q 
All of the following are components of the diencephalon EXCEPT:
  Mammillary body 
  Part of the basal ganglia 
  Dorsal thalamus 
  Superior colliculi
A

Superior colliculi

123
Q 
Which nucleus relays information from the cranial nerves about touch and proprioception?
  Ventral anterior (VA) 
  Anterior 
  Ventral posterolateral (VPL) 
  Ventral posteromedial (VPM)
A

Ventral posteromedial (VPM)

124
Q 
Which of the following nuclei is important for auditory processing?
Medial geniculate 
Lateral geniculate
Ventral posterolateral
Anterior
A

Medial geniculate

125
Q

Which two thalamic nuclei project to motor areas of the cortex?
Ventral lateral and ventral anterior
Lateral geniculate and medial geniculate
Ventral posteromedial and ventral posterolateral
Ventral anterior and anterior

A

Ventral lateral and ventral anterior

126
Q 
Which two hypothalamic nuclei send axons into the posterior pituitary?
Paraventricular and supraoptic
Arcuate and periventricular 
Arcuate and paraventricular 
Supraoptic and periventricular
A

Paraventricular and supraoptic

127
Q

Which of the following is true about the pituitary gland?
It originates from both the oral ectoderm and a ventral outgrowth of the hypothalamus
A lesion to the tract between the hypothalamic nuclei and anterior pituitary may cause excess water consumption.
The posterior pituitary is regulated by factors released from the hypothalamus into the portal circulation.
It originates from only a ventral outgrowth of the hypothalamus.

A

It originates from both the oral ectoderm and a ventral outgrowth of the hypothalamus

128
Q 
A lesion to the hypothalamic portal system would affect the output of:
Anterior pituitary
Supraoptic nuclei 
Posterior pituitary 
Paraventricular nuclei
A

anterior pituitary

129
Q

Each of the following describes nuclei found in the supraoptic zone of the hypothalamus except:
Involved with secretion of vasopressin.
Involved with secretion of oxytocin.
Controls feeding and satiety.
Receives direct retinal input.

A

controls feeding and satiety

130
Q 
Which of the following influences the behavior of the visceral functions of many hypothalamic nuclei?
  Thalamus 
  Substantia nigra 
  Amygdala 
  Fornix
A

amygdala

131
Q

Which of the following correctly pairs the zone of hypothalamus with a result of its stimulation?
Posterior zone and increased gastrointestinal movement
Posterior zone and decreased body temperature
Anterior zone and increased sweating
Anterior zone and reduction in heart rate

A

anterior zone and reduction in heart rate

132
Q

How does daylight and darkness affect the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland?
Daylight decreases; darkness increases
Both decrease
No effect
Daylight increases; darkness decreases

A

Daylight decreases; darkness increases

133
Q

Which of the following correctly describes the connection between the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) and pineal gland?
Direct SCN input to the pineal gland
Indirect retinal SCN parasympathetic pathway
Pineal gland’s secretion is not controlled by the SCN.
Indirect retinal SCN sympathetic pathway

A

Indirect reginal SCN sympathetic pathway

134
Q

Calcification of the pineal gland may:
Reduce the output of melatonin, causing insomnia.
Increase the output of melatonin, causing insomnia.
Reduce the output of melatonin, causing drowsiness.
Increase the output of melatonin, causing drowsiness.

A

Reduce the output of melatonin, causing insomnia

135
Q

The lateral sulcus or Sylvian fissure separates:
The temporal lobe from the parietal and occipital lobes.
The temporal lobe from the frontal and parietal lobes.
The frontal lobe from the parietal and temporal lobes.
The occipital lobe from the parietal and temporal lobes.

A

The temporal lobe from the frontal and parietal lobes

136
Q

Place in correct order moving anteriorly to posteriorly:
Primary motor cortex, central sulcus, primary somatosensory cortex
Central sulcus, primary motor cortex, primary somatosensory cortex
Primary motor cortex, primary somatosensory cortex, central sulcus
Primary somatosensory cortex, central sulcus, primary motor cortex

A

Primary motor cortex, central sulcus, primary somatosensory cortex

137
Q 
The limbic system can be found in all of the lobes EXCEPT:
parietal
temporal
frontal
occipital
A

occipital

138
Q

Which of the following statements is FALSE about association cortical areas?
The layers are homotypical.
There are six histologic layers in association cortical areas.
Each functional lobe has a small area of association cortex.
There are pyramidal and granule cell layers.

A

Each functional lobe has a small area of association cortex

139
Q 
In which cerebral lobe is the motor and premotor cortices located?
occipital 
temporal
frontal
parietal
A

frontal

140
Q 
For which function are Brodmann numbered areas still used synonymously with functionally specific regions of cortex?
taste
vision
movement
language
A

language

141
Q

According to its homunculus, the most medial aspect of the precentral gyrus controls:
Sensation of the ipsilateral lower limb
Sensation of the contralateral lower limb
Movement of the contralateral lower limb
Movement of the contralateral upper limb

A

Movement of the contralateral lower limb

142
Q 
Which of the following is NOT heavily represented in the sensory homunculus?
Hands
Face
Upper limb
Lips
A

Upper limb

143
Q

A stroke involving the middle cerebral artery may result in:
Ipsilateral upper limb spastic weakness and/or sensory loss
Contralateral lower limb spastic weakness and/or sensory loss
Contralateral upper limb spastic weakness and/or sensory loss
Ipsilateral lower limb spastic weakness and/or sensory loss

A

Contralateral upper limb spastic weakness and/or sensory loss

144
Q

The premotor and supplementary motor neurons anterior to the primary motor cortex are most important for:
Movement of the upper and lower limbs
Movement of the trunk
Proprioception and mental rehearsal of movements
Motor planning and mental rehearsal of movements

A

Motor planning and mental rehearsal of movements

145
Q

A lesion to the prefrontal cortex would cause all of the following except:
Impaired problem solving
Acting inappropriately in social situations
Decreased executive cognitive function
Inability to move upper limbs

A

Inability to move upper limbs

146
Q

The inferior frontal gyrus contains (1) and the middle frontal gyrus contains (2).

(1) Motor speech center (2) Supplemental motor cortex
(1) Premotor cortex (2) Supplemental motor cortex
(1) Frontal eye field (2) Motor speech center
(1) Broca’s area (2) Frontal eye field

A
  1. Broca’s area 2. Frontal eye field
147
Q

The area that integrates somatosensory input with other sensory modalities and assists in motor planning is called:
Angular gyrus in parietal lobe
Inferior parietal lobule in parietal lobe
Superior parietal lobule in parietal lobe
Premotor cortex in frontal lobe

A

Superior parietal lobule in parietal lobe

148
Q 
Where is the primary auditory cortex located?
Frontal lobe
Parietal lobe
Temporal lobe
Occipital lobe
A

Temporal lobe

149
Q 
All of the following are located in the parietal lobe EXCEPT:
Superior parietal lobule
Motor speech center
Angular gyrus
Primary somatosensory cortex
A

Motor speech center

150
Q

Where is the primary visual cortex located?
Medial portion of occipital lobe on either side of the calcarine sulcus
Lateral portion of occipital lobe only above the calcarine sulcus
Medial portion of occipital lobe only above the calcarine sulcus
Lateral portion of occipital lobe on either side of the calcarine sulcus

A

Medial portion of occipital lobe on either side of the calcarine sulcus

151
Q

What is unique about the macular cortex?
It has a dual blood supply from both posterior and middle cerebral arteries.
It has a single blood supply from the posterior cerebral artery.
It has a dual blood supply from both posterior and anterior cerebral arteries.
It has a single blood supply from the anterior cerebral artery.

A

It has a dual blood supply from both posterior and middle cerebral arteries

152
Q

Which of the following correctly states a projection of the primary visual cortex?
“What” visual pathway that processes form and color in the parietal lobes
“Where” visual pathway that processes movement and location in temporal lobes
“What” visual pathway that processes form and color in the temporal lobes
“Where” visual pathway that processes movement and location in occipital lobes

A

“What” visual pathway that processes form and color in the temporal lobes

153
Q

Which of the following is TRUE about handedness and speech/language function?
95% of those right-handed have functions localized in LEFT hemisphere and 30% of those left-handed have functions localized in LEFT hemisphere.
95% of those right-handed have functions localized in RIGHT hemisphere and 30% of those left-handed have functions localized in RIGHT hemisphere.
95% of those right-handed have functions localized in LEFT hemisphere and 70% of those left-handed have functions localized in RIGHT hemisphere.
95% of those right-handed have functions localized in LEFT hemisphere and 70% of those left-handed have functions localized in LEFT hemisphere.

A

95% of those right-handed have functions localized in LEFT hemisphere and 70% of those left-handed have functions localized in LEFT hemisphere.

154
Q 
All three major language centers (Broca's area, Wernicke's area, and angular gyrus) are supplied by branches of:
  Right middle cerebral artery 
  Left anterior cerebral artery 
  Left middle cerebral artery 
  Right anterior cerebral artery
A

Left middle cerebral artery

155
Q 
Individuals with Wernicke's aphasia will exhibit all of the following EXCEPT:
Fluent speech (but may misuse words)
Difficulty putting words together
Inability to comprehend spoken language 
Difficulty with repetition
A

Difficulty putting words together

156
Q

The arcuate fasciculus connects:
Broca’s area in temporal lobe with Wernicke’s area in frontal lobe
Broca’s area in temporal lobe with Angular gyrus in frontal lobe
Broca’s area in frontal lobe with Angular gyrus in parietal lobe
Broca’s area in frontal lobe with Wernicke’s area in temporal lobe

A

Broca’s area in frontal lobe with Wernicke’s area in temporal lobe

157
Q 
In a typical non-dominant right hemisphere, locations similar to Broca's and Wernicke's areas on the left play a role in the:
Comprehension of words
Emotional content of speech
Repetition of speech
Fluency of speech
A

Emotional content of speech

158
Q

Due to a lesion to the inferior parietal lobule of the RIGHT hemisphere, a person will NOT be able to:
Integrate somatosensory input
Repeat “no ifs, ands, or buts”
Understand the emotional qualities of speech
Take care of the left side of their body.

A

Take care of the left side of their body.

159
Q

Which of the following correctly pairs the portion of the internal capsule with axons it contains?
Posterior limb and descending axons from prefrontal cortex
Posterior limb and thalamocortical axons
Anterior limb and corticospinal axons
Genu and corticobulbar axons

A

Genu and corticobulbar axons

160
Q

Define the blood supply to the internal capsule:
It has a blood supply from several small striate branches of cerebral arteries.
It has a dual blood supply from both posterior and middle cerebral arteries.
It has a single blood supply from the middle cerebral artery.
It has a single blood supply from the anterior cerebral artery.

A

It has a blood supply from several small striate branches of cerebral arteries.

161
Q 
All of the following could be a result of a lacunar stroke involving the posterior limb of the internal capsule EXCEPT:
  Contralateral anesthesia 
  Slight bilateral hearing loss 
  Contralateral lower face weakness 
  Contralateral hemiplegia
A

Contralateral lower face weakness

162
Q 
Which of the following is not a component of the limbic system? 
amygdala
hippocampus
cingulate gyrus
occipital gyrus
A

occipital gyrus

163
Q 
Which of the following is not a function performed by the limbic system?
memory processing
coordination of movements
emotions
olfaction
A

coordination of movements

164
Q

Which of the following is not true of olfactory processing?
neurons in the olfactory epithelium project through the cribriform plate and synapse in the olfactory bulb
the olfactory cortex contains a map of the sensory domain of the olfactory epithelium
the olfactory system is the only sensory system that doesn’t have to relay information through the thalamus
the olfactory bulb sends axons to the piriform cortex, amygdala, and entorhinal cortex

A

the olfactory cortex contains a map of the sensory domain of the olfactory epithelium

165
Q

Which of the following correctly pairs a structure with the type of long term memory it consolidates?
amygdala - skills and habits
basal ganglia - adjusting reflexes
cerebellum - emotional associations
medial temporal lobe - semantics (knowing facts)

A

medial temporal lobe - semantics (knowing facts)

166
Q 
Which of the following is not a component of the hippocampal formation? 
parahippocampal gyrus
dentate gyrus
subiculum
hippocampus proper
A

parahippocampal gyrus

167
Q

Which of the following is incorrect regarding the hippocampal formation?
the fornix is the major afferent pathway into the hippocampal formation
the amygdala adds emotional content to memory
the dentate gyrus receives the majority of the input
the entorhinal cortex provides majority of processed input from cortical areas

A

the fornix is the major afferent pathway into the hippocampal formation

168
Q 
Which of the following is degenerated in Korsakoff syndrome?
subiculum
cingulate gyrus
mammillary body
fornix
A

mammillary body

169
Q

Which of the following does not distinguish Wernicke’s encephalopathy from Korsakoff syndrome?

  • there is cerebellar and thalamic degeneration in Wernicke’s
  • Wernicke’s is characterized by gait ataxia
  • Wernicke’s is characterized by abnormal eye movements
  • Wernicke’s is caused by thiamine (vitamin B1) deficiency
A

Wernicke’s is caused by thiamine (vitamin B1) deficiency

170
Q

Which of the following is not true regarding Alzheimer’s Dementia?
neural degeneration begins in the entorhinal cortex, subiculum, and hippocampus proper
alzheimer’s patients have impaired declarative memory for events in time
early in disease onset, patients have sensory and motor problems
there is accumulation of neurofibrillary tangles and senile plaques

A

early in disease onset, patients have sensory and motor problems

171
Q 
Which of the following correctly describes the location of the amygdala? 
anterior basal forebrain
superficial to the uncus
rostral part of the temporal lobe
lateral part of the temporal lobe
A

rostral part of the temporal lobe

172
Q

Which of the following is not correct regarding the amygdala’s function?
it coordinates emotional responses
it receives inputs from wide areas of the cerebral cortex and from the hypothalamus
it uses visceral and somatic sensory inputs
the corticomedial nuclei receive mostly inputs from external stimuli

A

the corticomedial nuclei receive mostly inputs from external stimuli

173
Q

Which of the following is incorrect regarding addiction?
addiction leads to an increase in serotonin in the nucleus accumbens
addictive drugs increase dopamine release or inhibit dopamine re-uptake
addiction is mediated by reward circuits via a mesolimbic projection
inputs to the reward circuit that mediates addiction include the amygdala, hippocampus, and prefrontal cortex

A

addiction leads to an increase in serotonin in the nucleus accumbens

Anatomy (Neuro) (13 decks)

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