Quiz Questions Flashcards
assembling items of information into larger units of knowledge is called ____
chunking
knowing how to tie shoelaces is an example of _____ knowledge
procedural
practicing a skill in one extended session is called _____ practice
massed
a schema that represents a typical sequence of actions is called a _____
script
knowledge of how to manage your learning is called _____ knowledge
self-regulatory
the part of working memory that holds images is called the _____
visuospatial sketchpad
unnecessary load on working memory that could be avoided by redesigning the learning activity is called _____ cognitive load
extraneous
providing a stimulus that will unconsciously activate a related concept in memory is called _____
priming
the part of working memory that holds words and sounds is called the _____
phonological loop
reading the word “chocolate” increases the chance we will think of the words bar, milk, and chip. the underlying reason for this is _____ activation
spreading
techniques that help us to memorize information by linking it to more meaningful concepts or images are called _____
mnemonics
the mental resources required to complete a task constitute the _____ of the task
cognitive load
the location in working memory where auditory and visual information are brought together is the _____
episodic buffer
verbally represented memories such as facts are _____ knowledge
declarative
the theory that processing information more deeply increases how much we remember is the _____ theory
levels of processing
consciously linking new information to prior knowledge is called _____
elaboration
rehearsing knowledge in several, brief sessions separated by time is called _____
distributed
a cognitive structure that specifies relationships between concepts is called a _____
schema
load on working memory that directly generates deep learning is called _____ cognitive load
germane
a memory we are not aware of that unconsciously influences our behaviour is an _____ memory
implicit
the positive or negative effects of prior knowledge on performance of new tasks is called _____
transfer
attending only to information that fits with one’s beliefs is called _____
confirmation bias
an architect who solves an urban design problem by noting similarities between bacteria and people living in cities is using _____ thinking
analogical
solving a problem by starting with the goal and working backwards is called the _____ strategy
working backward
evaluating ideas by systematically examining the arguments for and against them is called _____ thinking
critical
taking about how to solve a particular problem is called _____
verbalization
knowledge or awareness of our own thinking is called _____
metacognition
holding on to beliefs in the face of contradicting evidence is called belief _____
perserverance
procedures or heuristics for achieving learning goals are called learning _____
strategies
a procedure that is guaranteed to solve a problem is called an _____
algorithm
the heuristic that leads us to base judgements on prototypes of concepts is called the _____ heuristic
representativeness
failing to see how a commonly used tool can be used in a new way is called _____
functional fixedness
a guideline or rule of thumb that helps in solving complex problems is called a _____
heuristic
the three question learning strategy that can guide students in reading and inquiry activities is called _____
KWL
the tendency to respond inflexibly and in the most familiar way possible is called _____
response set
the heuristic that leads us to base judgements on what concepts happen to be cognitively activated is called the _____
availability heuristic
instances when we know learning strategies but fail to use them are called _____
production deficiencies
if you divide the goal of a problem into subgoals and then try to solve the subgoals, you are using _____ analysis
means-end
recognizing a new problem as similar to a problem you already know how to solve is called _____ problem solving
schema-driven
the process of supporting a claim with reasons and evidence is called _____
argumentation
the term for students working together collaboratively in groups (often with an assigned role for each student) on short-term tasks assigned by a teacher is _____ learning
cooperative
in a _____, the education system introduces basic ideas about each subject in the early grades and then returns to the subjects several times in later grades to develop more complex knowledge of those subjects
spiral curriculum
the type of constructivism which emphasizes the development of shared bodies of knowledge such as science or history is called _____
constructionism
the type of collaborative learning in which each group is made of two pairs who research and present opposing sides of an issue is called _____
structured controversy
the method described by Dewey in which students investigate a phenomenon by gathering and interpreting data is called _____ learning
inquiry
the type of collaborative learning in which the teacher gradually transfers responsibility for summarizing, questioning, and clarifying text to students working in groups is called _____
reciprocal teaching
the type of constructivism which maintains theres no single, absolute reality or truth and instead that there are multiple realities corresponding to individual’s beliefs is called _____ constructivism
radical
a group of people forming a social context within which knowledge is constructed and used is called a _____
community of practice
an interdisciplinary approach to researching learning based on psychology, education, computer science, anthropology, neuroscience, and other fields is called the _____
learning sciences
the type of constructivism which emphasizes the active role learners play in constructing their knowledge is called _____ constructivism
first wave
the idea that knowledge is tightly bound to the context in which it was learned is called _____
situated learning
the theory that our knowledge and thinking is rooted in the way our bodies sense and act upon the world is called _____ cognition
embodied
training students to use question stems and then having them work in groups to question eachother about reading materials is called _____
reciprocal questioning
learning materials that show different examples, perspectives, or analogies relating to an idea are said to provide _____
multiple representations of content
the type of cooperative learning in which each group member has been previously trained as an expert on one aspect of the topic is called the _____
jigsaw classrom
collaborative, inquiry learning in which students find solutions for real-life challenges is called _____
problem-based learning
co-constructing knowledge by adopting an intersubjective attitude and comparing and resolving differences in participant’s beliefs is called _____
social negotiation
a social role in which a novice acquires mental skills by working alongside an expert practitioner is called _____
cognitive apprenticeship
the idea that learners actively build knowledge is called _____
constructivism
another term for observational learning is _____
modelling
analyzing a learning task, setting goals for the task, monitoring performance, and modifying learning strategies are all part of _____
self-regulated learning
the sentence “you will succeed if you put in the effort” is an example of _____
social persuasion
a person’s belief about their ability to successfully perform a particular task is called self- _____
efficacy
the willpower needed for self-regulation is called _____
volition
an internal state producing feelings of alertness, excitement, or tension is called _____
arousal
the spread of a behaviour through a group of people through peer modelling is called the _____
ripple effect
bandura’s later theory that incorporates self-efficacy and other internal factors is called _____
social cognitive theory
modelling, verbal guidance, self-instruction, and self-instructing using covert speech are all parts of cognitive _____
behaviour modification
controlling one’s own thoughts, behaviours, and emotions to reach a goal is called self-_____
regulation
successfully solving a math problem and drawing a portrait are _____ experiences
mastery
the interaction of personal, environmental, and behavioural factors is called _____
triarchic reciprocal
observing another person successfully complete a task a _____
vicarious experience
students collaborating to regulate eachother is called _____ regulation
shared
a phase in developing self-regulatory skills in which students recieve coaching, instruction, modelling, or scaffolding from others is called _____
co-regulation
the ability to take intentional action to achieve goals (and the belief that one has such ability) is called _____
human agency
reinforcement recieved by a model that increases the frequency of an observer’s behaviour is called _____ reinforcement
vicarious
guiding yourself through a task using self-talk is called self-_____
instruction
the type of constructivism which emphasizes the role of social interactions and culture in learning is called _____ constructivism
second wave
theories of motivation that focus on relationships and participation within communities of practice are called ______
sociocultural views of motivation
deci and ryan’s theory about the effects of rewards, deadlines, and grades on student motivation is called _____ theory
self-determination
rewards that are added to induce a student to perform a task are said to elicit _____ motivation
extrinsic
theories like Weiner’s that deal with how people’s explanations for success and failure determine their motivation are called _____ theories
attribution
work avoidance and mastery are two different examples of _____ orientations
goal
the intention to learn and improve, regardless of how one is seen by others is a _____ goal
mastery
the intention to demonstrate one’s competence to others is a _____ goal
performance
theories that combine percieved probability value of an outcome are called _____
expectancy x value theories
deci and ryan’s self-determination theory is an example of a _____ interpretation of motivation
humanistic
students who think they will always fail because they have permanently low ability are called _____ students
failure-accepting
one’s beliefs about the structure of knowledge and about the certainty of knowledge are two separate examples of _____
epistemological beliefs
to understand whether a behaviour is intrinsically or extrinsically motivated we may need students to give us reasons for their actions, knowing the students reasons helps us identify the _____ for the actions
locus of causality
a learning activity that is similar to what is encountered in real-life situations is called an _____ task
authentic
students who adopt self-handicapping strategies are usually _____ students
failure-avoiding
task-involved students who see ability as improvable are _____ students
mastery oriented
tasks that are themselves rewarding are said to elicit _____ motivation
intrinsic
the different goals of a) belonging to a group, and b) bringing honour to your school by succeeding in a contest are two examples of _____ goals
social
according to johnson and johnson, the _____ of a learning task is either cooperative, competitive, or individualistic
goal structure
at the core of self-determination theory is individual’s desire to control their own actions, free of external inducements, this desire is called the need for _____
autonomy
a novice’s genuine participation within a work group, even if it is only a minor contribution, is called _____ participation
legitimate peripheral
knowing how to teach a particular subject in a way that accounts for student differences is called _____ knowledge
pedagogical content
a method of teaching developed by lun corno that provides a continuum of support (more support for novice learners and less support for advanced learners) is called _____ teaching
adaptive
an introductory message that activates existing schema or introduces important new information is called _____
advance organizer
individually completing math problems at one’s classroom desk is an example of _____
seatwork
questions that have a single correct answer are called _____ questions
converget
a teacher’s higher expectations for a student that sometimes produce greater academic achievement, this is called the _____ effect
pygmalion
a grouping system in which groups are continuously formed and re-formed according to learning activities and assessed learning needs is called _____ grouping
flexible
when a teacher has expectations for a student that are initially accurate but are not updated as the student learns, further progress by the student may be hindered, this is called the ____ effect
sustaining expectation
teaching that clearly presents new information, provides guided practice, objectively assesses student learning, and supplies specific remedial feedback is called _____ or _____
direct instruction, explicit teaching
a grouping system in which a class is divided so that the members of each group have similar ability levels is called _____ grouping
within-class ability
the design approach in which a group of teachers develops a lesson, makes a video of one of them teaching the lesson, analyses the video, and then refines the lesson is called _____
lesson study
questions that do not have a single correct answer are called _____ questions
divergent
precise descriptions of what students are intended to learn as a result of an activity are called _____
instructional objectives
the portion of blooms taxonomy that deals with attitudes, tastes, preferences, and emotions is called the _____ domain
affective
the strategy in which a pair of learners takes turns summarizing the material and correcting the summary is called _____
scripted cooperation
sometimes, a groundless expectation held by a teacher about a student can cause behaviour which makes the expectation come true, this is called the _____
self-fulfilling prophecy
the portion of blooms taxonomy that deals with memory and reasoning is called the _____ domain
cognitive
instruction that is adjusted to fit student’s capabilities and prior knowledge is called ______ instruction
differentiated
a classification system is a ______
taxonomy
the portion of blooms taxonomy that deals with physical skills is called the _____ domain
psychomotor
a measure that indicates how spread out scores are around the mean is called the _____
standard deviation
assessments in which teachers score students computer programs or poetry readings are examples of _____ assessments
performance
assessments in which the tasks simulate situations encountered in real life are called _____ assessments
authentic
when standardized testing produces results that have significant impact on the lives of students and decisions made by teachers and school administrators it is called _____ testing
high-stakes
assessment intended to help students learn what they are currently studying is called _____ assessment
formative
assessment following instruction that describes what the student learned is called _____ assessment
summative
an assessment expressed as a number is called a _____
measurement
the choices in a multiple choice question that are wrong are called _____
distractors
guidelines and examples that are used to grade a student’s performance are called _____
scoring rubrics
how well test scores represent students actual ability levels is called _____
validity
the consistency of test scores is called _____
reliability
the top or question part of a multiple choice item is called the _____
stem
scores based on a standard deviation are called _____ scores
standard
tests given to a large number of students such that the administration and scoring is the same within each test are called _____ tests
standardized
any process that produces descriptions of student academic performance is called _____
assessment
testing designed to compare as students performance to the performance of others is called _____ testing
norm-referenced
a collection of students work in one subject that demonstrates learning in that subject is called a _____
portfolio
testing designed to compare a students performance to learning objectives or standards is called _____ testing
criterion-referenced
the tendency of a test to penalize or underestimate the ability of a particular group of students (eg. low SES) is called _____
assessment bias
a range of test scores for a student that likely includes the student’s true score is called a _____
confidence interval
