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PNS Quizzes > Quiz I: CN I and II > Flashcards

Quiz I: CN I and II Flashcards

1
Q

First order neurons of CN I (primary sensory neurons) are called what?

A

Olfactory neurons (bipolar cells)

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2
Q

Where are Olfactory Neurons located?

A

Olfactory epithelium lining superior part of the nasal cavity.

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3
Q

What covers the olfactory epithelium?

A

A thin layer of mucus.

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4
Q

What cells support the olfactory neurons?

A

“Supporting Cells”

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5
Q

What do olfactory “hairs” function as?

A

Receptors

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6
Q

Central processes (axons) collected into 10 to 20 olfactory nerves convey information to what?

A

Olfactory bulbs

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7
Q

Are Olfactory neuron axons myelinated?

A

No, however they are covered by Schwann cells

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8
Q

What bony feature do olfactory nerves pass through, and what bone is this feature found on?

A
  1. ) Cribriform Plate

2. ) Ethmoid bone

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9
Q

The olfactory nerves enter the olfactory bulb and synapse on dendrites of ____________ cells.

A

Mitral cells

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10
Q

_________ ___________ are formed at the synapses in the olfactory bulb.

A

Synaptic Glomeruli

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11
Q

What are the secondary sensory neurons of CN I called?

A

Mitral Cells

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12
Q

Where are mitral cell bodies located?

A

Olfactory Bulb

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13
Q

Where do mitral cells relay information?

A

Posterior via the olfactory tract

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14
Q

At the anterior perforated substance, the olfactory tract fibers split into medial and Lateral ______ ______.

A

Medial and Lateral Olfactory Striae

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15
Q

Medial stria fibers cross the midline via the ________ ___________ and travel to the opposite olfactory bulb.

A

Anterior Commissure

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16
Q

Lateral stria fibers carry information where? (3 places)

A
  1. ) Primary Olfactory Cortex
  2. ) Periamygdaloid Area
  3. ) Prepiriform Area (including the Uncus/ BM Area 34) on the medial aspect of the temporal lobe.
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17
Q

T/F Each nostril sends info to both hemispheres?

A

True

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18
Q

T/F Each hemisphere receives info from both nostrils?

A

True

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19
Q

T/F The Mitral cell synapses at the Thalamus.

A

False, nowhere in this pathway does synapse occur at the thalamus.

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20
Q

What is the loss of smell called?

A

Anosmia, this condition is rare

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21
Q

How can skull fractures lead to smell deficits?

A

Skull fractures can lead to damage of C.N. I, especially if the ethmoid is involved.

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22
Q

How can you determine CSF leakage with a patient?

A

Presents differently on paper (tissue paper), halo sign will form if CSF is present as the mucus separates from CSF.

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23
Q

What pathway travels from the nasal septum and is autonomic?

A

Terminal nerve

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24
Q

What pathway is poorly developed in humans but well developed in animals that track their prey?

A

Vomeronasal Nerve

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25
Q

What is the sensory organ of vision?

A

The Eye

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26
Q

How many layers is the eye composed of?

A

3

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27
Q

What is the outermost layer of the eye called?

A

Fibrous Tunic

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28
Q

What does the Fibrous Tunic consist of? (2 parts)

A

Sclera (white part) and Cornea (clear part)

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29
Q

What is the middle layer of the eye called?

A

Vascular Tunic

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30
Q

What does the Vascular Tunic consist of? (3 parts)

A

Ciliary Body, Iris (Colored part) and Choroid

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31
Q

What is the innermost layer of the eye called?

A

Retina

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32
Q

How many layers does the Retina Consist of?

A

10

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33
Q

What is the innermost layer of the Retina, adjacent to the Choroid?

A

Pigmented layer

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34
Q

What specific layer of the retina actually detaches when a patient is experiencing a detached retina?

A

The pigmented layer detaches from the choroid.

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35
Q

What is the second layer of the Retina (from External to Internal)?

A

Photosensitive outer segments of rods and cones.

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36
Q

What is the third layer of the Retina (from External to Internal)?

A

External limiting membrane

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37
Q

What is the fourth layer of the Retina (from External to Internal)?

A

Outer Nuclear Layer (contains rod and cone cell bodies)

38
Q

What is the fifth layer of the Retina (from External to Internal)?

A

Outer Plexiform Layer (Rods and Cones synapse with bipolar cells here)

39
Q

What is the sixth layer of the Retina (from External to Internal)?

A

Inner Nuclear Layer (Contains cell bodies of bipolar cells)

40
Q

What is the seventh layer of the Retina (from External to Internal)?

A

Inner Plexiform Layer (Bipolar cells synapse with ganglion cells here)

41
Q

What is the eighth layer of the Retina (from External to Internal)?

A

Ganglion cell Layer (Ganglion cell bodies)

42
Q

What is the ninth layer of the Retina (from External to Internal)?

A

Nerve Fiber Layer (Retina ganglion cell axons are found here)

43
Q

Are Retina Ganglion cells axons myelinated?

44
Q

What is the tenth layer of the Retina (Innermost Layer)?

A

Internal Limiting Membrane

45
Q

What is a glial boundary separating the retina from the vitreous body?

A

The Internal Limiting Membrane

46
Q

What is the distal end of a photoreceptor called?

A

The Outer Segment

47
Q

Is the distal end of the photoreceptor closer to or further away from the choroid when compared with Rod and Cone Cell Bodies?

A

The distal end is closer to the Choroid than the cell bodies of the Rods and Cones

48
Q

What photoreceptor is Cylindrical?

49
Q

What photoreceptor is Tapered?

50
Q

What are the three types of Cones?

A

Red, Green, Blue

51
Q

What is the fovea centralis almost entirely composed of?

52
Q

What do the cones require to function best?

A

Adequate Light

53
Q

Where are the cones concentrated toward in the retina?

A

Toward the Center

54
Q

What do rods sense?

A

Light vs. Dark

55
Q

Are rods used to visualize objects clearly?

A

No, they are used for B&W vision and to visualize textures.

56
Q

Where are rods rarely found?

A

In the Fovea Centralis

57
Q

Where are rods usually found?

A

Periphery of Retina (almost entirely rods)

58
Q

T/F Most forms of color blindness are sex-linked?

59
Q

When depolarized, photoreceptors relay information to bipolar cells by synapsing in which layer?

A

Outer Plexiform Layer

60
Q

Bipolar Cell Bodies are found in which layer?

A

Inner Nuclear Layer

61
Q

Bipolar cells relay info to _________ cells.

62
Q

Where do Bipolar cells relay info to ganglion cells?

A

Inner Plexiform Layer

63
Q

Axons from ganglion cells are conveyed in the nerve fiber layer to the _______ _____.

A

Optic Disc

64
Q

Is the Nerve Fiber Layer myelinated?

65
Q

After leaving the eyeball, axons are carried in the ________ _______.

A

Optic Nerve

66
Q

The optic nerves enter the skull through the ______ ______ and unite to form the ________ ________.

A
  1. ) Optic Canal

2. ) Optic Chiasma

67
Q

Are Optic Nerve axons myelinated?

68
Q

What cells form the myelin on the optic nerve?

A

Interfasicular Oligodendrocytes

69
Q

T/F In the Optic chiasma the medial fibers cross.

70
Q

T/F In the Optic chiasma the lateral fibers cross.

71
Q

The Medial and Lateral fibers of the Optic Chiasma split to form the ______ ______.

A

Optic Tracts

72
Q

The Optic tract travels around what?

A

Cerebral Peduncles

73
Q

The optic tract fibers synapse on what?

A

On (one of three) nuclei of termination

74
Q

What are the three nuclei of termination?

A
  1. ) Lateral Geniculate Body
  2. ) Superior Colliculus
  3. ) Pretectal Nucleus of Midbrain
75
Q

Where do the majority of optic tract fibers synapse?

A

Lateral Geniculate Body (Nucleus of termination)

76
Q

Where does the Lateral Geniculate Body relay info?

A

Cerebral Cortex in the Occipital Lobe

77
Q

Where does the Superior Colliculus relay info?

A

Tectospinal Tract

78
Q

What two muscles are influenced by the tectospinal tract?

A

SCM and Trapezius

79
Q

What are the four (five) neurons in the pathway for vision?

A
  1. ) Rod/Cone
  2. ) Bipolar Cell
  3. ) Ganglion Cell
  4. ) Neuron from Lateral Geniculate Body to Occipital Lobe
    * 5.) Cell (including cell body) in the Cerebral Cortex

*This is sometimes included in varying sources

80
Q

What happens when a lesion occurs to the optic nerve?

A

You lose vision in one eye completely.

81
Q

What happens when a lesion occurs to the decussating fibers in the optic chiasma?

A

You lose peripheral visual field (tunnel vision)

82
Q

What happens when a lesion occurs in the optic tract?

A

You lose a side of your visual field (either entire right side is lost, or entire left side is lost)

83
Q

Where does the neuron relayed to the occipital lobe specifically synapse?

A

BM Area 17 along calcarine sulcus

84
Q

What does the pretectal nucleus of the brain deal with?

A

Light Reflexes

85
Q

What happens with a direct reflex of the pupil?

A

Constriction

86
Q

What happens with an indirect reflex of the pupil?

A

Constriction to a lesser extent

87
Q

Is CN II responsible for the motor aspect of light reflexes?

A

No, it is a purely sensory CN. (There are more to these light reflexes than just CN II)

88
Q

What is the term for transitioning from focusing on something far away to something close?

A

Accommodation Reflex

89
Q

What happens to the lens when looking at something close up?

A

It becomes more convex.

90
Q

What is the term for when something lightly touches the cornea, followed by that person blinking and pulling their cornea away quickly?

A

Corneal Reflex

91
Q

What is the term for when the medial rectus is active on both sides to look at the tip of the nose?

A

Convergence

92
Q

Can most people diverge their eyes?

PNS Quizzes (7 decks)

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