Quiz Fri Flashcards
is the perpetuation of species.
Reproduction
such as fission, budding, and
fragmentation where gamete is not involved.
Asexual reproduction
one where male and female
gametes are involved.
Sexual reproduction
These are two hollow lobes with thin walls; they are the
female gonads which produce the egg cells or ova.
Ovaries
The mesentery in the ovary is
called?
mesovarium
These are two slender coiled tubes with fleshy walls close to the middorsal line. These serve as the passageway of ova.
Oviducts
When you trace the oviduct anteriorly the _______, a fringe-like opening is found.
Ostium
is the temporary storage
of the egg cells.
Ovisac or uterus
yellowish finger-like projections at the anterior portion of the kidney and connected to the
ovary.
Corpora adiposa or fat bodies
These contain food reserved to be utilized during the breeding
season.
Fat bodies or corpora adiposa
These are paired yellowish, elongated structures ventrally attached to the kidneys with the mesorchium as mesentery.
Testes
These are tubules lying on the mesorchium connecting the testes to the kidneys. These are also called vas efferens.
Vasa efferentia.
These are also called vas efferens.
Vasa efferentia
These are also the ureters or
mesonephric ducts for the passage of sperm from the kidney to the
cloaca, then the anus.
Vasa deferentia or vas deferens.
The circulatory system of the frog is composed of
heart, blood vessels such as artery, vein and capillary, and the blood.
reddish and is covered by a pericardium
Heart
It consists of chambers with a
conical thick-walled ventricle located posteriorly and the left and right
atria located anteriorly, which have thin muscular walls.
Heart
the left and right
atria located anteriorly have
thin muscular walls.
conical thick-walled ventricle located
Posteriorly
the left and right
atria located
Anteriorly
has a dorsally located, thin-walled ________ ______and a ventrally located____, and ____ ____ ____leading forward from the anterior base of the
ventricle.
sinus venous
stout
tubular conus arteriosus
The valves between the chambers of the heart prevent the
prevent the backward
flow of the blood.
The_____ _____ separates the atria.
interatrial septum
The thin, twisted, and flat valve in the conus arteriosus.
Spiral valve
The spiral valve which is a thin, twisted, and flat valve is located in the
conus arteriosus
is thick-walled and appears to be bluish-red in a live frog
artery
It carries blood away from the heart.
Artery
has thin walls appearing
reddish in a live specimen.
Vein
The blood is composed of the fluid____ and the cellular parts which are?
the red corpuscles or erythrocytes
white blood corpuscles or leucocytes and the blood platelets or thrombocytes.
Medially, from the anterior border of ventricle is the _____ _____which looks like a v-shaped structure.
truncus
arteriosus
Lift the thin muscular abdominal wall posteriorly and make a short cut
about 3 mm to one side of the
median linea alba
truncus arteriosus which looks like a v-shaped structure forks into three:
common carotid artery
pulmo-cutaneous artery
systemic or aortic arch.
is the anterior arch which divides
into the external carotid or lingual artery.
The common carotid artery
The common carotid artery is the anterior arch which divides
into the
external carotid or lingual artery
This artery supplies blood to
the tongue and floor of the mouth
the internal carotid artery
dilated as carotid gland at its base and dorsal to the posterior roof of the mouth.
internal carotid artery
it also gives off blood to the palatine artery on the roof of the mouth, the
Serebral artery into the cranium to the brain and the ophthalmic artery to the eye
internal carotid artery
The internal carotid artery also gives off blood to the palatine artery on the roof of the mouth, the
________ _____into the cranium to the brain and the _________ ______to the eye
Serebral artery
ophthalmic artery
The second and middle arch is the ___________which passes dorsally beside the esophagus and turns posteriorly to unite with its pair and form the dorsal aorta
systematic or aortic arch
The second and middle arch is the systematic or aortic arch which passes dorsally beside the esophagus and turns posteriorly to unite with its pair and form the_______
dorsal aorta
Each systemic arch, gives of to the
laryngeal artery
Supplies blood to the esophagus
esophageal artery
the occipito-vertebral artery which is further subdivided into?
occipital artery, vertebral artery, subclavian artery,
anterior and supplying blood to
the side of the head and the jaws
the occipital artery
posterior and suppiying blood to the vertebral column
the vertebral artery
supplying blood to the axilla which posteriorly forms the brachial artery
supplying blood to the forearm.
the subclavian artery
The subclavian artery supplies blood to the axilla which posteriorly forms the ________supplying blood to the forearm.
brachial artery
supplying blood to the forearm
Brachial artery
pulmo-cutaneous artery divides into the
Pulmonary and cutaneous artery
supplying blood to the lungs
Pulmonary artery
supplies blood to the skin on the back, the sides of the body and the side of the head.
Cutaneous artery
dorsal aorta gives off to the
coeliaco-masenteric artery,
urogenital arteries, lumbar arteries and posterior mesenteric artery.
The coeliaco-mesenteric artery branches into one celiac artery, the
liver (hepatic artery) and stomach (gastric artery).
supplies blood to the intestines and the spleen.
The anterior mesenteric
artery
There are four to
six pairs of _________supplying blood to the kidneys, gonads, and fat bodies.
urogenital arteries
There are several ______ _____supplying blood to the dorsal body wall and nerve cord and the single mesenteric artery.
posterior to the rectum.
lumbar arteries
The dorsal aorta forks into two common iliac arteries, each branch
dividing into the
epigastric and femoral or external iliac arteries
supplies blood to the ventral abdominal wall and a small
branch vesical artery.
The epigastric artery
is small and it supplies blood to
the anterior part of the thigh.
The femoral artery
continues as sciatic artery which is found at the dorsal part of the thigh, divides to supply blood to the shank and the foot.
The common iliac artery
The common iliac artery continues as ______ _____which is found at the dorsal part of the thigh, divides to supply blood to the shank and the foot.
sciatic artery
is composed of all veins which flow blood to the heart.
The Venous system
It is formed by the union of internal jugular vein from the interior, or the skull and subscapular vein from the dorsal muscles of the shoulders and the arms.
Innominate vein
the most posterior, formed by the
union of branchial vein from the arms, the musculo-cutaneous vein from
the muscles, and skin on dorsal and lateral parts of the head and the
trunk.
Subclavian vein
enters the posterior end
of the sinus venous. It is formed by the union of efferent renal veins
coming from the median portions of the kidney and the two hepatic veins
from the liver just behind the sinus venosus.
The single postcaval or posterior vena cava
The single postcaval or posterior vena cava is formed by the union of ________coming from the median portions of the kidney and the _________
from the liver just behind the sinus venosus.
efferent renal veins
two hepatic veins
come from each lung but both enter the left auricle anterior to the sinus venosus.
Pulmonary veins
found inside the linea alba joins the portal vein at the right lobe of the liver. This vein is formed by the union of the
two pelvic veins of the posterior end of the coelom. Each pelvic vein
branches from the femoral vein.
The single abdominal vein
also receives the two vesicular veins from the urinary bladder.
postcaval vein
postcaval vein also receives the____ from the urinary bladder.
two vesicular veins
runs parallel to the bile duct and divides within the liver. This is formed by the union of the veins from the
stomach, the intestines, the pancreas, and the spleen.
single hepatic portal vein
carry blood from the liver to the postcaval vein.
Hepatic veins
has the renal portal vein running laterally along each kidney and giving off several afferent renal veins into it.
The renal portal system
Each renal portal vein is formed from
femoral veins.
The __________carries
blood from the anterior side of the thigh, the _______from the
posterior side of the thigh and the
_________ from the
abdominal wall.
femoral veins
sciatic vein
dorso-lumbar veins
The blood coming from the hindleg may return through the
abdominal vein or renal portal vein.
concerned with the reception stimuli,
conduction of impulses, and the coordination and integration of functions in the body.
Nervous system
The nervous system is composed of
Central nervous system
Peripheral nervous system
Autonomic nervous system
This includes the brain and the spinal
cord.
Central nervous system.
. This consists of ten pairs of cranial
nerves from the brain and ten pairs of spinal nerves from the
spinal cord. These nerves link the brain and the spinal cord to the
various receptors and effectors of the body.
Peripheral nervous system
This is composed of sympathetic
and parasympathetic nerves.
Autonomic nervous system.
These are the linings in the brain and the spinal cord
Meninges
The meninges is composed of
Dura and pia mater
outer membrane with two walls
Dura mater
inner membrane combined inseparably with the substance of the brain and spinal cord.
Pia mater
This is the space between the pia mater and the dura mater.
Subdural space
The five parts of the lobes of the brain
Telencephalon or cerebral hemispheres.
Diencephalon or thalamencephalon or twixt brain.
Mesencephalon or optic lobes. Metencephalon or cerebellum
Myelencephalon or medulla oblongata.
These are separated medially by a longitudinal groove; these two anterior
lobes appear large and elongated. They are also roofed by a thin
sheet, the anterior choroid plexus.
They are the seat of
consciousness, memory, intelligence, and vision.
Telencephalon or cerebral hemispheres.
these appear as two small swellings with shallow constrictions on the anterior part of the telencephalon.
Olfactory nerves
It is a depression posterior to telencephalon.
Diencephalon or thalamencephalon or twixt brain.
a small gland which occupies the
median dorsal surface of the diencephalon. It regulates waler
balance, body temperature, and sugar and fat metabolism. It is
also a relay center for sensory impulses.
Pineal body or epiphysis
These are a pair of rounded
lobes posterior to diencephalon, They are also called midbrain
and they serve as the main visual and auditory reflex center.
Mesencephalon or optic lobes.
It is a dorsal transverse fold
posterior to the mesencephalon. It regulates equilibrium and
coordinates movement.
Metencephalon or cerebellum,
It is the most
posterior lobe of the brain. It controls heart rate, swallowing,
respiration, and circulation.
Myelencephalon or medulla oblongata.
It extends from the medulla oblongata to the neural canal of the urostyle.
Spinal cord
This is the pointed tapering end of the spinal cord.
Filum terminale
This is the median groove extending
the entire length of the spinal cord.
Median dorsal sulcus.
This is the anterior enlargement
where nerves innervating the forelimbs arise.
Brachial enlargement.
This is composed of the posterior
enlargement where nerves innervating the hindlimbs arise. It is
from this enlargement where the dorsal and ventral roots of the
spinal nerves arise.
Lumbar enlargement.
This is the filum terminale combined with the roots of the posterior spinal nerves.
Cauda equina
These are two crossed white nerves projecting from the ventro-lateral sides of the diencephalon.
Optic nerves.
The area where the two optic nerves cross is called
optic chiasma.
Posterior to the optic chiasma, it appears as a bilobed postero-ventral extension from the thalamencephalon.
Infundibulum
This brownish gland postero-
ventral to infundibulum is the master gland of the body lying in a
depression on the floor of the skull, the sella tursica.
Hypophysis or pituitary body.
This is the median ventral groove extending the
entire length of the spinal cord.
Ventral fissure.
depression on the floor of the skull, the
sella tursica.
These are found on each lobe
of the telencephalon. The extensions of the lateral ventricles into the
olfactory lobes are called rhinocoels.
Lateral ventricles (right and left).
The extensions of the lateral ventricles into the olfactory lobes are called.
rhinocoels
This is a cavity of the diencephalon which extends with the cavity of the infundibulum through its postero-ventral extension.
Third ventricle.
The narrow passage linking the lateral ventricles with the third ventricle is called the
foramen of monro
These are enlarged cavities of the
mesencephalon.
Optic ventricles (Optocoels).
This is a triangular cavity of the medulla oblongata.
Fourth ventricle.
This is the posterior extension of the fourth ventricle into the spinal cord.
Central canal.
It is a median canal linking the third
ventricle to the fourth ventricle.
Aqueduct of Sylvius or iter.
includes the spinal nerves from the
spinal cord and the cranial nerves from the brain.
Peripheral nervous system
mixed nerves because they are composed of sensory and motor nerve
fibers.
Spinal nerves
Each spinal nerve branches into two roots, namely:
Dorsal root or sensory
Ventral or motor root
As the spinal nerve exits from the intervertebral foramina, it further
divides into:
Dorsal and ventral ramus
This innervates the epaxial muscles and skin;
Dorsal ramus.
This innervates the hypaxial and appendicular
muscles as well as the skin of the abdominal wall.
Ventral ramus.
- group of communicating nerve fibers supplying the shoulder and forelimb muscles
Brachial plexus
Brachial plexus is composed of
1st-6th spinal nerve
This exits between the atlas and the first trunk vertebra.
First spinal nerve.
This exits between the first and the
second trunk vertebrae and is the biggest among the nerves of the
plexus.
Second spinal nerve.
This exits between the second and the
third trunk vertebrae.
Third spinal nerve.
This exits between the third and the
fourth trunk vertebrae.
Fourth spinal nerve.
This exits between the fourth and the
fifth trunk vertebrae.
Fifth spinal nerve.
This exits between the fifth and the sixth trunk vertebrae
Sixth spinal nerve.
supply the skin and
muscles of the abdominal wall.
The fourth, fifth, and sixth spinal nerves
This is the part where the large
nerves of the seventh, eight, and the ninth spinal nerves emanate.
Lumbosacral or sciatic plexus.
This innervates the abdominal muscles, extending from the seventh spinal nerve before joining the plexus.
Iliohypogastric nerve.
. This innervates the abdominal muscles and skin near the thigh, extending the seventh spinal nerve after joining the
plexus.
Cruralis
This extends from the eighth and the ninth spinal nerves; it posteriorly splits at the distal end of the thigh
Sciatic nerve.
The sciatic nerves posteriorly splits at the distal end of the thigh into
the following:
1) Medial tibial nerve.
2) Lateral peroneal nerve.
This innervates the gastrocnemius,
tibialis posticus, and some plantar muscles of the foot.
Medial tibial nerve.
This innervates the peroneus,
tibialis antics, and extensor muscles of the foot.
Lateral peroneal nerve.
It projects from the sides of the urostyle, supplies the cloaca, urinary bladder, and oviduct.
Tenth spinal nerve.
There are___ pairs of cranial nerves emerging from the lateral
surfaces of the brain to the different parts of the body.
10
These transmit impulses from
the receptors to the central nervous system.
Sensory or afferent nerve fibers.
These transmit impulses from the central nervous system to the various effectors.
Motor or efferent
These perform both sensory and motor functions.
Mixed nerves.
