Finals Flashcards
It is the thin ganglia situated along side
the systemic arch and dorsal aorta.
Right sympathetic trunk.
These are fine threads projecting from the spinal nerves which, when combined with the sympathetic trunk, will form node-like parts, the sympathetic ganglia.
Rami communicans.
These are the small nerves projecting from the 3rd and 6th spinal nerves that combine with many unpaired ganglia.
This plexus innervates the stomach, liver, intestine, pancreas, and spleen.
Coeliac or solar plexus.
It is the posterior plexus along the posterior mesenteric artery. It innervates the kidneys, sex organs, and oviducts.
Urogenital plexus.
Ten cranial nerves
Olfactory
Optic
Occulomotor
Trochlear
Tringeminal (trifacial)
Abducens
Facial
Auditory
Glossopharyngeal
Vagus
Cranial nerves with motor function
Abducens
Occulomotor (moves eyeballs etc.)
Trochlear (rotates the eyeballs)
Cranial nerves with mixed function
Tringeminal
Facial
Vagus
Glossopharyngeal
Anterior part of
olfactory
Lining of the nose
Olfactory
Ventro-lateral sides
of the diencephalon
Retina of the eye
Optic
Ventral side of
mesencephalon
Four eye muscles
(inf. oblique; sup.
oblique; sup., inf., and
internal recti muscles);
iris, lens, and upper
eyelid
Occulomotor
Dorsal side of brain, between mesencephalon and metencephalon
Superior oblique
muscles of the eye
Trochlear
Antero-lateral margins
of the myelencephalon
Skin of the head, lips
and muscles of lower
jaw and tongue
Tringeminal
Ventral side of
myelencephalon
External recti and
retractor bulbi muscles
of the eye
Abducens
Sides of the
myelencephalon
posterior to the
trigeminal
Nasal cavities, roof of
the mouth, ear,
muscles
of the lower jaw, and
skin of the throat
Facial
Dorso-lateral margins
of myelencephalon
Inner ear
Auditory
Sides of myelencephalon behind origin of facial nerve Muscles and mucous
membrane of the tongue and pharynx
Glossopharyngeal
Sides of myelencephalon, in common with the roots of the glossopharyngeal
nerve Shoulder muscles, larynx, esophagus, stomach, lungs, and
heart
Vagus
is a branch of science which deals with identification, nomenclature, and classification of organisms.
Taxonomy
provides a system that deals with
the kinds and diversity of organisms and their relationships.
Taxonomy
is universally accepted. It includes higher levels followed by lower groups of organisms. Taxon and category are
involved in this type of classification.
Linnaean classification
is a group of real organisms
recognized as a unit at any level of classifications.
Taxon
the basic
categories in Linnaean classification.
Kingdom, Phylum,
Class, Order, Family, Genus, and Species
are single-celled animals which may occur singly or in
colonies. They have flagella, cilia, and pseudopodia as their locomotory
organelles, while others do not. They live in fresh water, salt water, and
moist soil.
Protozoans
Protozoans are
Asymmetrical
Protozoans produce through
Sexual and asexual
Superclass of phylum protozoa
Superclass Mastigophora.
Sarcodina
Sporozoa
Ciliata
These are protozoans with flagella
as locomotory organelles. They have three types of nutrition like
holozoic, saprozoic, and holophytic modes. Some are free-living or
parasitic. They reproduce asexually through longitudinal fission.
Superclass Mastigophora.
Superclass mastigophora types of nutrition
holozoic, saprozoic, and holophytic
.
They possess pseudopodia
for locomotion and food capturing. The body is covered with a thin pellicle
Cytoplasm is differentiated into an outer ectoplasm and an inner
endoplasm. They feed on other protozoans and smaller organisms.
Asexual reproduction is done through binary fission or budding.
Superclass
Sarcodina
In superclass sarcodina asexual reproduction is done through
Asexual reproduction is done through binary fission or budding.
These are protozoans which do not produce locomotory organelles. Spores, however, are produced at the end of their life cycle. All are parasitic. Asexual and sexual means of reproduction
occur. Sexual reproduction takes place through autogamy, while asexual
reproduction takes place through repeated binary or multiple fission.
Superclass Sporozoa.
. All possess cilia for food gathering and locomotion.
They possess two types of nuclei: one macronucleus (vegetative) and
micronucleus (reproductive).
Sexual reproduction takes place through
conjugation, and asexual reproduction, through budding and fission.
Superclass Ciliata
are without tissues or organs but are multicellular. Cells are
independent. The body wall is perforated with pores, canals, and
flagellated chambers forming a canal system. Skeletons consist of
spicules or sponging fibers or both.
Sponges
are rayed or with spines
and are either calcareous, siliceous, or with sponging fibers.
Spicules
Class of phylum porifera
Calcarea
Hexactinellida
Demospongiae
This class has calcareous spicules and one,three, or four rays. The body may be vase-like or with stalk-like
valves. This is abundant in shallow marine water.
Class Calcarea.
This includes, sponges With siliceous
spicules which may be separable or united into networks: They may be
cylindrical or funnel-shaped. They are found in a deep marine water
Class Hexactinellida.
This includes animals with one to four
rayed siliceous spicules or sponging fibers, or both. Their bodies have
various shapes. They are mostly marine.
Class Demospongiae.
are radially symmetrical, acoelomates with two body layers (diploblastic), or with three body layers triploblastic. The third germ layer, the mesoglea, is sometimes differentiated into muscle
tissues. These invertebrates have incomplete digestive tract, diffused
nervous system, and separate or united sexes.
Coelenterates
There are two types of
individual in coelenterata.
polyp and medusa
Class in phylum coelenterata
Scyphozoa
Hydrozoa
Anthozoa
These free-swimming or sessile coelenterates with
thin mesoglea live either singly or form colonies. There are alternation of
generation. The sexual phase is represented by the free-swimming
medusa, and the asexual phase, by the hydroid colony. The polyp is without
pharynx or septa. They live either in marine or fresh water habitats.
Class hydrozoa
In class hydrozoa, The sexual phase is represented by the free-swimming
______, and the asexual phase, by the______ ______. The polyp is without
______
medusa
hydroid colony
pharynx or septa
They live either in marine or fresh water habitats.
Class hydrozoa
Mesoglea are well developed. They are free-swimming solitary forms. Larval stage is polypoid, while the adult is
medusoid. All are marine. They are commonly called the jellyfishes.
Class Scyphozoa.
In class Scyphozoa, Mesoglea are________ They are free-swimming solitary forms. Larval stage is______, while the adult is
_______. All are marine. They are commonly called the _______.
well developed.
polypoid
medusoid
jellyfishes
Class_______. They are solitary or colonial polypoid coelenterates.
The medusoid individual is______. The
polypoid individual has ______ and_____ in its gastrovascular cavity. The body
has more or less well developed muscles.
Anthozoa
absent
pharynx
septa
Phylum_______
include______. pseudocoelomate
worms of_____ symmetry. Their bodies are covered with cuticle. They
have______ digestive tract.
Aschelminthes
unsegmented
bilateral
complete
Class of phylum aschelminthes
Gastrotricha.
Rotifera
Nematoda
Kinorhyncha.
Nematomorpha.
. The characteristics of those belonging to this
class are as follows: a simple pharynx, non-segmented cuticle which has
scales or plates which may
be spined,
and hermaphroditic or
parthenogenetic females.
Class Gastrotricha
Class
______. This includes animals characterized by a pharynx
that is modified into a special grinding structure, the mastax, and cila
forming the anterior ring, the corona. Their sexes separate or they are
________ females. There are three body regions: head, trunk, and
toot with toes, Their digestive tract is_____ and their excretory organ
has_____ cells.
Rotifera
parthenogenetic
completé
flame
Class_____. Characteristics of this class include: cuticle
with segments, longitudinal muscles with segmental arrangement, and
absence of external cilia. Anterior region may be everted or inverted.
Sexes are separate and all are marine.
Kinorhyncha
Pharynx is present. Lateral epidermal chords
contain the excretory ducts. The female reproductive system opens at
the exterior. Body is cylindrical and is covered with cuticle. Alimentary
canal is straight.
Class nematoda
Sexes are separate with females being larger than males. Class
members are aquatic, terrestrial or parasitic in both plants and animals.
Nematoda
Class________. This class is
characterized by the absence of_____
epidermal chords and excretory ducts.
_______pharynx, female reproductive system opening into the
intestine, parasitic juveniles in arthopods, and_____ sexes.
Nematomorpha
lateral
undifferentiated
separate
belong the acoelomates, which have
_______symmetrical and_______ bodies, and are flattened
______. Their digestive tract is_______ since the alimentary
canal is embedded in the parenchyma of mesodermal cells. It opens
through the mouth, with flame cells or protonephridia for excretion. They
are______ with respiratory and circulatory systems but with
ladder-like nervous system. Free-living forms are found in fresh and
marine waters and damp places. Some are ecto- or endoparasites with
modified structures and a complicated life cycle.
Phylum platyhelminthes
bilaterally
unsegmented
dorsoventrally
incomplete
hermaphroditic
Class in phylum platyhelminthes
Turbellaria.
Trematoda
Cestoda
Class_____. To this class belong free-living unsegmented
flatworms without specialized adhesive organs such as hooks or suckers
but with ventral mouths. Most of them are marine; some are freshwater
and a few are terrestrial.
Turbellaria
. This class includes unsegmented flatworms, having
an anterior mouth, one or two specialized organs like anterior, posterior or
ventral suckers, and are either ecto- or endo- parasites of vertebrates.
Class Trematoda
This class is characterized as follows: unsegmented or
pseudometameric parasitic flatworms, without digestive tract, strobilate body,
head with scolex usually with suckers and/or hooks, and endoparasitic.
Class Cestoda.
are coelomates. The body is divided into similar segments
called somites or metameres, visible externally in grooves or internally
since the coelom is divided into transverse septa. Other characteristics
include: triploblastic and bilaterally symmetrical body, complete digestive
tract, ganglionic nervous system with brain, and a pair of ventral nerve
cords. Their bodies are covered with nonchitinous cuticle. Parapodia and
setae may be present or absent. Nephridian is the excretory organ. Its
circulatory system is closed, while sexes are separated or united.
Annelids
Class_____. Characteristics of this class are: parapodia
with setae, simple prostomium without appendages, segmented, with
coelom, with well-developed head bearing appendages, and dioecious
(sexes separate). It has free swimming trochophore larva and a marine
habitat.
Polychaeta
Class_______. This is characterized as follows: no parapodia
with few setae, conspicuous segments, and with intersegmental septa, no distinct head
with appendages, and small prostomium.
It hermaphroditic with genital ducts opening into the coelom by a funnel.
At sexual maturity, clitellum appears. Members of this class are mostly
terrestrial and freshwater organisms.
Oligochaeta
Class_____. This is characterized as follows: no parapodia
and setae, with 32-34 segments. Prostomium is present; it has two
suckers (anterior and posterior); coelom is reduced and filled with
mesenchyme,
and
it has
dorsoventrally flattened
body. It iS
hermaphroditic, commonly called leech, and found in damp places on
land or in fresh water.
Hirudinea
Class_______. This is characterized as follows: bilaterally
symmetrical with a shell of light transverse, calcareous plates, and
ctenidia.
Amphineura
Class______. This is marked by an asymmetrical body with
Well-developed head and foot; it is spirally coiled, and univalved or with
one shell.
Gastropoda
Class_______. This is characterized by a bilaterally symmetrical
body, a shell with two valves (bivalve) and a mantle with two lobes.
Pelecypoda
Class_______. Members of this group have a tubular shell
and mantle, a conical foot, and a mouth surrounded by threadlike
tentacles (captucula). They have no distinct head.
Scaphopoda
Class_______. With bilateral symmetry, this mollusk has a
foot divided into arms with suckers. It has a well-developed nervous
system concentrated in the head. Body is torpedo-shaped with or without
shell and with well-developed head and eyes. Siphon is present.
Cephalopoda
are radially symmetrical adult but bilateraly
symmétrical larva. They are known for the following; no segmentation
and win well-developed coelom; pentamerous or with five arms or rays
radiating from the center of the body; water-vascular system; tube feet; a
spiny skeleton with calcareous plates; and a complete digestive tract.
Echinodermata
Class______. This has arms not sharply marked off from the
disk. It is pentamerous and with open ambulacral groove but without
pinnules. The madreporite is aboral near the anus.
Asteroidea
The class_______. This is characierized as pentamerous and
urbowdender arns sharply marked off from the disk with ambulacral
Groove, madreporite oral near mouth, and an incompiete digestive trad.
Ophiuroidea
Class_____. This group possesses a globose body and is
pentamerous without arms. The test of calcareous plates bears movable
spines.
Echinoidea
Class________. This is characterized by a soft, elongated,
and cylindrical body, with muscular wall; it shows no arms and spines;
but with tube feet and tentacles around the mouth.
Holothuroidea
Class______. Members of this group have branched arms
with pinnules and aboral pole with cirri, stalk for temporary or permanent
attachment, open ambulacral grooves, and tube feet without suckers.
Madreporite is absent.
Crinoidea
belong animals with bilateral symmetry,
segmented body, with chitinous or calcareous exoskeleton, body with a
head, thorax, and abdomen,
jointed
appendages and, advanced
ganglionic nervous system, compound eyes, complete digestive tract
reduced coelom, excretory organs like malpighian tubules or green
gland, varied respiratory organs such as trachea, booklungs and gills,
and separate sexes. These animals may be found in any habitat.
Arthropoda
This is characterized by a body divided into
head and thorax fused into cephalothorax, with two pairs of antennae, a
pair of mandible, two pairs of maxilla, thorax with variable number of
appendages which are locomotory or reproductive in function, and with
gills for respiration.
Class Crustacea.
Its body is divided into cephalothorax and
abdomen. The abdomen may be segmented or unsegmented with four
pairs of legs, two pedipalpi, and two chelicerae with claws. Antennae are
absent and eyes are simple. Booklungs and trachea are used for
respiration.
Class Arachnida.
Class______. The body is divided into head, thorax, and
abdomen. The head has six fused segments, a single pair of antennae,
one pair of mandible, and two pairs of maxilla. The thorax has three
segments, three pairs of legs, and two pairs of wings. These insects may
be winged or wingless. The abdomen has eleven segments. They have
trachea for respiration. They are mostly terrestrial or aerial, but some are
aquatic during the larval stages.
Insecta
Class _____. Body is dorsoventrally flattened. Head has six
is of appe
segments with one pair of antennae and three pairs of jaws. Trunk has
a metaso,
many segments, each having one pair of legs except the first which has
alist forn
a pair of poison claws. Last two segments are limbless. Spiracles are
with a te
paired. Most are carnivorous and nocturnal. Gonads are dorsal to
alimentary canal. Genital aperture is in the last segment.
Chilopoda
Class______. Body is elongated and cylindrical. Head has
five segments with club-shaped antennae, a pair of mandible, and a pair
of maxilla. Thorax is single with four segments. Trunk segments are
double bearing two pairs of legs each. Gonads are ventral to alimentary
canal. Genital aperture is on the third trunk segment. To this class
belong the herbivorous millipedes.
Diplopoda
Class_________. Prosoma (cephalothorax) has five similar
gads metasoma® R78- 0gpislh soma (abdomen) is divided into mesosoma
the first forms a genital operculum, while metasoma has no appendages
but with a telson.
Merostomata
This phylum is characterized by bilateral symmetry and true body
gity, such body regions as head, trunk, and tail with notochord dorsal
in digestive tube and ventral to the nerve cord, presence of pharyngeal
its, and found in any habitat.
Chordata
Subphylum_______. Described as marine; this is characterized
by an asymmetrical body with incurrent and excurrent siphons, a tail with
notochord in the larval stage only, and large and numerous pharyngeal slits.
Urochordata
Subphylum Cephalochordata. Also described as marine, this
phylums has the following characteristics : notochord along the entire length of the body persising throughout life, and numerous pharyngeal gill slits
gill slits.
Subphylum______. A vertebral column replaces notochord
in adults. There are few pharyngeal gill slits. Paired appendages are in
the form of fins or limbs. Hindlimbs are modified into flippers or are
absent, while forelimbs are modified into wings.
Vertebrata
The two laws of probability are the____ Rule and the____ Rule.
Product
Sum
which states that chromosomes separate from each
other during anaphase or cell division;
law of segregation
which explains that non-homologous chromosomes behave
independently of each other during cell division.
law of independent
assortment which explains that non-homologous chromosomes behave
independently of each other during cell division.
are pairs
of genes in the same loci of homologous
chromosomes that control a contrasting observable trait.
Alleles
is the observable trait of an organism;____ is its
genetic make-up.
Phenotype
Genotype
_____or pure breeds produce only one kind
of offspring or one kind of gamete, while____- or hybrids
produce two kinds of gametes. In a heterozygote, the observable trait
which is expressed is the____ trait, while one which is not
expressed is the_____ trait.
Homozygotes
heterozygotes
dominant
recessive
refers to the count of individuals of a species within a
quadrat.
Density
