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quiz book 4 Flashcards

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1
Q

What was the 1962 7000 Cadre Conference called to discuss

A

Issues arising from the failure of the GLF and the growing divide/power struggles within the CCP leadership

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2
Q

Which 4 leaders were critical of Mao’s GLF policy [4]?

A

Liu Shaoqi, PengZhen, Chen Yun, Deng Xiopeng

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3
Q

What were the critics of Mao’s economic policy also known as

A

Pragmatists

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4
Q

What was the approach to policy favoured by Mao?

A

Ideological and radical

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5
Q

What phrase did Mao use when he gave up his position of Chairman of the PRC in 1958?

A

‘retired from the second front’

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6
Q

How did Mao respond to the debates over economic policy after 1962?

A

He dropped out of public view for several months in response to the criticisms he received

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7
Q

What role did Mao retain that gave him complete leadership authority?

A

Chairman of the CCP

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8
Q

How did Communist Propaganda present Mao?

A

As the ‘Great Helmsman’

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9
Q

What term was used to describe communists who went away from the revolutionary approach and where did Mao see it emerging outside of China?

A

Revisionists- in the USSR under Khrushchev’s rule

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10
Q

What was Mao’s fear in the later stages of his life?

A

That his legacy of a communist revolution would continue

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11
Q

Who did Mao choose as his successor and what did he start to fear after 1959?

A

Liu Shaoqi-however Mao started to fear he could not be trusted to protect Mao’s legacy

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12
Q

Which pragmatic leader said the following ‘It does not matter if the cat is black or white, so long as it catches the mouse, it is a good cat’?

A

Deng Xiaopeng

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13
Q

What did the Pragmatists see as the main priority for China after the GLF?

A

For the country to get back on its feet, even if it meant making ideological compromises like restoring private farming & trade

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14
Q

How did the pragmatists view what the required relationship with USA and USSR should be like?

A

More conciliatory and avoid confrontation due to the economic issues China was experiencing

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15
Q

Who did the Pragmatists believe could support economic development?

A

Technical experts- no mass mobilisation

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16
Q

What remained Mao’s aim in this period?

A

Mass mobilisation as a means of class struggle against bureaucratic control over economic planning

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17
Q

What was Mao slogan about the threat of ‘Chinese revisionism’

A

‘oppose revisionism(abroad), prevent revisionism (at home)’

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18
Q

What (uneasy) compromise did Mao and the Pragmatists have to make?

A

Mao accepted economic planning reforms. Liu, Deng and Chu agreed to a further rectification campaign to rid party of bureaucracy, corruption and complacency

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19
Q

What campaign, launched in 1964-65, intended to reintroduce the socialist values of class struggle?

A

Socialist Education Campaign

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20
Q

What were the ‘4 clean ups’ that made up the focus of this campaign?

A

Remove corruption in countryside relating to accounting procedures, grain supplies, property accumulation and allocating work points to peasants

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21
Q

What did Mao and the Pragmatists disagree about in this campaign?

A

Mao wanted poor/middle class to be mobilised to supervise urban cadres and campaign to push communist ideology and be directed against revisionism. Pragmatists wanted urban cadres to instruct the peasants- rooting out corruption not pushing communist ideology

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22
Q

Who got what they wanted from the Socialist Education Campaign and what did they get?

A

Mao- Urban Cadres were recalled. His priority to teach about evils of revisionism prevailed

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23
Q

Which of the following WAS NOT an opponent of Mao during the 1960’s power struggle?[1]

Bo Yibo, Peng Zhen, Deng Xiopeng, Chen Yun, Liu Shaoqi, Jian Qing

A

Bo Yibo, Jian Qing

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24
Q

How did Mao’s opponents ensure they did not express open opposition to Mao (as Peng Dehaui had)?

A

They proclaimed their belief in the correctness of Mao Zedong Thought- whilst abandoning use of Mass Mobilisation for economic development

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25
Q

How did Peng Zhen ensure he did not openly challenge Mao?

A

His report into the failure of the GLF due to mass mobilisation was not shared at the 7000 Cadres Conference in 1962

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26
Q

What was the name of the department that used thought reform to convey the key Maoist ideas?

A

CCP Propaganda Dept

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27
Q

What methods were used in the 1960’s to spread the Cult of personality?

A

Political education classes in schools, colleges, workplaces and ,military units promoted the Little Red Book- Quotations From Mao. Mao was seen as the embodiment of revolution/Great Helmsman. Press and Radio promoted Mao’s thought all the time. Posters and Statues of Mao appeared all over the country showing him as superhuman. Loudspeakers in public places, schools and workplaces, on public transport conveyed Mao Zedong thought

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28
Q

What impact did the Cult of Personality have on loyalty within China?

A

People were more loyal to Mao than to the Party

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29
Q

What were people expected to do show their loyalty to Mao?

A

Attend political study sessions to discuss Mao’s work and why he was correct

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30
Q

What did the Cult of Personality show about Mao?

A

That he was invincible and infallible. To disagree with him was tantamount to mental instability

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31
Q

When was the 3rd Five year please a. supposed to happen b. actually happen?

A

a.1963 b. 1966

32
Q

What did a. Mao b. The Pragmatists, want the 3rd Year plan approach to be?

A

A.To stress the importance of mass mobilisation to overcome technical backwardness
B. Value the contribution of technical experts & the rehabilitation of intellectuals ( purged in A-R campaign of 1958)

33
Q

Where did a. Mao b. The Pragmatists, want planning to come from?

A

a. Decentralised to the communes
b. Centralised bureaucratic control

34
Q

How did a. Mao, b. The Pragmatists, wants the economy to grow?

A

a. On a broad front – focused on industry supported by agriculture
b. refocus industrial production – concentrating on fewer projects with agriculture first

35
Q

Give 3 changes made to the agriculture and industry between 1962-66 [6]

A

Agriculture

-Large communes broken up into ‘production brigades’
-Flawed farming methods of Lysenko were abandoned
-Communal canteens abandoned
-Peasants allowed to cultivate private plots
-Financial incentives introduced in communes to encourage peasants to work harder
-Restrictions on GLF non-agricultural activities
-20 million peasants who had drifted to Towns in search of food and work returned to villages

Industry
-25 000 GLF inefficient enterprises were closed
-Coal and steel targets were reduced
-Financial incentives offered to industrial workers
- Youth sent to live in countryside for fixed period to ‘learn from peasants’ and relieve urban unemployment
-Due to loss of USSR technical advisors- scientific research was prioritised
-Priority to transport infrastructure improvements- especially roads and railways

36
Q

By which date had the manufacturing industry recovered to the levels seen in 1957?

A

1964

37
Q

What was being done to overcome the fact that although grain production had improved by 1966 it was still 14% below that seen in 1958?

A

Grain was being imported

38
Q

What was discovered in Daqing in the 1950’s that helped with industrial production?

A

An Oil Field

39
Q

What did a. Mao b. the Pragmatists, say was the reasons for the increased production of oil products during the 1960’s?

A

a.Due to the ‘Daqing Spirit’
b. due to the focus on specific projects

40
Q

What was the name of the showpiece commune in the Shanxi province?

A

Dazhai

41
Q

Who was the illiterate peasant who led the show case commune?

A

Chen Yonggui

42
Q

What was reported to have happened to grain production in the showcase commune between 1952-1962?

A

it tripled

43
Q

What did Mao state other regions should do in response to the success of the showcase commune? What was the success proof of to Mao

A

‘Learn from Dazhai’. Proof of the efficacy of mass-mobilisation and self reliance

44
Q

What is the likely truth about the showcase commune, that came out after Mao’s death?

A

It received massive amounts of state aid. PLA soldiers helped to rebuild it after much of it was destroyed by natural disasters in 1963. Grain production actually declined year on year

45
Q

What happened to the showcase commune during the Socialist Education Programme?

A

Fraud was revealed and the brigades leadership was suspended, local Cadres were rectified. It was downgraded from an ‘advance brigade’ to one with ‘serious problems’

46
Q

How did Mao react to the downgrading of the showcase commune?

A

He intervened and the first (pro- Pragmatist) work team was withdrawn and replaced with a pro-Mao team. Over the next 12 years it was seen again as a model commune with visitors from all over China and other countries to show the correctness of Mao Zedong Thought

47
Q

Why reasons are there for Mao’s increasing fear of war in the early 1960’s?

A

Hostile relations with the USSR, War in Vietnam escalating, growing USA involvement to support South Vietnam

48
Q

What was Mao’s priority to ensure that China had strong national defences?

A

To strengthen the ‘Third line’ – in the far south west- Guizhou, Sichuan and Yunnan provinces

49
Q

What did the strengthening of the ‘Third line’ entail?

A

Building of factories, roads, railways and research institutes. 1.6 million workers assigned to these projects.

50
Q

How did the ‘Third Line’ priority impact economic policy?

A

Under the 3rd 5 year plan –southwestern policies were allocated biggest share of State investment

51
Q

Why in reality was the ‘Third Line’ unlikely to provide increased security?

A

Bigger threat was nuclear war.

52
Q

What were the issues with the Third line developments?

A

It was highly economically wasteful. Factories and research institutes were dispersed and un-coordinated. Many were never even completed

53
Q

How did the role of women changes after the failure of the GLF?

A

Changed from pressure on women to engage in productive labour outside of the home to an emphasis on women’s domestic roles

54
Q

What impact did the GLF have on women’s health?

A

Fewer babies born, infant mortality rose

55
Q

Why was reducing the birth rate less of a priority after the GLF?

A

Because of high death rate in GLF

56
Q

What was established in 1964 to again attempt to restrict the birth rate?

A

Birth Planning Commission

57
Q

Where was the emphasis for birth control focused?

A

Rural areas

58
Q

What was the phrase from the Health Ministry that issued guidance on contraception and encouraged smaller families?

A

‘Later, longer, fewer’

59
Q

During the 1960’ was population policy encouraged or enforced ?

A

Encouraged

60
Q

What did Mao reject when it came to education?

A

Traditional Chinese education which he saw as elitist and old fashioned

61
Q

Where did Mao think learning should come from?

A

Experience

62
Q

What did Mao regard the western influence in Chinese schools and universities as?

A

Cultural Imperialism

63
Q

What did Mao need to ensure political indoctrination was strong?

A

Mass literacy

64
Q

Primary education was an early focus for communist policy. In 1956 less than half of primary children were in full time education. What was the % by 1976?

A

96%

65
Q

Why was it hard to make progress in educational provision?

A

Limited investment. In 1952 it was 6.4 % of total budget

66
Q

What was the name of the traditional schools where the best teachers worked and students had to pass an entrance exam to enrol?

A

Key Schools

67
Q

Whose children took up most of the places in these schools?

A

High ranking party and government officials

68
Q

What was the impact of the GLF of education in rural areas?

A

Teaching was suspended, children sent to filed to work, high truancy rates, increased accidents for children at work due to tiredness and lack of training with machinery, increased abandonment of children from families who were unable to feed them

69
Q

What were Higher education and universities re-modelled to focus on under the CCP?

A

Technical and scientific subjects

70
Q

Until the late 1950’s where were large number of students sent to study ?

A

USSR

71
Q

What was the name of the scheme to encourage young people away from universities and to spend more time in the countryside?

A

‘Learn from the Peasants’

72
Q

What was set up in the 1920’s to encourage young people aged 14-28 via political indoctrination, to join the CCP party?

A

The Communist Youth League (CYL)

73
Q

What was the name of the youth group for Children aged 6-14 years?[1]

A

The Young Pioneers

74
Q

How were members of the CYL used during the 1950’s Thought reform?

A

They were placed on every table in university dining halls and every dormitory. Their role was to spread party propaganda and keep notes on behaviour of fellow students

75
Q

In the 1930’s what city had a flourishing film and nightclub scene, including western music/jazz?[1]

A

Shanghai

china history (2 decks)

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