quiz 5 booklet Flashcards
What was the full accurate name of the Cultural Revolution?
The Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution
Complete the following description of Mao, stated by Lin Biao in 1966 at the start of the Cultural Revolution
‘ Great leader, Great Teacher, Great……………… and Great Commander’
‘ Great leader, Great Teacher, Great HELMSMAN and Great Commander’
Who made up the Red Guards?
University and High School students
Complete the following phrase that outlines the core principles of what the Cultural Revolution was against
‘all those people in authority who are taking the ………………………..road’
‘all those people in authority who are taking the CAPLITALIST road’
Who was at the centre of the Shanghai Radicals?
Who was at the centre of the Shanghai Radicals?
Name other members of the Shanghai Radicals who took a key role in driving the cultural revolution?
Zhang Chunqiao, Qi Benyu, Wang li
What were Mao’s aims of the Cultural Revolution?
-A struggle to remould the Chinese culture
-A purge of the Party leadership
-A rectification campaign
What was the name of the play & its author, that was criticised by the Shanghai radicals as being ‘anti- socialist’?
Hai Rui Dismissed from Office- by Wu Han
Who was the politburo member who was linked to allowing the play to be performed. He was also an ally of Liu Shaoqi and Deng Xiaoping?
Peng Zhen
What did Jiang Qing believe it was necessary to eradicate from Chinese Culture and what should replace them?
Remove all feudal, bourgeois and foreign influences in Chinese Culture and replace with a ‘proletarian culture’
What were the 4 olds
Old Culture, ideas, customs and habits
What areas of traditional Chinese culture were affected by the Cultural revolution?
Opera, Literature, art, film, theatre
What was banned for being too bourgeoisie and decadent?
Western music and clothing. Anything seen as representative of the past e.g. temples, works of art and ornamental gardens
What was Mao concerned was happening to China but 1966?
He was worried how the CCP was using its power, believing it was over-bureaucratic, corrupt and ineffective as a revolutionary force. Party Cadres were living privileged lifestyle which set them apart from the masses.
What strategy did Mao believe should be used to set China back on the right path towards true communism?
What strategy did Mao believe should be used to set China back on the right path towards true communism?
Mao aimed to bypass the Party and unleash ‘ a great disorder across the land leading to a great order’ by triggering mass action. What did his August 1966 poster state that is seen as a rallying cry to revolutionary students to attack the Party leadership?
Bombard the Headquarters
In the early stages of the Cultural revolution who did the Red Guards direct their violence towards?
Their own teachers and Party Cadres within educational institutions
What was the % of provincial and regional party officials purged in the early phase of the CR?
70%
How many of the original Politburo survived the CR purges?
9 out of 23
What were 20% of the Party Bureaucracy labelled as?
‘revisionists’ ‘persons in authority taking on capitalist road
How had the Party composition changes by the 1969 Party Congress?
Increase in PLA representation ( of the 1500 delegates- 2/3’s were PLA), Veteran Cadres removed, new party members were less educated and less experienced- supporters of Mao thought
What was one of the effects of the CR on the party by 1969?
Mao Zedong thoughts was enshrined as a guiding principle of the CCP. Party was even more compliant
How can the causes of the CR be linked to the failure of the GLF?
Power struggles and ideological disputes had been brewing, especially over economic, military, cultural and foreign policy. Mao was convinced he was being excluded from important decisions and the party was becoming corrupt and bureaucratic. Policies were leading to growing inequalities and evidence of revisionist thinking in the party.
Who did Mao accuse of running ‘independent kingdoms’ and ‘taking the capitalist road’
Liu Shaoqi and Deng Xiaopeng
Who had Mao assembled to support him in his power struggle between 1964-1965?
Shanghai Radicals- Jiang Qing, Lin Biao ( and the PLA), Chen Boda, Kang Shen
What impact did Mao’s encouragement of young people to protest had on those with a Bourgeois background?
They could demonstrate they were ‘Red by Deed’ (they could not show they were Red by Birth)- the CR allowed them to vent their frustrations against the party leadership who the young blamed for their problems
Who was considered to be Mao’s successor after the fall of Peng Dehuai?
Liu Shaoqi
By 1965 Mao believed Liu and his allies could not be trusted, why however would it be difficult for Mao to attack them directly?
Both had shown loyalty to the Party and had Party and Politburo support- they had prestige among the Party rank and file
What was Mao’s strategy to remove Liu and his allies?
He would undermine them and attack their weakest points- use lessons from guerrilla warfare
What was the name of the political group that led the CR actions?
What was the name of the political group that led the CR actions?
CRG- Cultural Reform Group
What were displayed across the Beijing universities that attacked the university administration for being too bureaucratic and triggered CR purges?
Large Character posters
What was the effect of the posters on students?
By early summer 1966 university campuses were seeing growing turmoil as students armed with ‘Little Red books’ and wearing red guards armbands began to attack teachers and university administrators
What did Liu and Deng try to do in the summer of 1966 that to Mao was proof they were attempting to frustrate his wishes?
They tried to send work teams to campuses to direct students criticism to specific individuals and not the party in general
What did Liu and Deng try to do in the summer of 1966 that to Mao was proof they were attempting to frustrate his wishes?
They tried to send work teams to campuses to direct students criticism to specific individuals and not the party in general
What did Mao do in July 1966 that many said was a propaganda stunt to show his strength as leader despite his age?
He swam in the Yangzi river
What mass events did Mao use to increase support and mobilisation for the CR that were attended by 13 million Red guards from all over China?
Mass Rallies in Tiananmen Square
What was Liu forced to do in August 1966 that led to him being demoted from 2nd to 8th place
Self-criticism for his errors in sending the work teams to universities
Who replaced Liu Shaoqi as Mao’s successor?
Lin Biao
What happened to Liu and Deng?
Liu died in prison in 1969, Deng was sent for rehabilitation until his return to the party in 1973
What was the effect of Mao’s purges within the party?
It was a warning to men tainted with ‘old thinking’- it showed all levels that they must show more enthusiasm for the CR
What did some militant factory workers and office workers start to form in November 1966? What was set up in Shanghai?
Their own Red guard units- in Shanghai they set up the Worker’s Revolutionary General Headquarters (WRGH)
What were supporter of the WRGH known as and who supported them?
Revolutionary Rebels supported by the CRG
Who did the Shanghai CCP leaders support in challenging the WRGH?
A conservative mass organization known as the ‘Shanghai Red Detachment’
What did Mao do in response to this rivalry?
He said workers could set up their own mass organisations- the CCP leaders in Shanghai were forced to make public Self-criticisms
What did the factional rivalry in Shanghai lead to?
Street battles in Dec 1966
What happened in Shanghai in January 1967?
Strikes paralyzed port and railway network. The rebels seized control of newspapers. The Party leadership collapsed
What was Mao’s reaction to the problems in Shanghai in 1967?
He intervened and sent allies to bring down the Party and reestablish a new political authority
Who took over control of the party in Shanghai on 5th January 1967 as part of the January revolution? Who supported them? What did they control?
The WRGH supported by the PLA. They controlled the factories, docks, newspapers and businesses
Where did the rebel groups spread their influence to during the rest of January 1967?
7 other provinces including Beijing
What did Mao’s allies Zhang and Yao establish in Shanghai after the removal of the party leadership? How were leaders chosen?
Shanghai People’s Commune- leaders would be chosen in free elections and democratic accountability
Why did Zhang believe Mao would support this way of running the Shanghai Commune?
Mao had said to ‘trust the masses’
What did Mao do about the Shanghai People’s Commune?
He refused to back it and instructed other rebel groups to not follow Shanghai’s example.
Why can the 23rd January 1967 be seen as a turning point in the Cultural Revolution?
Mao Disbanded the Shanghai People’s commune and replaced it with the Shanghai Revolutionary Committee
What 3 elements made up the Shanghai Revolutionary Committee? What did it become?
Red Guards, PLA representatives and Communist Party officials- it became the prototype for other city/province revolutionary committees
By the end of January 1967 who would be left with reorganizing a Communist Party in disarray?
The PLA via the revolutionary committees
What did many military top commanders believe about the impact of the CR on the Military/PLA?
That they should be insulated from the events- not subjects to struggle meetings like political counterparts
Who did the CRG believe should be subject to rectification campaigns?
All sectors of society
What happened in the February Crackdown?
Senior military leaders used armed force to suppress Red guards and arrested leaders
What was the February Adverse current?
A backlash to the excess of the CR. Doubts/criticisms about the CR were voiced. They pointed out the Red Guards had overstepped the 16 points which had laid down the CR aims.
What limited did a politburo directive imposed limits the Red Guards?
Their use of force, to stop travelling and return home, to withdraw from Party and Govt depts.
Who was tasked with restoring order in Feb 1967?
PLA
What did Mao see the criticism of the CR as?
A challenge to his authority and confirmation of decision to attack party establishment
Who had the power after Feb 1967- Politburo or the CRG?
CRG
How were PLA officers who had attempted to crack down on the Red Guards treated in early 1967?
Denounced as Ultra- rightists and court martialed- ordered to refrain from using armed forces against Red Guard
Did factional rivalry increase or decline in mid 1967?
Increase
What did Mao and Jiang Qing advocate in mid 1967?
Arming the radical groups against ‘capitalist-roaders in the PLA’
Why did Mao have ANOTHER change of heart in August 1967? What did he do?
China seemed on the verge of chaos – he had a change of heart as was worried the PLA would be fatally undermined so he withdrew his radical policies and singalled a crackdown on radical groups and their leaders
In 1967 who was the chaos of the CR blamed on?
May 16 Group
What did Mao order in Sept 1967?
Forbade Red guards from seizing weapons, PLA authorized to open fire on radical groups for self-defence
What was the focus after Sept 1967?
Shifted from destruction of Old order towards creation of a new system.
What did Mao order the Red Guard to do in Sept 1967?
For factions to unite and form ‘grand alliances’. Rapid progress in setting up revolutionary committees
By the end of 1967 who were facing a far-reaching purge?
Red Guards
