quiz 5 booklet Flashcards
1
Q
What was the full accurate name of the Cultural Revolution?
A
The Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution
2
Q
Complete the following description of Mao, stated by Lin Biao in 1966 at the start of the Cultural Revolution
‘ Great leader, Great Teacher, Great……………… and Great Commander’
A
‘ Great leader, Great Teacher, Great HELMSMAN and Great Commander’
3
Q
Who made up the Red Guards?
A
University and High School students
4
Q
Complete the following phrase that outlines the core principles of what the Cultural Revolution was against
‘all those people in authority who are taking the ………………………..road’
A
‘all those people in authority who are taking the CAPLITALIST road’
5
Q
Who was at the centre of the Shanghai Radicals?
A
Who was at the centre of the Shanghai Radicals?
6
Q
Name other members of the Shanghai Radicals who took a key role in driving the cultural revolution?
A
Zhang Chunqiao, Qi Benyu, Wang li
7
Q
What were Mao’s aims of the Cultural Revolution?
A
-A struggle to remould the Chinese culture
-A purge of the Party leadership
-A rectification campaign
8
Q
What was the name of the play & its author, that was criticised by the Shanghai radicals as being ‘anti- socialist’?
A
Hai Rui Dismissed from Office- by Wu Han
9
Q
Who was the politburo member who was linked to allowing the play to be performed. He was also an ally of Liu Shaoqi and Deng Xiaoping?
A
Peng Zhen
10
Q
What did Jiang Qing believe it was necessary to eradicate from Chinese Culture and what should replace them?
A
Remove all feudal, bourgeois and foreign influences in Chinese Culture and replace with a ‘proletarian culture’
11
Q
What were the 4 olds
A
Old Culture, ideas, customs and habits
12
Q
What areas of traditional Chinese culture were affected by the Cultural revolution?
A
Opera, Literature, art, film, theatre
13
Q
What was banned for being too bourgeoisie and decadent?
A
Western music and clothing. Anything seen as representative of the past e.g. temples, works of art and ornamental gardens
14
Q
What was Mao concerned was happening to China but 1966?
A
He was worried how the CCP was using its power, believing it was over-bureaucratic, corrupt and ineffective as a revolutionary force. Party Cadres were living privileged lifestyle which set them apart from the masses.
15
Q
What strategy did Mao believe should be used to set China back on the right path towards true communism?
A
What strategy did Mao believe should be used to set China back on the right path towards true communism?
16
Q
Mao aimed to bypass the Party and unleash ‘ a great disorder across the land leading to a great order’ by triggering mass action. What did his August 1966 poster state that is seen as a rallying cry to revolutionary students to attack the Party leadership?
A
Bombard the Headquarters
17
Q
In the early stages of the Cultural revolution who did the Red Guards direct their violence towards?
A
Their own teachers and Party Cadres within educational institutions
18
Q
What was the % of provincial and regional party officials purged in the early phase of the CR?
A
70%
19
Q
How many of the original Politburo survived the CR purges?
A
9 out of 23
20
Q
What were 20% of the Party Bureaucracy labelled as?
A
‘revisionists’ ‘persons in authority taking on capitalist road
21
Q
How had the Party composition changes by the 1969 Party Congress?
A
Increase in PLA representation ( of the 1500 delegates- 2/3’s were PLA), Veteran Cadres removed, new party members were less educated and less experienced- supporters of Mao thought
22
Q
What was one of the effects of the CR on the party by 1969?
A
Mao Zedong thoughts was enshrined as a guiding principle of the CCP. Party was even more compliant
23
Q
How can the causes of the CR be linked to the failure of the GLF?
A
Power struggles and ideological disputes had been brewing, especially over economic, military, cultural and foreign policy. Mao was convinced he was being excluded from important decisions and the party was becoming corrupt and bureaucratic. Policies were leading to growing inequalities and evidence of revisionist thinking in the party.
24
Q
Who did Mao accuse of running ‘independent kingdoms’ and ‘taking the capitalist road’
A
Liu Shaoqi and Deng Xiaopeng
25
Who had Mao assembled to support him in his power struggle between 1964-1965?
Shanghai Radicals- Jiang Qing, Lin Biao ( and the PLA), Chen Boda, Kang Shen
26
What impact did Mao’s encouragement of young people to protest had on those with a Bourgeois background?
They could demonstrate they were ‘Red by Deed’ (they could not show they were Red by Birth)- the CR allowed them to vent their frustrations against the party leadership who the young blamed for their problems
27
Who was considered to be Mao’s successor after the fall of Peng Dehuai?
Liu Shaoqi
28
By 1965 Mao believed Liu and his allies could not be trusted, why however would it be difficult for Mao to attack them directly?
Both had shown loyalty to the Party and had Party and Politburo support- they had prestige among the Party rank and file
29
What was Mao’s strategy to remove Liu and his allies?
He would undermine them and attack their weakest points- use lessons from guerrilla warfare
30
What was the name of the political group that led the CR actions?
What was the name of the political group that led the CR actions?
CRG- Cultural Reform Group
31
What were displayed across the Beijing universities that attacked the university administration for being too bureaucratic and triggered CR purges?
Large Character posters
32
What was the effect of the posters on students?
By early summer 1966 university campuses were seeing growing turmoil as students armed with ‘Little Red books’ and wearing red guards armbands began to attack teachers and university administrators
33
What did Liu and Deng try to do in the summer of 1966 that to Mao was proof they were attempting to frustrate his wishes?
They tried to send work teams to campuses to direct students criticism to specific individuals and not the party in general
34
What did Liu and Deng try to do in the summer of 1966 that to Mao was proof they were attempting to frustrate his wishes?
They tried to send work teams to campuses to direct students criticism to specific individuals and not the party in general
35
What did Mao do in July 1966 that many said was a propaganda stunt to show his strength as leader despite his age?
He swam in the Yangzi river
36
What mass events did Mao use to increase support and mobilisation for the CR that were attended by 13 million Red guards from all over China?
Mass Rallies in Tiananmen Square
37
What was Liu forced to do in August 1966 that led to him being demoted from 2nd to 8th place
Self-criticism for his errors in sending the work teams to universities
38
Who replaced Liu Shaoqi as Mao’s successor?
Lin Biao
39
What happened to Liu and Deng?
Liu died in prison in 1969, Deng was sent for rehabilitation until his return to the party in 1973
40
What was the effect of Mao’s purges within the party?
It was a warning to men tainted with ‘old thinking’- it showed all levels that they must show more enthusiasm for the CR
41
What did some militant factory workers and office workers start to form in November 1966? What was set up in Shanghai?
Their own Red guard units- in Shanghai they set up the Worker’s Revolutionary General Headquarters (WRGH)
42
What were supporter of the WRGH known as and who supported them?
Revolutionary Rebels supported by the CRG
43
Who did the Shanghai CCP leaders support in challenging the WRGH?
A conservative mass organization known as the ‘Shanghai Red Detachment’
44
What did Mao do in response to this rivalry?
He said workers could set up their own mass organisations- the CCP leaders in Shanghai were forced to make public Self-criticisms
45
What did the factional rivalry in Shanghai lead to?
Street battles in Dec 1966
46
What happened in Shanghai in January 1967?
Strikes paralyzed port and railway network. The rebels seized control of newspapers. The Party leadership collapsed
47
What was Mao’s reaction to the problems in Shanghai in 1967?
He intervened and sent allies to bring down the Party and reestablish a new political authority
48
Who took over control of the party in Shanghai on 5th January 1967 as part of the January revolution? Who supported them? What did they control?
The WRGH supported by the PLA. They controlled the factories, docks, newspapers and businesses
49
Where did the rebel groups spread their influence to during the rest of January 1967?
7 other provinces including Beijing
50
What did Mao’s allies Zhang and Yao establish in Shanghai after the removal of the party leadership? How were leaders chosen?
Shanghai People’s Commune- leaders would be chosen in free elections and democratic accountability
51
Why did Zhang believe Mao would support this way of running the Shanghai Commune?
Mao had said to ‘trust the masses’
52
What did Mao do about the Shanghai People’s Commune?
He refused to back it and instructed other rebel groups to not follow Shanghai’s example.
53
Why can the 23rd January 1967 be seen as a turning point in the Cultural Revolution?
Mao Disbanded the Shanghai People’s commune and replaced it with the Shanghai Revolutionary Committee
54
What 3 elements made up the Shanghai Revolutionary Committee? What did it become?
Red Guards, PLA representatives and Communist Party officials- it became the prototype for other city/province revolutionary committees
55
By the end of January 1967 who would be left with reorganizing a Communist Party in disarray?
The PLA via the revolutionary committees
56
What did many military top commanders believe about the impact of the CR on the Military/PLA?
That they should be insulated from the events- not subjects to struggle meetings like political counterparts
57
Who did the CRG believe should be subject to rectification campaigns?
All sectors of society
58
What happened in the February Crackdown?
Senior military leaders used armed force to suppress Red guards and arrested leaders
59
What was the February Adverse current?
A backlash to the excess of the CR. Doubts/criticisms about the CR were voiced. They pointed out the Red Guards had overstepped the 16 points which had laid down the CR aims.
60
What limited did a politburo directive imposed limits the Red Guards?
Their use of force, to stop travelling and return home, to withdraw from Party and Govt depts.
61
Who was tasked with restoring order in Feb 1967?
PLA
62
What did Mao see the criticism of the CR as?
A challenge to his authority and confirmation of decision to attack party establishment
63
Who had the power after Feb 1967- Politburo or the CRG?
CRG
64
How were PLA officers who had attempted to crack down on the Red Guards treated in early 1967?
Denounced as Ultra- rightists and court martialed- ordered to refrain from using armed forces against Red Guard
65
Did factional rivalry increase or decline in mid 1967?
Increase
66
What did Mao and Jiang Qing advocate in mid 1967?
Arming the radical groups against ‘capitalist-roaders in the PLA’
67
Why did Mao have ANOTHER change of heart in August 1967? What did he do?
China seemed on the verge of chaos – he had a change of heart as was worried the PLA would be fatally undermined so he withdrew his radical policies and singalled a crackdown on radical groups and their leaders
68
In 1967 who was the chaos of the CR blamed on?
May 16 Group
69
What did Mao order in Sept 1967?
Forbade Red guards from seizing weapons, PLA authorized to open fire on radical groups for self-defence
70
What was the focus after Sept 1967?
Shifted from destruction of Old order towards creation of a new system.
71
What did Mao order the Red Guard to do in Sept 1967?
For factions to unite and form ‘grand alliances’. Rapid progress in setting up revolutionary committees
72
By the end of 1967 who were facing a far-reaching purge?
Red Guards
73
How was the campaign widened in spring of 1968?
Into ‘cleansing class ranks’ which led to high numbers of arrests. Tens thousands were beaten to deaths or committed suicide- lots sent to labour camps
74
Where else did Red Guards face violence and suppression?
In universities
75
Where did Mao sent a team of 30 000 workers and PLA troops to in July 1968- with the aim to suppress the Red Guards?
Quinghua University
76
What was the rustication programme? How many were involved in it?
Young people from cities were sent to work in countryside. Between 1968-70 5 million young people were sent to work with the peasants
77
Where were millions of Party Cadres and intellectuals sent to for re-education?
May seventh Cadre Schools
78
What was the aim of Mao’s programmes from 1968-69?
To force bureaucrats to rediscover their revolutionary zeal through hard manual labour. Red Guards were dispersed to areas where they could cause little trouble
79
What was the break-down of the membership of most the new revolutionary committees?
50% - PLA 30%- Red Guards 20%- Veteran Party Cadres
80
Where was PLA dominance more pronounced?
Local level. In some areas 98% of county level revolutionary committees were drawn from the army
81
What was the situation for the Red Guards by the end of 1968?
They had been disbanded, newspapers closed and china under military rule
82
What was officially declared in 1969?
That the CR was officially over and had been a ‘great and decisive victory’
83
What were the 3 main power groupings in the aftermath of the CR?
-Lin Biao and PLA
-Jiang Qing and Shanghai Radicals
-Zhou Enlai and state bureaucracy
84
How did Lin Biao adapt in the aftermath of the CR?
During the CR he had been passive and compliant but he began to show himself to be more confidant and self-important
85
What was the position of Jiang Qing and her allies power at the official end of the CR?
Their power appeared reduced but she was given power over the Propaganda group and party affairs
86
What were Zhou Enlai’s priorities & strengths?
Political Stability and continuing economic growth- we was cautious , behind the scenes negotiation and diplomacy i.e. skilled in compromise and a pragmatist
87
How was Zhou able to politically survive?
He adapted to Mao’s coded signals, he knew when to withdraw support from former allies when their fate was sealed.
88
Who were increasingly at odds with each other about how the party and country should be run?
Lin Biao and Jiang Qing
89
What was Mao afraid of Lin Biao becoming?
‘Chinese Bonaparte’ with a military dictatorship
90
What quote summarizes Mao’s increased fear and concerns about Lin Biao?
‘Throwing stones, mixing in sand, digging up the cornerstone’
91
What did Lin Biao and his son plan In Sept 1971?
A coup
92
When the planned coup became apparent what happened to Lin Biao?
He tried to escape to the USSR. Their plan crashed due to lack of fuel and he was killed
93
What were some of the impacts of the fall of Lin Biao?
Purging of Politburo, PLA remained powerful, Mao’s reputation suffered as Lin had been his chosen successor, many saw it as a turning point in loyalty to Mao as undermined their faith in him being infallible
94
What did Mao need in a successor?
Someone he could trust and closely ID with the CR aims
95
What effect did Mao’s deteriorating health have on succession?
Increase in factional rivalries – they became more open, bitter and damaging
96
What was Zhou’s strategy for rebuilding the economy post CR?
Four modernisations
97
What event in 1972 showed a shift in policy for China?
Nixon visited China- start of reopening of diplomatic and trade relations
98
How else did Zhou rebuild China after the CR?
He reintroduced university examinations in 1973
99
Why were radicals still a threat in 1973?
They had consolidated their power in the Politburo and controlled media and propaganda including the ‘People’s Daily’
100
Who was unveiled as Mao’s new successor?
Wang Hongwen
101
Who did Mao bring back into the Party in 1973 to assist with the functioning of the party?
Deng XIaoping
102
What was launched by Jiang Qing in 1973 with the aim to go forward with a Maoist communist agenda and not turn back?
Anti- Confucius campaign
103
Who was this campaign really an attack on?
Zhou Enlai and Deng Xiaopeng
104
What did the campaign aim to change?
Zhou’s educational and economic reforms. JQ and the Gang of 4 wanted the expansion of communes and the end to the ‘technology transfer’ from the west
105
How did Mao respond to the campaign?
Initially he supported it but the factional war it triggered angered Mao so he gave ZE and DX his support. He felt Wang Hongwen was to closely associated with it and Mao felt her was no longer the suitable successor
106
What events led to Deng’s rise to 2nd in power?
Zhou Enlai’s deteriorating health, the increased factionalism of the Gang of four annoyed Mao
107
What changed for Deng in November 1975?
Mao went back to supporting the Gang of Four as he felt they were the only ones who would defend the ‘verdict of the cultural revolution’ . Mao made it clear he was opposed to Deng’s policies and accused Deng of wanting to ‘reverse the verdict
108
What event in January 1976 started a new phase in the factional struggles?
Zhou Enlai died- 1 million people lined his funeral procession. This led to 2 million attended the ‘festival of the dead’ ceremony in Tiananmen square. The event turned into a political protest against Jiang and Mao. Clashes followed and some demonstrators were executed. The spontaneous demo was without precedent in China and showed Mao and the party may be losing control
109
. What was the consequence for Deng as a result of the Tiananmen Square protests?
He was held responsible for the protest and was dismissed from his posts. He went into hiding and Hua Guafeng replaced him as Mao’s successor
110
What was China at risk of in August 1976?
Civil war –Hua V the Gang of Four, who controlled the media however their victory was not guaranteed
111
Give 3 reasons why industrial output decreased by 13 % in 1967?
Mangers and technicians were purged and replaced by revolutionary committees, time was wasted reciting Mao’s quotations, trains were used to by PLA to transport Red Guards around the country do freight movement was reduced, this led to shortage of raw materials and equipment, political struggles led to strikes shutting factories, docks and railways depots
112
Why was agricultural production not impacted to the same level as industrial output in the CR?
Why was agricultural production not impacted to the same level as industrial output in the CR?
113
Why did the Chinese economy start to grow steadily in the early 1970’s?
Purged skilled experts were allowed to return to their jobs. Schools and universities began to reopen, Deng and Zhou’s policies pushed forward growth
114
What was the name of Zhou Enlai and Deng Xiaoping’s economic policy in the early 1970’s?
Four Modernisations- Agriculture, Industry, Science and Tech and Defence
115
What was the economic deal that supported growth and came about as a result of the reopening of diplomatic relations with the USA and other capitalist countries? How was it designed & what was it’s purpose?
Technology Transfer- China could purchase equipment and employ foreign experts to close the gap between China and more advanced capitalist countries
116
Why did the pace of ‘technology transfer’ and economic growth slow between 1975 and 1976?
The Gang of four who were against these economic ideas had the upper hand. They pushed for the expansion of communes, removal of incentive payments and end of the technology transfer. The ‘Learn from Dazhai’ slogan was the radical’s slogan.
117
What was ‘Learn from Dazhai’ about?
To show the success of model communes as a model for economic and social development via self- reliance and mass mobilisation
118
How were teachers treated at the start of the Cultural Revolution?
They were selected as the first victims as they were primarily responsible for instilling ideas and knowledge. They were dragged out of classes and beaten, faces blackened and dunce caps put on their heads- attack spread from Beijing to other cities
119
When were universities and schools closed? When did they reopen?
Summer 1966- closed. 1967- Primary and middle schools began to reopen. Many high schools did not reopen until 1971. Some universities reopened in 1970 but many not until 1977
120
What was the variation on the impact of the CR on education in urban and rural areas?
Many village schools remained open but cities were disrupted.
121
How did the curriculum delivered, change as a result of the CR?
When the schools and universities began to reopen they reflected the new political reality including a requirement to include physical labour alongside study of books
122
What was the ‘Up to the mountains and down to the villages’ campaign?
When the Red Guards were sent to the countryside to learn from the peasants. Between 1968-1976 12 million young people went.
123
What was the name of the young people with 6-12 months training who acted as paramedics as part of the rural health care system?
Barefoot doctors
124
In what ways did middle and high school students suffers as a result of the CR?
They were denied the opportunity to gain the qualifications needed for career advancement. They were unable to resume their education and were disadvantaged in the labour market- they became known as China’s ‘Lost Generation’
125
What NEGATIVE impact did going to the countryside to learn from the peasants have on young people?
Many felt disillusioned with Mao and the political system. Their eyes were opened to the poverty of the peasants and hollowness of the political propaganda- this led to cynicism towards the political system.
126
What POSTIVE impact did going to the countryside to learn from the peasants have on young people?
For some it was a formative experience and gave them the opportunity to reflect and debate the future of the country. When they returned they used their experience to formulate ideas on reforms needed after death of Mao
127
What impact did the CR have on family planning?
Is disrupted the work promoting birth control and family planning. Mao saw population control as too bureaucratic. Birth control policy was virtually abandoned in 1966
128
What was the impact of the CR on rural health services?
Peasant women had greater access to contraception and improved midwifery services. Access to ‘barefoot docs’ who provided first aid, vaccines and identified public health hazards. Rural clines opened and rural-coperative medical scheme extended
129
When was birth control reinstated?
1972- but it was not compulsory to limit family size
130
Which of the four olds was religion attacked as during the CR?
‘Old thinking’
131
In what ways were religious establishments attacked during the CR?
Red guards destroyed churches, temples, shrines and artefacts. Priests and nuns were subject to violence and abuse. Many were sent to labour camps for ‘re-education’.
132
How were religious practices in the home impacted by the CR?
Private spaces in homes e.g altars, were destroyed. Artefacts & Books were confiscated or destroyed.
133
What was the impact of attacking religion in the CR?
Although religion was not banned it became hard for religious practices to continue and as a result religion was driven underground
134
What was the quasi- religious outcome of the CR?
Mao’s cult became bigger. His portrait was everywhere ( factories, offices etc). People bowed to his portrait before starting work and the ‘Little Red book’ attained an almost religious status with quotation being chanted on Red Guard marches. Red Guards made pilgrimages to Mao’s birthplace
135
What was the name of the campaign that attacked ‘old thinking’?
Anti-Confucius campaign
136
Who was this campaign really against?
Pragmatic leaders like Lin Biao, Zhou Enlai and Deng Xiaoping.
137
What was an ironic outcome of the Anti- Confucius campaign
The campaign led to more people studying Confucius as professors wanted to argue with students and they had to understand what it was about to argue better
138
Where was it impossible to not be affected by the CR?
Urban areas- cities
139
What impact did the CR have on cities?
Driving out ‘capitalist roaders’ and factional rivalries led cities to a standstill as a result of strikes. Food supplies fell to dangerously low levels as a result of street fighting and strikes cutting off cities from other part of China
140
How were the private lives of urban residents affected by the CR?
Any criticism of Mao or his allies could lead to humiliation, beatings, imprisonment and worse. Red Guards could make arbitrary decisions and indiscriminate attacks. Pedestrians could be attacked for wearing the wrong clothes, hairstyles or walking their dog. Private homes were ransacked, evidence of a bourgeoisie lifestyle destroyed (family photos, paintings, antiques etc)
141
What were the most serious consequences of the CR on people’s lives?
Many 100 000’s killed in public spaces e.g theatres, sports stadiums. Many suffered beatings and imprisonment with flimsy evidence.
142
What were the most serious consequences of the CR on people’s lives?
Many 100 000’s killed in public spaces e.g theatres, sports stadiums. Many suffered beatings and imprisonment with flimsy evidence.
143
What were many people arbitrarily framed for?
‘Counter-revolutionary crimes’
144
Why can it be said that the as a result of the CR China became a cultural desert?
Scholars, writers, intellectuals, teachers were imprisoned, persecuted or killed. Only revolutionary plays and films allowed, Operas and Ballets had to be approved by Jiang Qing, sale of foreign literature banned, possession of it seen as ‘counter- revolutionary’, libraries and museums closed, books burned as an example of destruction of ‘old culture’. Chinese orchestras were not allowed to play western music
145
What influence did Jing Qing have on Chinese culture during the CR?
She was set up as the supreme authority on cultural life. Model plays, ballets, operas had to be approved by her, no others were allowed.
146
What ways were relationships between Red guards and their families impacted?
It was considered counter-revolutionary to show respect for elder/ parents
147
What example can you give of old customs that were never completely eradicated during the CR?
It was harder to change people (easier to change systems and institutions), after the death of Zhou Enlai (1976) tens of thousands attended The festival of the Dead ceremony in Tiananmen Square- a Confucian ritual of reverence to ancestors
148
What did the radical leaders who led the cultural revolution want to encourage?
What did the radical leaders who led the cultural revolution want to encourage?
Revolution – especially in developing countries in Asia and Africa
149
What did they want these countries to adopt?
A confrontational approach to western powers
150
What happened to the Beijing Foreign Ministry building in 1967?
It was occupied by Red Guards
151
What happened in August 1967?
British and Indonesian embassies in Beijing were burnt down and diplomats were beaten up by Red Guards
152
What ways did Mao’s supporters try and ‘export revolution’ ?
Sending Mao badges and ‘Little Red books’ to foreign embassies
153
Which country were Chinese diplomats expelled from?
Kenya
154
Which countries experienced disputes with Chinese diplomats for supporting Communist rebels in their country?
Burma & Cambodia
155
What happened to foreign affairs after the 1967 Summer crackdown on the Red guards?
Pragmatists like Zhou Enlai began to regain control of the foreign ministry & steer policy in a pragmatic direction ending disputes over activities of Chinese diplomats and restoring China’s image
156
Where did the tensions between China and the USSR first break out in into fighting in March 1969?
Northeastern China- border with USSR- Zhenbao Island and Ussuri River
157
Who is seen as the initiator of this fighting and why?
China- Lin Biao provoked conflict to gain a political advantage. He wanted to stress the vital role of the PLA and therefore this vital role, by taking Chine to the brink of war
158
What was the result of the border dispute?
After a few days Chinese forces were expelled from Zhenbao Island
159
Where did the 2nd border clash occur in August 1969?
Northwestern frontier in Xinjiang
160
What happened in Sept 1969?
Soviet PM met with ZE in Beijing for talks – not agreement reached apart from for further talks
161
What did these talks avoid the prospect of?
All out war between China and USSR
162
What did the border disputes of 1969 show?
The Third Line defences (far southwest) were vulnerable to a Soviet attack
163
Who did Mao and other leaders believe they should improve relations with to counter-weight the Soviet threat?
USA
164
What disputes after 1949 had added to tensions between China and the USA?
Korean and Vietnam war
165
Despite tensions how were China and the USA able to maintain contact?
Via embassies in Warsaw
166
What other area caused tensions between USA and China and which country acted as in intermediary?
Taiwan- Pakistan acted as an intermediary
167
What reasons were there in the 1960’s for the USA making tentative moves towards a constructive relationship with China?
Conflict between USSR and China was seen by USA as changing global balance in the Cold war and USA could exploit for their advantage
168
What event in 1966 signalled a thaw in relations between China and the USA even though it was rejected?
USA invited Chinese scientist to visit USA
169
Why did the tension between USSR and China aid relations with USA and China?
China could not afford to be at odds with both world superpowers as the same time
170
What did Chinese engineers and scientist need to help with it’s exploitation of natural resources including the development of its Daqing oilfield?
Access to advanced tech of west
171
When & what was the first official sign that China wanted to open up talks with the USA?
1970- asked Pakistan to act as intermediary for talks
172
What happened in April 1971 and what was the subsequent visit known as?
USA table tennis team invited to visit to play in China- visit known as ‘ping pong diplomacy’
173
Why was the visit significant- to USA/Chinese relations?
It was approved at the highest level of CCP leadership & was a signal of CCP wanting to re-establish contact with USA
174
Who secretly visited China in August 1971 for talks with Zhou Enlai?
American National security advisor- Henry Kissinger
175
What was the outcome of this visit?
USA lifted a ban on trade with China. Preparations for Nixon to visit following year
176
What remained an issue between China and the USA?
Taiwan- USE recognised GMD as legit Govt of China and had right to occupy Chinese seat at UN
177
How did USA policy change after the August 1971 visit?
When issues if Taiwan’s seat in UN was debated in Oct 1971 USA did not stand in way for PRC to have the seat. Taiwanese delegation was expelled from UN
178
What did Nixon say of his visit to China in Feb 1972 & why was the visit significant?
It was ‘the week that changed the world’. It was significant just because it happened and ended 23 years of diplomatic freeze and set in motion restoring relations between them reducing chance of global war
179
What specific changes were there as a result of improved USA- Chinese relations?
Increase in trading, cultural, sporting and scientific contacts, secret agreements for China to give intelligence of USSR to China, CIA ended support of Tibetan rebels
180
What were some of the limitations on the USA- Chinese relations?
No agreement on future of Taiwan, China refused to help USA bring end to Vietnam war
181
How could you summarise the relationship between China and USA as a result of Ping pong diplomacy?
Many issues were not resolved and global balance of power was not changed overnight BUT China had made gains which would bear fruit in years ahead
182
How could you summarise the relationship between China and USA as a result of Ping pong diplomacy?
Many issues were not resolved and global balance of power was not changed overnight BUT China had made gains which would bear fruit in years ahead
