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plant survey > Quiz and Test 1 Vocab > Flashcards

Quiz and Test 1 Vocab Flashcards

1
Q

photosynthesis

A

plants converting light to energy

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2
Q

Transgenic

A

Organisms that have had a gene from another species inserted into their genome

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2
Q

photosynthesis equation

A

6CO2+6H2O+light energy–> C6H12O6+6CO2

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3
Q

Stromatolites

A

Layered structures formed by the activity of microorganisms, primarily cyanobacteria, which trap and bind sediment

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3
Q

Cyanobacteria

A

Photosynthetic bacteria often found in aquatic environments, also known as blue-green algae. They were among the first organisms to perform oxygenic photosynthesis.

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4
Q

Microspheres

A

Simple, spherical structures that are thought to resemble the early forms of cellular life; they are made of proteins or other organic molecules.

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5
Q

Coacervates

A

Droplets of organic molecules that can form spontaneously and are believed to be precursors to the first living cells.

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6
Q

Endosymbiont

A

An organism that lives inside another organism in a symbiotic relationship. The endosymbiotic theory suggests that mitochondria and chloroplasts were once free-living bacteria that became incorporated into eukaryotic cells.

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7
Q

Autotroph

A

Organisms that create their own food, such as plants and cyanobacteria

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8
Q

Heterotroph

A

Organisms that consume other organisms for energy and food, such as animals and fungi

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9
Q

Precambrian era

A

The earliest part of Earth’s history, spanning from the formation of the Earth to about 541 million years ago, before the Cambrian period.

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10
Q

Paleozoic era

A

The era following the Precambrian, lasting from about 541 to 252 million years ago, known for the development of early life forms, including fish, insects, and reptiles.

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11
Q

Mesozoic era

A

The era following the Paleozoic, lasting from about 252 to 66 million years ago, known as the age of dinosaurs.

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12
Q

Cenozoic era

A

The current geological era, starting 66 million years ago and continuing to the present, known for the rise of mammals and birds.

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13
Q

Annual

A

A plant that completes its life cycle in one year.

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14
Q

Perennial

A

A plant that lives for two or more years, producing multiple seeds throughout its life

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15
Q

Xylem

A

Vascular tissue- water and minerals, roots to plants

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16
Q

Phloem

A

Transports photosynthesis products- leaves to other parts of the plant

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17
Q

Primary growth (plants)

A

Growth that increases the length of stems and roots, occurring at the apical meristems.

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18
Q

Secondary growth (plants)

A

Growth that increases the thickness of stems and roots, occurring in the lateral meristems (cambium).

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19
Q

Morphology

A

The study of the form and structure of organisms

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20
Q

Physiology

A

The study of the functions and processes of living organisms and their parts

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21
Q

Taxonomy

A

Science of classifying organisms into groups based on their similarities and relationships

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22
Q

Phylogeny

A

Evolutionary history and relationships among organisms and or groups of organisms

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23
Q

Plant systematics

A

study of plant classification and the relationships among plant groups

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24
Q

Binomial nomenclature

A

a system of naming organisms using two names the genus and the species name

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25
Q

type speciman

A

a reference specimen used to define and describe a species

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26
Q

kingdom

A

the highest taxonomic rank in biological classification, which groups together organisms with fundamental similarities

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27
Q

phylum

A

a taxonomic rank below kingdom and above class, grouping organisms based on major body plans and structures

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28
Q

class

A

a taxonomic rank below phylum and above order

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29
Q

order

A

a taxonomic rank below class and above family

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30
Q

genus

A

a taxonomic rank below family and above species grouping species that are closely related

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31
Q

family

A

a taxonomic rank below order and above genus

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32
Q

species

A

the basic unit of classification defined as a group of individuals that can interbreed and produce fertile offspring

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33
Q

categories

A

levels of organization in biological classification including kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, and species

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34
Q

taxa

A

plural of taxon, groups of organisms classified at any level of the hierarchy

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35
Q

natural selection

A

the process by which organisms better adapted to their environment tend to survive and produce more offspring

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36
Q

monophyletic group (clade)

A

a group of organisms that includes a common ancestor and all its descendants

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37
Q

homologous organ

A

organs that have a similar structure due to shared ancestry, even if they have different functions

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38
Q

analogous organ

A

organs that have similar functions but different evolutionary origins

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39
Q

cladistics

A

a method of classification based on common ancestry and evolutionary relationships, using clades

40
Q

domains

A

the highest taxonomic rank, includes archaea, bacteria, and eukaryota

41
Q

archaea

A

a domain of single celled organisms that are distinct from bacteria and eukaryotes, often found in extreme environments

42
Q

eubacteria

A

another term for bacteria, a domain of single-celled organisms with a simple cell structure

43
Q

eukaryota

A

the domain that includes all organisms with eukaryotic cells, such as animals, plants, fungi, and protists

44
Q

unicellular

A

organisms consisting of a single cell

45
Q

colonial

A

organisms that live in groups or colonies, where each individual may have some degree of independence

46
Q

multicellular

A

organisms composed of multiple cells that work together to perform life functions

47
Q

biogeography

A

the study of the distribution of species and ecosystems across geographical spaces and through geological times

48
Q

vestigial structures

A

organs or structures that have lost most or all of their original function through evolution

49
Q

sympatric speciation

A

the formation of new species within the same geographic area, often through genetic divergence

49
Q

allopatric speciation

A

the formation of new species due to geographic separation that leads to reproductive isolation

49
Q

artificial selection

A

the process by which humans selectively breed organisms for desired traits

50
Q

nondisjunction

A

the failure of homologous chromosomes or sister chromatids to separate properly during cell division

51
Q

polyploidy

A

the condition of having more than two complete sets of chromosomes, often leading to speciation

52
Q

adaptive radiation

A

the rapid diversification of a single ancestral species into a wide variety of forms to adapt to different environments

53
Q

punctuated equilibrium

A

a model of evolution suggesting that species experience long periods of stability interrupted by brief periods of rapid change

54
Q

viral genome

A

the complete set of genetic material (DNA or RNA) in a virus

55
Q

capsid

A

the protein shell surrounding the viral genome

56
Q

viroid

A

a small, circular RNA molecule that can cause diseases in plants, lacking a protein coat

57
Q

vector

A

an organism or agent that carries and transmits a pathogen to another organism

58
Q

plankton

A

small organisms that drift in water and are a crucial part of aquatic ecosystem.

59
Q

nitrogen fixation

A

the process by which certain bacteria convert atmospheric nitrogen into ammonia, making it usable by plants

60
Q

heterocyst

A

specialized cells in cyanobacteria that fix nitrogen

61
Q

akinete

A

a thick-walled, dormant cell in cyanobacteria that can survive unfavorable conditions

62
Q

kingdom protista

A

a diverse group of eukaryotic organisms, mostly unicellular, that are not animals, plants, or fungi

63
Q

phytoplankton

A

photosynthetic plankton that form the base of aquatic food webs

64
Q

zooplankton

A

planktonic animals that feed on phytoplankton and other small organisms

65
Q

euglena (algae)

A

a genus of single celled organisms with both plant like and animal like characteristics

66
Q

eyespot (euglena)

A

a light sensitive organelle in Euglena that helps it detect light

67
Q

pellicle (euglena)

A

a flexible, protective layer on the surface of Euglena

68
Q

Contractile vacuole

A

an organelle in some protists that expels excess water to maintain osmotic balance

69
Q

dinoflagellate

A

a type of planktonic protist with two flagella, some of which can cause harmful algal blooms

70
Q

zooxanthellae

A

symbiotic dinoflagellates living within coral reefs and other marine invertebrates, providing them with nutrients through photos

71
Q

stipe

A

the stem-like structure in seaweeds that supports the blade. it is analogous to the stem of a land plant

72
Q

blade

A

the leaf like structure of seaweeds where photosynthesis occurs

73
Q

holdfast

A

the root like structure that anchors seaweed to a substrate, such as a rock or the ocean floor

74
Q

air bladder (seaweeds)

A

gas filled sacs found in some seaweeds like kelp, that help keep them buoyant and upright in the water

75
Q

diatom

A

type of unicellular algae with a silica-based cell wall, known for their intricate and beautiful geometric shapes, primary producers

76
Q

kelp

A

large, brown seaweeds belonging to the order Laminariales, known for their size and role in forming underwater forests that provide habitat for marine life.

77
Q

thallus

A

the complete body of a seaweed or similar non-vascular plant, including the holdfast, stipe, and blade

78
Q

gametophyte

A

the haploid stage in the life cycle of plants and algae that produces gametes (sperm and eggs) through mitosis

79
Q

sporophyte

A

the diploid stage in the life cycle of plants and algae that produces spores through meiosis. follows the gametophyte stage

80
Q

diploid

A

cell that has two sets of chromosomes, one from each parent (2n)

81
Q

haploid

A

cell that has one set of chromosomes (n), resulting from meiosis

82
Q

kingdom fungi

A

kingdom of EUKARYOTIC organisms that includes molds, yeast, and mushrooms, characterized by their ability to decompose organic matter and their cells walls made of chitin

83
Q

chitin

A

structural polysaccharide that makes up the cell walls of fungi and the exoskeleton of arthropods

84
Q

hyphae

A

thread like structures that make up the body of a fungus, grow and spread through a substrate to absorb nutrients

85
Q

mycelium

A

network of hyphae that forms the main vegetative part of a fungus, responsible for nutrient absorption

86
Q

mycology

A

study of fungi

87
Q

septate hyphae

A

hyphae that have cross walls (septa) dividing them into individual cells

88
Q

aseptate hyphae

A

hyphae that lack cross walls and are coenocytic, multiple nuclei in a continuous cytoplasm

89
Q

rhizoids (fungi)

A

root like structures that anchor fungi to a substrate and aid in nutrient absorption, they are typically found in lower fungi and non vascular plants

90
Q

haustoria

A

specialized structures that fungi use to penetrate host tissues and extract nutrients, often found in parasitic fungi

91
Q

sporangia (fungi)

A

structures where spores are produced and released. essential for the reproduction of many fungi

92
Q

budding (fungi)

A

a type of asexual reproduction in fungi where a new organism develops as an outgrowth or bud from the parent organism

93
Q

mychorrhizas

A

symbiotic associations between fungi and plant roots that enhance nutrient uptake for plants and provide carbs for fungi

94
Q

ascus

A

a sac like structure in ascomycete fungi that contains the ascospores produced through sexual reproduction

95
Q

ascospores

A

the spores produced inside the ascus of ascomycete fungi, resulting from sexual reproduction

96
Q

sac fungi

A

production of spores in an ascus (yeasts, molds, morels)

97
Q

smuts

A

a group of fungi in the class Ustilaginomycetes that infect plants and cause disease by producing dark, powdery masses of spores.

98
Q

rusts

A

a group of fungi in the class Basidiomycetes that cause disease in plants, identified by reddish brown pustules that release spores.thank

plant survey (2 decks)

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