Quiz and Poll Questions for Midterm 1

Question 1

Why is physiology considered an integrated science?

A) It encompasses many scientific disciplines

B) It contains emergent properties

C) Many organ systems are integrated into one physiological function

D) All of the above

Answer 1

D) All of the above

Question 2

For any variable in the body that remains constant, when there is an increase in this variable there must be an equal removal. This is defined as

A) Emergent properties
B) Homeostasis
C) Mass balance
D) Physiology

Answer 2

C) Mass balance

Question 3

An increase in core body temperature results in increased blood flow to the skin throughout the body so that heat can be released to the environment and bring core body temperature down. This is an example of what control system?

A) Local control
B) Negative feedback control
C) Positive feedback control
D) Feedforward control
E) None of the above

Answer 3

B) Negative feedback control

Question 4

True or false? All homeostatic set points for variables in the body remain constant?

Answer 4

False

Question 5

What is the most abundant lipid in the cell membrane?

A) glycolipid
B) Phospholipid
C) Sphingolipid
D) Cholesterol
E) None of the above

Answer 5

B) Phospholipid

Question 6

How much water is contained within the body of a healthy 100kg male?

A) 60L
B) 42L
C) 28L
D) 14L

Answer 6

A) 60L

Question 7

An increase in this type of tissue explains why, on average, females tend to have a slightly lower body water content when compared to males

A) Skeletal muscle
B) Adipose
C)Bone
D) Connective tissue

Answer 7

B) Adipose

Question 8

If a cell swells in response to being exposed to a solution, the solution is said to be

A) Hyperosmotic
B) Hyposmotic
C) Hypertonic
D) Hypotonic

Answer 8

D) Hypotonic

Question 9

Which of the following would increase the rate of diffusion?

A) Lower temperature
B) Thicker membrane
C) Smaller concentration gradient
D) Larger membrane surface area

Answer 9

D) Larger membrane surface area

Question 10

True or false? Carrier proteins always require an external energy source such as ATP

Answer 10

False

Question 11

Aquaporins are an example of what type of channel?

A) Mechanically gated
B) Ligand gated
C) Voltage gated
D) Leak

Answer 11

D) Leak

Question 12

Saturation refers to:

A) A group of carrier proteins operating at their maximum rate
B) When two molecules attempt to use the same carrier
C) Whether a carrier protein has the ability to transport only one molecule or a group of closely related molecules
D) None of the above

Answer 12

A) A group of carrier proteins operating at their maximum rate

Question 13

Clarathin-coated pits and caveolae are use in which transport process?

A) Exocytosis
B) Endocytosis
C) Phagocytosis
D) All of the above

Answer 13

B) Endocytosis

Question 14

True or false? If a concentration gradient for an ION exists between the ICF and ECF that ion will move down it’s concentration gradient until equilibrium is reached

Answer 14

False

Question 15

Which of the following statements about the resting membrane potential is TRUE?

A) It is equal to 0 mV
B) The inside of the membrane is positively charged compared to the outside
C) It results, in part, from the permeability of the cell membrane to K+
D) It is due to the presence of extracellular proteins
E) None of the above

Answer 15

C

Question 16

If a cell has a resting membrane potential of -70mV and the membrane potential suddenly changes to +10mV, the cell is:

A )Hyperpolarizing
B) Depolarizing
C) Repolarizing
D) None of the above

Answer 16

B

Question 17

A) Soma
B) axon
C) axon terminal
D) dendrite

Answer 17

C

Question 18

Axonal movement of membrane bound proteins and mitochondria occurs via (Blank) axonal transport and when movement is from the cell body to the axon terminal it is considered (Blank)

A) Fast, retrograde
B) Slow, anterograde
C) Fast, anterograde
D) Slow, retrograde

Answer 18

C

Question 19

If a nerve only contains motor neurons it is considered a:

A) mixed nerve
B) afferent nerve
C) efferent nerve
D) none of the above

Answer 19

C

Question 20

A second action potential cannot be generated during the relative refractory period.

True
False

Answer 20

False

Question 21

Which of the following will best increase the conduction rate of action potentials?

A) Increase the diameter of the axon, decrease the resistance of the axon membrane to ion leakage
B) Increase the diameter of the axon, increase the resistance of the axon membrane to ion leakage.
C) Decrease the diameter of the axon, decrease the resistance of the axon membrane to ion leakage.
D) Decrease the diameter of the axon, increase the resistance of the axon membrane to ion leakage

Answer 21

B

Question 22

These glial cells act as scavengers, destroying foreign invaders.

A) Schwann cells
B) Astrocytes
C) Microglia
D) Oligodendrocytes
E) None of the above

Answer 22

C

Question 23

Axons of neurons in both the peripheral and central nervous system are readily capable of undergoing regeneration when damage occurs.

True
False

Answer 23

False -Only neurons in CNS can regenerate slowly over time

Question 24

The flow of current in a cell depends on:

A) Change in voltage across the cell membrane
B) The resistance of the cell membrane
C) The internal resistance of the cytoplasm
D) All of the above

Answer 24

D

Question 25

Which of the following is NOT a correct characterisitc of graded potentials?

A) Are often initiated by the opening of ligand gated ion channels
B) Amplitude of the signal decays as it travels away from the stimulus point
C) Are initiated at the trigger zone
D) Can be depolarizing or hyperpolarizing

Answer 25

C

Question 26

This neurocrine is released from a presynaptic cell and causes a RAPID response in a nearby postsynatpic cell:

A) Neurotransmitter
B) Neuromodulator
C) Neurohormone
D) Autocrine
E) None of the above

Answer 26

A

Question 27

Which of the following is NOT a method for terminating neurotransmitter activity?

A) diffusion out of the synaptic cleft
B) spontaneous breakdown of neurotransmitter
C) Reuptake into axon terminal
D) Uptake into glial cells
E) Enzymatic degredation of neurotransmitter

Answer 27

B

Question 28

Exocytosis of neurotransmitters or neuromodulators from the axon terminal is triggered by the entrance of:

A) Na+
B) K+
C) Cl-
D) Ca2+
E) None of the above

Answer 28

D

Question 29

Spatial summation refers to:

A) electrical signals reaching neurons from outer space
B) multiple graded potentials from separate stimuli arriving at one location (axon hillock) simultaneously.
C) repeated graded potentials from a single stimulus point reaching the trigger zone nearly simultaneously.
D) suprathreshold potentials triggering action potentials that are of larger amplitude
E) None of the above

Answer 29

B

Question 30

The tonicity of a solution depends only upon the​ __________.
A) total concentration of​ solutes, taking into account that some single molecules​ (such as​ salts, e.g.,​ NaCl) ionize into more than one solute ​
B) total concentration of solutes as initially added to the solvent when making the solution
C) concentration of​ non-penetrating solutes
D) concentration of penetrating solutes

Answer 30

C

Question 31

If a swimmer cuts his foot on a seashell while wading in the ocean and bleeds into the​ seawater, his erythrocytes will shrink. What does this tell us about the relative tonicities of the​ solutions?

A) The ocean is isotonic to the erythrocytes.
B) The ocean is hypotonic to the erythrocytes.
C) The ocean is hypertonic to the erythrocytes.
D) The cell membrane is not permeable to seawater.

Answer 31

C

Question 32

The fluid compartments of the human body are in osmotic equilibrium. This means that the ICF and the ECF have the same total solute​ concentrations, despite the differences in their specific solute composition. Osmotic equilibrium occurs because water passes freely through cell membranes using open channels or the water channels called aquaporins.
If the osmolarity in one compartment​ changes, water moves by osmosis to bring the two compartments back to osmotic equilibrium. Water moves down its own gradient into the compartment with the higher osmolarity until both compartments have the same​ solute-to-volume ratio​ (or osmolarity).
Which of the following statements correctly describes the relationship between intracellular fluid​ (ICF) and extracellular fluid​ (ECF)?
A) The ICF and the ECF are in a chemical equilibrium.
B) All of the contents within the ICF are readily exchanged with the contents of the ECF.
C) The types of solutes and their distribution between the ICF and ECF are not the same.
D) Total solute concentration differs in the ECF when compared to the ICF.

Answer 32

C

Question 33

Osmolarity is a way of expressing solute concentration taking into account whether or not the solute in question dissociates into ions when dissolved in water. For​ example, suppose a hypothetical​ salt, AB, completely dissociates into A+ and B​- in water. One mole of AB in water would be one molar​ (1 M), but it would be 2 osmolar​ (2 OsM)​ solution, because there would be 1 mole of each ion dissolved in that solution.​ Thus, osmolarity is the measure of the number of solutes per volume of solution. Some​ salts, like​ NaCl, will incompletely dissociate into their respective ions when dissolved in water. Using the same​ principles, one mole of NaCl dissolved in a liter of water would become a 1 molar​ (1 M) NaCl​ solution, but would also be a 1.8 osmolar​ (1.8 OsM) solution. In the human​ body, we express this concentration in milliosmoles per liter​ (mOsM).
Presuming that the salts listed below completely dissociate in​ water, which of the following solutions below has the highest​ osmolarity?
A solution​ containing:

A) 7 mM sodium chloride​ (NaCl)
B) A mixed solution of 3 mM NaCl and 4 mM glucose
C) 7 mM glucose
D) A mixed solution of 4 mM NaCl and 3 mM glucose

Answer 33

A

Question 34

You have a total body concentration of 300 mOsM and total body volume of 3 liters. If you add 0.5 L of a solution containing 150 mosmol of NaCl to the​ body, what would the new total body concentration​ be?

A) 350 mOsM
B) 300 mOsM
C) 450 mOsM
D) 700 mOsM

Answer 34

B

Question 35

You have three separate​ beakers, each containing the following​ osmolarities:
A. 10 OsM
B. 13 OsM
C. 7 OsM
How would you describe the osmolarity of beaker A relative to beaker​ B?

A) Beaker A is isosmotic to beaker B.
B) Beaker A is hyposmotic to beaker B.
C) Beaker A is hyperosmotic to beaker B.

Answer 35

B

Question 36

Which body fluid compartment has the smallest​ volume?

A) Intracellular fluid
B) Plasma
C) Interstitial fluid
D) Extracellular fluid

Answer 36

B

Question 37

How can a solution be hyperosmotic but​ hypotonic?

A) If the concentration of nonpenetrating solutes is less in the solution than in a cell
B) If the total concentration of solutes in the solution is less than in a cell
C) If the concentration of penetrating solutes is higher in the solution than in a cell
D) If the amount of solutes is the same in the cell and solution

Answer 37

A

Question 38

What will happen to the cells of a patient who is given an intravenous​ (IV) solution that is isosmotic to intracellular​ fluids?

A) The cells will​ shrink, because isosmotic solutions are hypertonic.
B) The question cannot be answered with certainty without knowing which solutes are present in the IV solution.
C) The cells will​ swell, because isosmotic solutions are hypotonic.
D) The cells will keep their normal​ shape, because isosmotic solutions result in no net change in water concentration.

Answer 38

B

Question 39

Which two fluid compartments make up the extracellular​ fluid?

A) Cytosol and plasma
B) Intracellular fluid and plasma
C) Interstitial fluid and intracellular fluid
D) Plasma and interstitial fluid

Answer 39

D

Question 40

What will occur if solution​ A, containing 400​ mosmol/L nonpenetrating​ solute, were separated by a biological membrane from solution​ B, containing 600​ mosmol/L nonpenetrating​ solute?

A) The volume of A would increase.
B) There would be no net volume change.
C) The volume of B would increase.
D) Water would flow from solution B to solution A.

Answer 40

C

Question 41

How does the intracellular fluid compartment differ from the extracellular fluid​ compartment?

A) There is a higher concentration of potassium ions inside the cell than in the extracellular space.
B) There is a higher concentration of bicarbonate ion ​(HCO3 ​-​) inside cells than in either the interstitial fluid or plasma.
C) There is a higher concentration of sodium ions inside the cell than in the extracellular space.
D) There is a higher concentration of protein in the interstitial fluid than in cells.

Answer 41

A

Question 42

The cell membrane is made up of many different kinds of proteins. These proteins can be classified as either​ peripheral, transmembrane, or​ lipid-anchored proteins. Regardless of their​ classification, these proteins all play an important role in the function and integrity of a cell. Which of the following properly describes the function of membrane​ proteins?
Select all that apply.

A) to provide fluidity to the membrane
B) to combine with lipids to form strong shells that prevent the movement of substances across the membrane
C) to provide structural stability for the cell
D) to allow for​ cell-cell communication
E) to serve as a channel for the transport of molecules between extracellular and intracellular fluid
F) to combine with a​ carbohydrate, providing an immune response​ and/or cell recognition
G) to provide a selective barrier

Answer 42

C, D, E, F

Question 43

Functions of the cell membrane include physical​ isolation, regulation of​ exchange, structural​ support, and which other​ function?

A) Radiation of heat to prevent protein denaturation and cell stress
B) Binding and delivery of oxygen
C) Extraction of energy from the environment for cell survival
D) Communication between the cell and its environment

Answer 43

D

Question 44

Cell membranes are mainly made up of​ __________.

A) carbohydrates and proteins
B) lipids and proteins
C) nucleic acid and proteins
D) lipids and carbohydrates

Answer 44

B

Question 45

Define interstitial fluid​, indicating whether it is inside​ (intracellular) or outside​ (extracellular) cells.

A) Interstitial fluid is the intracellular fluid found in all cell types.
B) Interstitial fluid is the extracellular fluid inside the circulatory system.
C) Interstitial fluid is extracellular fluid outside the circulatory system and the cells.
D) Interstitial fluid is the intracellular fluid inside of the blood cells.

Answer 45

C

Question 46

Glucose moves from the plasma into a skeletal muscle​ cell, where it is used for energy. Through which fluid compartment does glucose move between the plasma and the skeletal muscle​ cell?

A) Interstitial fluid
B) Extracellular fluid inside of C) blood vessels
D) Intracellular fluid
E) Cytosol

Answer 46

A

Question 47

Where is most of the water in the body​ located?

A) Interstitial fluid
B) Plasma
C) Lumens of the digestive and urinary tracts
D) Intracellular fluid

Answer 47

D

Question 48

Which of the following is a similarity among paracellular​ transport, transcellular​ transport, and​ transcytosis? All​ three:
Move large substances across epithelial membranes.
Your answer is not correct.
Are ways substances can be absorbed into the body.
This is the correct answer.
Require substances to move through epithelial cells.
Use protein transporters to absorb substances into the body.

Question 49

According to​ Fick’s law of​ diffusion, diffusion rate is proportional to the surface area of the​ membrane, the concentration​ gradient, and which other​ variable?
The temperature of the solution
The permeability of the membrane
Your answer is correct.
The shape of the solute in solution
The temperature of the membrane

Question 50

Active transport of substances across membranes requires ATP because​ __________.
more than one substance is transported at a time
the transported substances are not soluble in the lipid membrane
substances are moved against the concentration gradient​ (uphill)
Your answer is correct.
the transport protein moves or has moving gates

Question 51

Which type of membrane transport generally requires that the transported substance dissolve in the lipid​ membrane?
Facilitated diffusion
Phagocytosis
Active transport
Simple diffusion

Question 52

Water molecules can cross a cell membrane to enter a cell by several different mechanisms. Which answer choice is NOT a main way that water is transported into a​ cell?
Facilitated diffusion
Vesicular transport
Active transport
Your answer is correct.
Simple diffusion

Question 53

What is the most important distinction between the membrane transporters known as channel proteins and those known as carrier​ proteins?
Channel proteins do not require​ energy, whereas carrier proteins do require energy.
Channel proteins create​ water-filled passages for small substances that do not bind to the protein. Carrier proteins transport larger substances by binding to them.
Your answer is correct.
Channel proteins transport only very small substances. Carrier proteins transport macromolecules.
Channel proteins transport​ water-soluble substances. Carrier proteins transport​ water-insoluble substance.

Question 54

What must be true for diffusion of a solute to occur across a partition that separates two​ compartments?
The solute must be charged to pass through the partition.
The temperatures of the solutions must be different.
The concentrations of the solute must be high in both compartments.
The partition must be permeable to the solute.

Question 55

Uric acid is transported across epithelial cells in the kidneys by an organic acid transporter​ (OAT) membrane transport protein. The presence of another organic​ acid, probenecid, causes a decrease in the uric acid transport rate. What characteristic of transporters is demonstrated by the decrease in uric acid transport in the presence of​ probenecid?
Maximum rate of transport
Saturation
Competition
Your answer is correct.
Specificity

Question 56

The permeability of a membrane to a particular solute is related to which two​ variables, and what is the​ relationship?
It is directly proportional to both lipid solubility and the size of the solute.
It is inversely proportional to lipid solubility and directly proportional to the size of the solute.
It is directly proportional to lipid solubility and inversely proportional to the size of the solute.
Your answer is correct.
It is inversely proportional to both lipid solubility and size of the solute.