Quiz and Exam 3 Flashcards
Intensive agriculture
A type of agriculture that invests lots of resources into small areas in order to increase the yield of those products
Extensive agriculture
A type of agriculture that invests in larger areas, investing lower quantities of labor and resources
Amphorae
large ceramic jar with narrow neck, that held wine, oils, milk, grain
Monte Testaccio
A large artificial mound in Rome composed of olive-oil amphorae
Terra Sigillata
type of Roman clay pottery mass-produced around the first century; glossy red color
Swaddling
the practice of wrapping a baby tightly in cloth to help them sleep
Large Herculaneum Woman
Popular, mass-produced sculptural type used in portraits of Roman women, represent goddesses or muses
Damnatio Memoriae
the phenomenon in which the government condemned the memory of a person who was seen as a tyrant, traitor, or enemy to the state
Leptis Magna
ancient city in Libya, Hometown of Septimius Severus, he built many public monuments there
Hypocaust system
A central heating system circulating hot air below the floor of a room used to heat up public hot baths
Frigidarium
One of three temperature-regulated rooms in a bathhouse, the cold room in a bath chamber
Caldarium
One of three temperature-regulated rooms in a bathhouse, the hot room in a bath chamber
Hercules
A legendary Roman hero known for his incredible strength and 12 labors
Dirce
Queen of Thebes, her nephew Antiope was raped by Zeus and when she left her kids to herdsmen, she was returned to Dirce who continued to treat her poorly, when she escapes she finds her sons and when Dirce comes to find Antiope they tie her to a bull.
Vindolanda
A series of Roman wooden forts from the 1st-2nd century, buried to have a stone fort built over
Dura Europos
A Roman border city known for its multiculturalism and the well-preserved remains of its Hellenistic, Parthian, and Roman architecture.
Mithraeum
A Mithraic temple located underground; used by worshippers of Mithras
Baalshamin
major god in the Roman Empire worshiped in Syria, comparable to the Greek god Zeus in abilities, a storm god
Creusa
wife of the hero Jason, killed by Jason’s former wife Medea when she is gifted a crown and robe, which are poisoned and burst into flames when she puts them on. Creusa dies in agony and Medea (after also killing her own children) escapes.
Tetrarchy
a division of power among four individuals, with two senior emperors called Augusti and two junior emperors called Caesars
Tomb of Eurysaces, Rome, concrete and travertine, 50 - 20 BCE
The funerary monument for the baker Eurysaces has lots of symbolism and alludes to the life of the person the tomb was created for, the resting place of him and his wife, a notable example of Roman funerary architecture, resembles a baker’s oven as well as reliefs of the breadmaking process, a freedperson
Tomb of Aulus Memmius Clarus, Rome, 1st cent. CE
a well-preserved example of a Roman funerary, monument columns supporting an elaborate pediment, and a relief panel, an epitaph dedicated to Aulus Memmius Clarus by his close friend, they were two freed slaves
Tomb of Junia Procta, Rome, 1st cent. CE
funerary architecture built for a woman, she was a freed slave that married her owner, on the front she is commemorated but on the back, she is cursed for leaving her husband and taking the kids, its simple design and decoration reflect the conservative tastes of the Roman elite during the early Imperial period.
Lamp, Kavala (Greece), bronze 4th cent. CE
a notable example of Roman-era metalwork that features a person on one knee with torque signifying a slave or enemy of Rome, stereotyped by a bigger mouth and heavy brows. with a handle and spout, and is decorated with intricate relief sculptures depicting scenes from mythology and everyday life, showcasing the skilled craftsmanship and artistry of ancient Greek and Roman metalworkers.
Group portrait of Severan Family, Eygpt, 200 CE, paint on wood
depicts the members of the Severan dynasty, including the emperor Septimius Severus, his wife Julia Domna, and their two sons, Caracalla and Geta, conveys the familial relationships and power dynamics of the ruling dynasty in ancient Rome; Geta was crossed out from the Group Portrait of Severan Family after he was assassinated by his brother in an order of Geta’s damnatio memoriae
Severan Marble Plan, marble, Rome, 203-211 CE
Large marble map of ancient Rome under the reign of Septimus Severus features a detailed and accurate representation of the city of Rome and its buildings, streets, and public spaces; the map lacks a clear scale, making it difficult to determine precise distances between different locations in the city. The map also does not include any legends or labels to identify the buildings and landmarks depicted, making it challenging for modern viewers to interpret the map without the aid of additional resources and research
Baths of Caracalla, Rome, 211-217 CE, concrete, brick, marble
Roman bathhouse constructed in the early 3rd century by emperor Caracalla features a range of impressive architectural and engineering features, including massive concrete and brick walls, marble floors and columns, and intricate mosaic tile work, The baths were an important social and cultural center in ancient Rome, and were used for a variety of activities, including bathing, exercise, and socializing
Farnese Hercules, Rome, marble, c. 200 CE
a monumental marble statue of the mythical hero Hercules, statue depicts Hercules standing in a relaxed pose, with his head tilted and his arm draped over his club, which rests on a tree trunk. The statue is notable for its size and level of detail, as well as for the intricate musculature and naturalistic pose of the figure, present in the Baths of Caracalla ; considered one of the finest surviving examples of ancient Roman sculpture, and has influenced artists and sculptors throughout the centuries.
Tablets, Vindolanda, wood, 92-103 CE
a collection of wooden writing tablets at the site of the Vindolanda Roman fort, the tablets contain a variety of texts, including military reports, personal correspondence, and financial records, providing valuable insights into the daily life and activities of the Roman army stationed in Britain during the early second century CE, notable for their excellent preservation, due to the damp and anaerobic conditions of the site
Relief of Zeus Kyrios/Vaalshamin (from the temple of the same), Dura Europos, 1st cent CE
work of art from the temple of the same name in Dura Europos, The relief depicts a syncretic blend of the Greek god Zeus and the local Syrian deity Vaalshamin, with Zeus shown seated on a throne, holding a scepter in his left hand and accompanied by an eagle at his feet, while the Syrian god is shown standing to his right, holding a bundle of lightnings in his left hand and a staff in his right; this work reflects the cultural and religious fusion that occurred in the ancient Near East, where Greek and Roman deities were often equated with local gods in order to establish a sense of continuity and legitimacy in the conquered territories, significant for its high level of artistic and technical skill, with intricate details and elaborate symbolism that attest to the sophistication of ancient art and religion.
Synagogue, Dura Europos, c. 240s CE, paint
ancient Jewish temple located in the city of Dura Europos, unique wall paintings, interior walls were found to be covered in a variety of colorful and intricate paintings depicting scenes from the Hebrew Bible and Jewish tradition, the paintings include images of the Ark of the Covenant, the Binding of Isaac, and the Exodus from Egypt, among others; synagogue at Dura Europos is considered one of the most important archaeological discoveries of the 20th century, and has provided valuable insights into the religious and cultural life of ancient Jewish communities
Baptistery, Dura Europos, c. 240s CE, paint
an ancient Christian baptistery located in the city of Dura Europos, which was constructed in the mid-3rd century CE and is known for its unique wall paintings, covered in a variety of colorful and intricate paintings depicting scenes from the New Testament and Christian tradition, The paintings include images of the baptism of Jesus, the Good Shepherd, and the Miracle of the Loaves and Fishes, among others; considered one of the earliest known Christian buildings in the world and has provided valuable insights into the development of early Christian art and architecture
Creusa (Medea sarcophagus), c. 190 CE, marble
depicts scenes from the myth of Medea, the sorceress, and wife of Jason. It depicts Medea in a fit of revenge and jealousy, killing their children. The intricate carvings showcase the emotional turmoil and dramatic moments of the story. Creusa is the main focus of the sarcophagus as a representation of a tragic or unfair death
Ludovisi sarcophagus, Rome, marble, 250-260 CE
depicts a battle between Romans and “barbarians”, Romans are shown as the dominant, stoic ones while the barbarians are shown with more emotional facial expressions showing their weakness
Aurelian’s Wall, brick-faced concrete, Rome, 271-275 CE
Walls created under the rule of Emperor Aurelias to defend the capital from the threat of invasions by the Germanic populations who were pressing on the borders of the Empire; the new city walls replaced the ancient Servian walls of the 6th century BC.
