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Poisonous Plants > Quiz > Flashcards

Quiz Flashcards

toxin, distinguishing/major CS, tx

1
Q

What is the toxin(s) in cycads?

A

Cycasin (glycoside) + BMAA (neurotoxin)

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2
Q

What part(s) of cycads are toxic? Most toxic?

A

All parts are toxic - seeds most toxic

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3
Q

2 examples of cycads

A

Sago Palm

Coontie/arrowroot

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4
Q

What clinical signs are common with cycad poisoning? Is this an acute or chronic toxicity?

A

Vomiting, GI hemorrhage, liver failure, seizures

Acute toxicity

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5
Q

What are some specific treatments for cycad toxicity?

A

Aggressive decontamination
Vitamin K
Anti-seizure medications
Intestinal protectants

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6
Q

What toxin(s) is found in Crotalaria and Senecio species?

A

Pyrrolizidine alkaloids

Crotalaria or rattle box also also monocrotaline (alkaloid)

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7
Q

What parts of Crotalaria and Senecio are toxic? Most toxic?

A

All parts are toxic - seeds most toxic

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8
Q

What is the MOA for pyrrolizidine alkaloids?

A

They inhibit division of hepatocytes and block hematopoiesis

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9
Q

What clinical signs are seen with pyrrolizidine alkaloid toxicity? Is this an acute or chronic toxicity?

A

Liver failure, anemia, weight loss, colic

Chronic toxicity

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10
Q

What are the 4 hallmarks of PA toxicosis on liver histology?

A

Hepatocytomegaly
Hepatic necrosis
Bile duct hyperplasia
Fibrosis

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11
Q

What species are primarily affected by cycads?

A

Dogs, cats, ruminants

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12
Q

What species are primarily affected by PAs?

A

Cattle, horses, pigs, deer

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13
Q

What are some specific treatments for PA toxicity?

A

Vitamin K, poor px

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14
Q

What is the toxin in Lantana? It’s MOA?

A

Lantadene (triterpenoid) - inhibits ATP transporters in bile ducts

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15
Q

When is Lantana most toxic? Why? Which part is most toxic?

A

Most toxic after flowering due to immature berries - red berries most toxic?

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16
Q

What species are primarily affected by Lantana?

A

Cattle, sheep, goats, horses - small animals tend to avoid

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17
Q

What clinical signs are seen with Lantadene toxicity?

A

GI signs, constipation, secondary photosensitization, big head in sheep

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18
Q

What necropsy finding is common with Lantadene toxicity?

A

Swollen, green liver due to bile

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19
Q

What supportive care is done for livestock with Lantadene toxicity?

A

Keep them in a dark stall out of sunlight until lesions are healed

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20
Q

What is the toxin(s) in Bracken Fern? MOA(s)?

A

Ptaquiloside - carcinogen, myelosuppression

Thiaminase - thiamine deficiency (horses/monogastrics only)

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21
Q

What species are primarily affected by Bracken Fern toxicity?

A

Cattle, ruminants, horses

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22
Q

What clinical signs are seen in RUMINANTS with Bracken Fern toxicity? Is this an acute or chronic toxicity?

A

Enzootic hematuria, myelosuppression, acute hemorrhagic disease
Chronic toxicity with acute presentation***

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23
Q

What clinical signs are seen in HORSES with Bracken Fern toxicity?

A

Generalized weakness and unthriftiness

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24
Q

What specific treatments are recommended in animals with Bracken Fern toxicity?

A

Antibiotics
Blood transfusions
Protamine sulfate
Thiamine B1

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25
Q

When/what part of Bracken Fern is most toxic?

A

Younger plants and rhizomes most toxic

Toxic fresh or dried

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26
Q

What is the toxin(s) in Allium spp.? MOA(s)?

A

N-propyl disulfide + alkyl-cysteine sulfoxide - oxidative stress

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27
Q

What part of allium spp. are toxic?

A

All parts

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28
Q

What species are primarily affected by Allium spp. toxicity?

A

Cattle, dogs, cats

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29
Q

What clinical signs are commonly seen with Allium spp. toxicity?

A

Heinz body hemolytic anemia and accompanying signs

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30
Q

What are two other DDx for allium toxicity?

A

Zinc and acetaminophen toxicity

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31
Q

What specific treatments are recommended in animals with allium toxicity?

A

Fluids with HCO3
N-acetyl cysteine
Blood transfusion

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32
Q

What is the likely toxin in red maple? MOA?

A

Gallic acid, but unknown - hemolytic anemia

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33
Q

What part of red maple are most toxic and when?

A

Leaves are most toxic, when dried/wilted

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34
Q

What species is primarily affected by red maple toxicity?

A

Horses

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35
Q

What clinical signs are commonly seen with red maple toxicity?

A

Heinz body hemolytic anemia, methemoglobinemia, hemoglobinuric nephrosis

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36
Q

What specific treatments are recommended in horses with red maple toxicity?

A

Blood transfusions
Ascorbic acid
Antioxidants

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37
Q

What is the toxin(s) in white sweet clover? How is it produced? MOA?

A

Dicoumarol - converted from coumarol by fusarium spp. fungi - blocks vitamin K epoxide reductase

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38
Q

What species are primarily affected by white sweet clover toxicity?

A

Cattle - younger > adults

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39
Q

What clinical signs are commonly seen with white sweet clover toxicity? Is this an acute or chronic toxicity?

A

Delayed “sweet clover bleeding disease”

Chronic toxicity with acute presentation***

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40
Q

What specific treatments are recommended in animals with white sweet clover toxicity?

A

Whole blood

Vitamin K

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41
Q

When is corn toxic and what is the toxic principle?

A

When its moldy - fusarium spp. produces fumonisin = toxic principle

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42
Q

What is the toxin in ABPEE? How it is produced?

A

3-methylindole - produced from excess L-tryptophan

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43
Q

What is the toxin in sweet potatoes? How is it produced?

A

4-ipomeanol - produced from potatoes by fusarium spp. fungi

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44
Q

What species are primarily affected by moldy sweet potato toxicity?

A

Cattle, but all can be affected

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45
Q

What is the primary result of moldy sweet potato toxicity?

A

Acute interstitial edema

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46
Q

What is the toxin in perilla mint? What does this toxin cause?

A

Perilla ketone

Acute interstitial edema

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47
Q

What parts of perilla mint plants are toxic? Most toxic?

A

All parts, especially flowers (late summer/fall)

Fresh > dry

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48
Q

What species are affected by perilla mint?

A

Primarily cattle, but all

49
Q

What are 4 DDx for acute interstitial edema?

A

Movement to lush pasture quickly (3-MI), moldy sweet potatoes (4-IP), perilla mint, moldy corn (fumonisin)

50
Q

Treatment for ABPEE vs perilla mint

A

ABPEE - NSAIDs, furosemide, corticosteroids may be helpful

Perilla - no effective treatment

51
Q

5 examples of nitrate accumulators

A 
Johnson grass
Lamb's quarters
Dock
Pigweed
Ragweed
52
Q

What is the toxin in nitrate accumulators? MOA?

A

Nitrite (from nitrate) - oxidizes to methemoglobinemia

53
Q

What species are most sensitive to nitrate accumulators?

A

Ruminants

54
Q

What specific treatments are indicated from nitrate accumulator toxicity?

A

Methylene blue

Ascorbic acid for horses

55
Q

3 examples of cyanogenic plants

A

Black cherry
Elderberry
Heavenly bamboo
all have berries

56
Q

What are the toxic parts of cyanogenic plants? Most toxic?

A

Seeds > leaves

Leaves most toxic when wilted

57
Q

What is the toxin(s) in cyanogenic plants? MOA?

A

Cyanogenic glycosides - binds + inhibits cytochrome oxidase in mitochondria

58
Q

What species are most susceptible to cyanogenic plants? What about heavenly bamboo?

A

Ruminants

Birds for heavenly bamboo

59
Q

What is the principle clinical sign of cyanide toxicity? Why do we see this?

A

Cherry red blood d/t superoxygenation (can’t utilize oxygen)

60
Q

What specific treatments are indicated for cyanide toxicity and how do they work?

A

Sodium nitrite to convert Hb to metHb = high affinity for CN

Sodium thiosulfate to increase formation of thiocyanate for excretion

61
Q

What are the toxic parts of lilies?

A

ALL, even the water they are in

62
Q

What species is classic for Lily toxicity?

A

Cats

63
Q

What is the toxin(s) in lilies?

A

Unknown

64
Q

What is the typical progression of clinical signs of lily toxicosis?

A

GI signs (1-3 hr), polyuria (12-20 hr), anuria (24-48 hr), death (3-7 d)

65
Q

What bloodwork and UA findings are commonly seen?

A

Increased BUN, creatinine, potassium, phosphorous

Renal casts, proteinuria, glucosuria

66
Q

What is the treatment of choice for lily toxicosis?

A

Early fluid diuresis, hemodialysis is only option for anuric phase

67
Q

What are the three toxins in pigweed?

A

Nitrogen accumulator
Oxalates
Unknown renal toxin

68
Q

What are the most consistent lesions seen with pigweed toxicosis?

A

Perirenal edema and degeneration of medullary structures

69
Q

What species is most commonly affected by pigweed? Other species? Prognosis?

A

Pigs (also cattle + sheep), good px - only 10% mortality

70
Q

What finding differentiates pigweed from oak toxicity?

A

Degeneration of medullary structures

71
Q

3 examples of oxalate containing plants

A

Rhubarb
Deiffenbachia dumb cane
Poke weed

72
Q

What do oxalate containing plants primarily cause?

A

Functional hypocalcemia and tubular necrosis due to insoluble calcium oxalate crystals

73
Q

What are the primary lesions seen with consumption of oxalate containing plants?

A

Swollen kidneys
Microscopic hemorrhage
Calcium oxalate crystals

74
Q

What 3 toxins are found in poke weed?

A

Oxalates
Saponins
Lectins

75
Q

What specific treatments are indicated in animals who consume oxalate containing plants?

A

Calcium hydroxide or milk to make alkaline

76
Q

What is the toxin in day blooming Jessamine? MOA?

A

1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol - causes massive release of calcium

77
Q

What part of the day blooming Jessamine is toxic?

A

Whole plant

78
Q

What species is primarily affected by day blooming Jessamine toxicosis?

A

Cattle, horses

79
Q

What are the primary clinical signs seen with day blooming Jessamine toxicosis?

A

Progressive lameness, chronic wasting, mineralization

80
Q

What is the main principle of treating day blooming Jessamine toxicosis?

A

Tx hypercalcemia - bisphosphonates, calcitonin

81
Q

What is the toxin(s) in oak species? What species are most affected?

A

Tannins
Cattle (young) and sheep most affected
Rare in horses, pigs resistant

82
Q

What parts of oak are toxic?

A

Young leaves, buds, green acorns

83
Q

What are common clinical findings with oak toxicity?

A

GI ulceration, pale/swollen kidneys, perirenal edema (not as extensive as pigweed)

84
Q

What specific treatments are indicated in animals who consume oak species?

A

Polyethylene glycol

Calcium hydroxide for prevention

85
Q

What parts are considered toxic/irritating in christmas trees?

A

Needles, oils, water

86
Q

What is the toxin(s) in american holly?

A

Saponins

Theobromine (alkaloid)

87
Q

What part(s) of american holly is toxic?

A

Leaves, berries

88
Q

What species are primarily affected by american holly?

A

Dogs, cats, horses

89
Q

What are common clinical signs seen with american holly toxicity?

A

V/D, excessive drooling

90
Q

What is the toxin(s) in poinsettia?

A

Latex irritant sap

91
Q

What part of poinsettias is considered toxic?

A

Leaves

92
Q

What species does poinsettia toxicity typically affect?

A

Dogs and cats

93
Q

What clinical signs are typically seen with poinsettia toxicity?

A

Mild irritation to mouth/stomach, vomiting, may have allergic rxn

94
Q

What is the toxin(s) in mistletoe?

A

Lectins

Pharotoxins

95
Q

What is the toxic part of mistletoes?

A

Berries

96
Q

What species are primarily affected by mistletoe toxicity?

A

Dogs, cats, horses

97
Q

What three body systems does mistletoe toxicity affect?

A

GI, cardio, neuro

98
Q

What are the three toxins present in Dumb Cane and Golden Pothos?

A

Oxalates
Proteolytic enzymes
Raphids

99
Q

What parts of Golden Pothos and Dumb Cane are toxic? Most toxic?

A

All - especially stems

100
Q

What species are primarily affected by Dumb Cane or Golden Pothos toxicity?

A

Dogs, cats

101
Q

What clinical signs are commonly observed with Dumb Cane or Golden Pothos toxicity?

A

Intense burning/irritation, excessive drooling, difficulty swallowing/breathing

102
Q

What specific treatments are indicated in animals with Dumb Cane or Golden Pothos toxicity?

A

Secure airway, analgesics, demulcents

103
Q

What is the toxin(s) present in Rhododendrons and Azaleas? MOA?

A

Grayanotoxins - activate Na channels

104
Q

What parts of Rhododendrons and Azaleas are toxic?

A

All - including pollen and nectar

105
Q

What species are primarily affected by Rhododendrons and Azaleas toxicity?

A

Dogs, cats

106
Q

What clinical signs are commonly observed with Rhododendrons and Azaleas toxicity?

A

Bradycardia, muscle weakness, repeated swallowing, vomiting

107
Q

What specific treatments are indicated in animals with Rhododendrons and Azaleas toxicity?

A

Calcium gluconate

Na channel blockers

108
Q

What is the toxin(s) present in Tulips and Amaryllis? MOA?

A

Tulipalin A and B - alkylate proteins and DNA

109
Q

What species are primarily affected by Tulips and Amaryllis toxicity?

A

Dogs, cats, horses

110
Q

What clinical signs are commonly observed with Tulips and Amaryllis toxicity?

A

Gastroenteritis, hypersalivation, hypotension

111
Q

What specific treatments are indicated in animals with Tulips and Amaryllis toxicity?

A

GI protectants if GI signs

112
Q

What part(s) of Tulips and Amaryllis are toxic? Most toxic?

A

All - especially bulbs

113
Q

What is the toxin(s) in Castor Bean plant?

A

Ricin (lectin)

114
Q

What is the toxic part of Castor Bean plant? Most toxic?

A

All - SEEDS!!!

115
Q

What species are affected by Castor Bean plant toxicity? Which are very susceptible?

A

All - cattle, horses, sheep, pigs, fowl, rabbits, small mammals
horses&raquo_space; cattle

116
Q

What clinical signs are commonly seen with Catsor Bean plant toxicity?

A

Vomiting, hemorrhage, heart contractions, hypertension

117
Q

What is the treatment of choice for animals with suspected Castor Bean plant toxicity?

A

Aggressive GI decontamination

118
Q

What are three other plants that have GI signs that we didn’t discuss?

A

Autumn crocus, Daffodil bulbs, christmas cactus

Poisonous Plants (2 decks)

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