quiz #7 Flashcards
Developmental theories
they provide a framework for examining, describing, and appreciating human development. they are also important in helping nurses assess and treat a persons response to illness.
developmental stages
infancy- birth to 18mo early childhood/toddler-18mo to 3yrs preschool-3 to 5 yrs middle childhood-6 to 12 adolescence- 12 to 19
Maslow’s hierarchy of needs
- Physiological needs -food, shelter, fluids
- Safety & Security -physical & psychological
- Love & Belonging
- Self-Esteem
- Self-Actualization
What is the nursing process?
it is blueprint for how to care for pt. it is critical thinking 5 step process used by nurses to apply best available evidence to caregiving and promoting human functions and responses to health and illness.
Theories of aging
- Stochastic theory- view the effects of aging as resulting from random assults from both internal and external environment.
- Nonstochastic theory- see aging changes resulting from a complex, predetermined process.
elder abuse physical
inflicting or threat to inflict physical pain or injury on vulnerable older adult or depriving them of basic needs.
elder abuse psychosocial/ emotional
verbal and nonverbal acts that inflict mental pain, anguish, and distress.
elder financial abuse
illegal taking, misuse, or concealment of funds, property, or assets of a vulnerable elder
elder sexual abuse
nonconsensual sexual contact or activity of any kind, coercing an elder to witness sexual behavior
caregiver neglect
refusual or failure by those responsoble to fulfill caregiving activities, obligations, duties, protection. maybe intentional or unintentional, due to lack of education or rescources.
elder abandonment
desertion of a vulnerable elder by anyone who has assumed the responsibility for care or custody of that person.
elder self-neglect
behavior of an older adult that threatens his or her own well-being or safety, disregard of ones personal health or enviroment, causing unmet needs.
elder signs of abuse
two most important indicators of abuse:
- An elder’s frequent unexplained crying.
- An elder’s unexplained fear of or suspicion of a particular person(s) in the home.
Fulmer Assessment tool paper
Fulmer SPICES is an efficient and effective instrument for obtaining the information necessary to prevent health alterations in the older adult patient S is for Sleep Disorders P is for Problems with Eating or Feeding I is for Incontinence C is for Confusion E is for Evidence of Falls S is for Skin Breakdown
Cognitive changes normal
- delirium- acute confusional state, potential irreversible, sometimes accompanies systemic infections, and is often the presenting symptom for pneumonia or UTI.
Cognitive changes cont. normal
- dementia- generalized impairment of intellectual functioning that interferes with social and occupational funtioning. leads to decline in ADL and IADL. ( alzheimers, lewy body, disease)
Cognitive changes cont. normal
- depression- most common, most undetected, most untreated. exist with pt’s who have other health problems. depression not a normal part of aging.
Psycho-social changes normal
involves life transition and loss. transitions include retirement and finances, changes in roles and relationships, health and functional ability, changes in social network.
loss- loss of relationship due to death
Physical changes normal
gray hair, loss of hair, elongated ears, double chin, loss of subcutaneous fat, stature decreases, etc….
respiratory changes
decreased ciliary action, reduced basilar inflation, thoracic muscles more rigid, alveoli fewer in number and larger in size, forced expiratory volume reduced.
cardio changes
aorta becomes dilated and elongated, cardiac output decreases, less elasticity of vessels, less efficient o2utilization, valves become thicker and more rigid
gastro changes
decrease taste sensation, esophagus more dilated, liver smaller, atrophy of gastric mucosa, slower peristalsis
urinary changes
decrease bladder capacity, decrease nephrons, weaker bladder muscles, decrease tubular function, decreased size of renal mass
reproductive changes
men: possible reduction in sperm count, prostate enlarges, women: flattening of labia, ovaries become smaller and thicker, cervix becomes smaller
musculoskeletal changes
shortening of vertebrae, bones become brittle, slight knee flexion, slight wrist flexion, slight hip flexion
nervous changes
decreased conduction velocity, decreased brain weight, slower response time, changes in sleep patter, reduced blood flow to brain
endocrine changes
lower basal metabolic rate, pituitary gland decreases, less thyrotropin secretion, thyroid gland atrophies, loss of adrenal function
integumentary changes
flattening of dermal-epidermal junction, reduced thickness and vascularity of dermis, slowing of epidermal proliferation, reducing skin elasticity, collagen fibers become more coaser and more random
immune changes
depressed immune response, thymic mass decreases, T-cell activity declines, respone to vaccines less effective, inflammatory defenses decline
sensory organs
vision: more opaque lens, taste impairment, impaired ability to identify odors, reduced touch sensasation, reduced hearing
nursing implications cardio
allow rest between activities and procedures, recognize longer time period required for heart rate to return to normal following a stress on heart, evaluate for tachycardia
nursing implications respiratory
encourage respiratory activity, monitor oxygen adiminstartion
nursing implications sensory (taste)
observe for overconsumption of sweets and salt
nursing implication skin
use principles of pressure ulcer prevention
nursing implications endocrine
advise pt to avoid excess calorie consumption
nursing implications urinary
assist pt with need for frequent toileting
nursing implications immune
promote good nutritional status to improve hosr defense, recommend vaccines.
nursing impications musculoskeletal
encourage good calcium intake and exercise
nursing implications reproductive (women)
advise pt in safe use of lubricants for comfort during intercourse
nursing implications gastro
assess for indigestion, encourage 5-6 small meals instead or 3 large meals
nursing implications nervous
allow adequate time for pt to respond, process info and perform task
