Quiz 6-8 Flashcards
In general, which of the following can human cells do?
1. Move, grow, react, and protect themselves
2. Repair damage and regulate life processes
3. Reproduce
a. 1 and 2 only
b. 1 and 3 only
c. 2 and 3 only
d. 1, 2, and 3
D
Inorganic materials are compounds that
a. contain only very small amounts of carbon.
b. contain moderate amounts of carbon.
c. contain large amounts of carbon.
d. do not contain carbon.
D
Antibodies are protein molecules produced by specialized cells in the bone marrow called
a. B lymphocytes.
b. R lymphocytes.
c. megakaryocytes.
d. oocytes.
A
The steps, or rungs, of the DNA ladder-like structure consist of complementary chemicals that are
a. acetic acids.
b. fatty acids.
c. pairs of nitrogenous bases.
d. sugar-phosphate compounds.
C
Which of the following are compounds called purines?
1. Adenine and cytosine
2. Adenine and guanine
3. Adenine and thymine
a. 1 only
b. 2 only
c. 3 only
d. 1, 2, and 3
B
The much smaller structures that make up nucleic acids are called
a. carbohydrates.
b. fatty acids.
c. nucleotides.
d. polysaccharides.
C
Which of the following serves as a prototype for messenger RNA (mRNA)?
a. Deoxyribonucleic acid
(DNA)
b. Nitric acid (HNO3)
c. Potassium (K) and sodium (Na)
d. Transfer RNA (tRNA)
A
The cell components that contain the centrioles are the
a. centrosomes.
b. Golgi apparatus and mitochondria.
c. lysosomes.
d. ribosomes
A
What do the highly organized enzymes in the inner membranes of the mitochondria break down?
1. Carbohydrates
2. Fats
3. Proteins
a. 1 only
b. 2 only
c. 3 only
d. 1, 2, and 3
D
During which of the following subphases of mitosis do the centrioles
migrate to opposite sides of the cell and begin to regulate the
formation of the mitotic spindle?
a. Anaphase
b. Metaphase
c. Prophase
d. Telophase
C
In the human body mineral salts are necessary for
1. proper cell function.
2. creation of energy.
3. conduction of impulses along nerves.
a. 1 and 2 only
b. 1 and 3 only
c. 2 and 3 only
d. 1, 2, and 3
D
Which of the following cause an increase in cellular activity that in turn causes
biochemical reactions to occur more rapidly to meet the needs of the cell in stressful situations?
a. Acetic acids
D. Enzymes
c. Hormones
d. Nucleic acids
B
How many different amino acids are involved in protein synthesis in humans?
a. 7
b. 15
c. 22
d. 39
C
A nucleotide is formed from a nitrogen-containing organic base, a molecule, and a phosphate molecule.
a. three-carbon sugar
b. five-carbon sugar
c. seven-carbon sugar
d. nine-carbon sugar
B
Cytosine bonds only with
a. adenine.
b. guanine.
c. nitrogen.
d. thymine.
B
Which of the following are major tasks of the cytoplasm?
1. Accepts and builds up unrefined materials and assembles from these materials new substances such as carbohydrates, lipids, and
proteins.
2. Breaks down organic materials to produce energy.
3. Packages substances for distribution to other areas of the cell or to various sites in the body through the circulation.
4. Eliminates waste products.
a. 1, 2, and 3 only
b. 1, 3, and 4 only
c. 2, 3, and 4 only
d. 1, 2, 3, and 4
D
Which of the following is/are considered to be acellular
tissue?
a. Bone
b. Fat
c. Muscle
d. Hair and nails
D
Adenine bonds only with
a. cytosine.
b. guanine.
c. hydrogen.
d. thymine.
D
What should the constant core temperature of the human body be?
a. 28° C
b. 37° C
C. 43° C
d. 57° C
B
Lysosomes are sometimes referred to as “suicide bags,”
because the enzymes they contain can break down and digest not only proteins and certain carbohydrates but also the cell itself should the lysosome’s surrounding membrane rupture. Exposure to
radiation may induce such a rupture. When this occurs what will happen to the cell?
a. It will multiply spontaneously.
b. It will divide very rapidly.
c. It is likely to die.
d. There will not be any effect on the cell.
C
What is any chemical reaction in which atoms lose electrons called?
a. Synthesis
b. Oxidation
c. Osmosis
d. Metabolism
B
During mitosis, which phase of the cellular life cycle is the actual DNA synthesis period?
a. Gl
b. G2
c. M
d. S
D
During what phase of mitosis are the centromeres severed followed by the sister chromatids moving apart and are then subsequently pulled toward opposite poles of the mitotic spindle?
a. Prophase
b. Metaphase
c. Anaphase
d. Telophase
C
What is a highly coiled strand that is one of two duplicated portions of DNA in a
replicated chromosome that appears during cell division identified as?
a. A centrosome
b. A centromere
c. A chromatid
d. A curl
C
Fraternal twins may also be referred to as
a. dizygotic twins.
b. monozygotic twins.
c. polyzygotic twins.
d. trizygotic twins.
A
A biologic reaction is
produced by 4 Gyt of a test radiation. It takes 16 Gyt of
250-kVp x-rays to produce the same biologic
reaction. What is the relative biologic effectiveness (RBE)
of the test radiation?
a. 2
b. 4
C. 8
d. 12
B
Which of the following is/are considered low-LET radiation(s)?
1. X-rays
2. Alpha particles
3. Gamma rays
a. 1 only
b. 2 only
c. 1 and 3 only
d. 2 and 3 only
C
The radiation dose required to produce mitotic death is
a. less than the dose needed to produce apoptosis in slowly dividing cells or nondividing cells.
b. more than the dose needed to produce apoptosis in slowly dividing cells or
nondividing cells.
c. the same as the dose needed to produce apoptosis in slowly dividing cells or
nondividing cells.
d. nonexistent because mitotic death cannot be produced in slowly dividing cells or nondividing cells as a result of exposure to ionizing
radiation.
A
Because the genetic
information to be passed on to future generations is contained in the strict sequence of nitrogenous bases, the
loss or change of a base in the DNA chain represents a (an)
a. aneuploidy.
b. bleb.
c. covalent cross-link.
d. mutation.
D
Because the master molecule is unique in any given cell, no similar molecules in the cell are available to replace it; if a critical
location on the master molecule is a target receiving multiple hits from ionizing radiation, the master molecule may be inactivated.
If this occurs, what is the consequence for the affected cell?
a. Loss of all intracellular fluid
b. Increased pressure on the cell membrane leading to immediate rupture
c. Disruption of cell
d. Normal cell function will cease, and the cell will die.
D
Which of the following curves illustrates the radiation sensitivity of a particular type of cell?
a. Cell specialization curve
b. Cell extrapolation curve
c. Dose-response curve
d. Cell survival curve
D
Which of the following groups of cells is least radiosensitive?
a. Adult nerve cells
b. Nerve cells in an embryo-fetus
c. Lymphocytes
d. Immature spermatogonia
A
ОН + ОН =
a. H20
b. HOH+
с. HOH-
d. H202
D
Which of the following humans is most radiosensitive?
a. A mature adult
b. An embryo-fetus during the first trimester of
pregnancy
c. A fetus during the third trimester of gestation
d. A 5-year-old child
B
When free radicals previously produced by the interaction of radiation with water molecules act on a molecule such as DNA, the damaging action of ionizing radiation is indirect in the
sense that the radiation is not the immediate cause of injury to the
macromolecule. What is the immediate cause of this damage?
a. Excitation of the atoms of the biologic macromolecules
b. Enzymes released from biologic macromolecules
c. The recombining of a positively charged water molecule with an electron
d. The free radicals produced by the interaction of radiation with water molecules
D
The normal white blood cell count for an adult ranges from
a. 1000 to 5000/mm3 of blood.
b. 3000 to 6000/mm3 of blood.
c. 5000 to 10,000/mm3 of blood.
d. 7000 to 15,000/mm3 of blood.
C
One micron (um) = _
a. 10-6 m
b. 10+6 m
c. 10-3 m
d. 10+3 m
A
A periodic blood count is not recommended as a method for monitoring occupational radiation exposure because
1. biologic damage from ionizing radiation cannot be determined from a blood test.
2. biologic damage has already been sustained when an irregularity is seen in the blood count.
3. a traditional blood count is a relatively insensitive test that is unable to indicate exposures of less than 10 cGy.
a. 1 only
b. 2 only
c. 3 only
d. 2 and 3 only
D
Based on current data, which of the following would be considered a safe radiation dose for the gonads of both males and females?
a. 5 Gyt
b. 3 Gyt
c. 1 Gyt
d. 0 Gyt
D
Which of the following statements is true concerning patients who receive radiation exposure from a routine radiographic procedure such as a chest x-ray?
a. Patients are expected to sustain appreciable damage to either the blood or the blood-forming organs as a consequence of the examination.
b. Patients are not expected to sustain appreciable damage to either the blood or the
blood-forming organs as a consequence of the examination. c. Patients are expected to sustain some damage to either the blood or the blood-forming organs as a consequence of the examination.
d. Patients are expected to sustain total damage to either the blood or the blood-forming organs as a consequence of the examination, resulting in fatality
B
The term apoptosis is synonymous with
a. programmed cell death.
b. meiosis.
c. mitosis.
d. point mutation.
A
Which of the following gonadal radiation doses may cause permanent sterility in a male human?
a. 0.01 Gyt
b. 1.0 Gyt
c. 2.0 Gyt
d. 5.0 or 6.0 Gyt
D
Which of the following groups of cells is most radiosensitive?
a. Lymphocytes
b. Adult nerve cells
c. Erythrocytes
d. Muscle cells
A
Direct action may occur after exposure to any type of radiation, but it is much more likely to happen after exposure to
a. low-LET radiation such as
x-rays.
b. low-LET radiation such as gamma rays.
c. high-LET radiation such as alpha particles.
d. nonionizing radiation such as microwaves.
C
When LET increases, the chance of producing a significant biologic response in the radiosensitive DNA macromolecule
a. grows.
b. decreases considerably.
c. decreases slightly.
d. remains constant, not increasing or decreasing.
A
Neutrophils play an important role in
a. initiating the circulation of blood through the human body.
b. initiating blood clotting.
c. fighting infection.
d. preventing hemorrhage.
C
The radiosensitivity of ova
a. remains constant throughout the lifetime of the germ cell.
b. varies considerably throughout the lifetime of the germ cell.
c. varies slightly throughout the lifetime of the germ cell.
d. is insignificant because the germ cell is not radiosensitive.
B
Which of the following tissues contain cells that do not divide?
1. Epithelial tissue
2. Muscle tissue
- Nervous tissue in an adult
a. 1 and 2 only
b. 1 and 3 only
c. 2 and 3 only
d. 1, 2, and 3
C
Which of the following is a scavenger type of white blood cell that fights bacteria?
a. Granulocytes
b. Lymphocytes
c. Neutrophils
d. Thrombocytes
A
If bone marrow cells have not been destroyed by exposure to ionizing radiation, they can
a. become insensitive to future exposures from ionizing radiation.
b. overpopulate and become radioresistant.
c. remain in circulating blood indefinitely.
d. repopulate after a period of recovery.
D
If a person receives radiation exposure sufficient to cause the gastrointestinal syndrome, fatality occurs primarily because of
a. convulsive seizures.
b. catastrophic damage to the epithelial cells that line the gastrointestinal track, resulting in the death of the exposed person within 3 to 5 days from a combination of infection, fluid loss, and electrolytic imbalance.
c. edema in the cranial vault.
d. meningitis.
B
For persons with
hematopoietic syndrome, survival time shortens as the
radiation dose
a. decreases.
b. increases.
c. remains the same.
d. there is no survival time for persons with the hematopoietic syndrome.
B
Which of the following is not a form of acute radiation
syndrome?
a. Carcinogenic syndrome
b. Hematopoietic syndrome
c. Gastrointestinal syndrome
d. Cerebrovascular syndrome
A
The term LD 50/30 signifies the whole-body dose of radiation that can be lethal to
a. 50% of the exposed population in 30 days.
b. 30% of the exposed population in 50 days.
c. 50% of the exposed population in 50 days.
d. 30% of the exposed population in 30 days.
A
Some local tissues suffer immediate consequences from high radiation doses.
Examples of such tissues include
1. bone marrow.
2. male and female reproductive organs.
3. skin.
a. 1 and 2 only
b. 1 and 3 only
c. 2 and 3 only
d. 1, 2, and 3
D
Atrophy refers to
a. aging of the skin from radiation exposure.
b. shrinkage of organs and tissues after a high radiation dose is received.
c. necrosis of the
hypodermis from radiation exposure.
d. wrinkling of the skin from radiation exposure.
B
What determines the rate of production of chromosome aberrations?
1. The total radiation dose given to a somatic cell
2. The total radiation given to a genetic cell
3. The period of time in which radiation dose was delivered
a. 1, and 2 only
b. 1, and 3 only
c. 2 and 3 only
d. 1, 2, and 3
D
In females the oogonia, the ovarian stem cells
a. divide and reduce in number only during fetal development.
b. multiply to millions of cells only during fetal development.
c. are not present during fetal life.
d. are present only in very small numbers during fetal life.
B
The correct order of development for the female germ cell from the stem cell phase to the mature cell is
a. ovum, mature follicle, corpus luteum, primordial follicle.
b. corpus luteum, primordial follicle, mature follicle, ovum.
c. primordial follicle, ovum, corpus luteum, mature follicle.
d. primordial follicle, mature follicle, corpus luteum, ovum.
D
Which of the following are classified as early tissue reactions of ionizing radiation?
a. Erythema, cataract formation, and cancer
b. Nausea, epilation, and intestinal disorders
c. Male and female sterility, embryologic defects, and cancer
d. Blood disorders, fever, and genetic effects
B
The prodromal stage of acute radiation syndrome is actually the
a. initial stage.
b. latent period.
c. manifest illness period.
d. recovery period.
A
Research has shown that repeated radiation injuries have a
a. cumulative effect.
b. quadratic effect.
c. sigmoidal effect.
d. threshold effect.
A
The hematopoietic form of acute radiation syndrome is
also called the
a. Auger syndrome.
b. bone marrow syndrome.
c. cerebrovascular syndrome.
d. cytogenetic syndrome.
B
Organ and tissue response to radiation exposure
depends on factors such as
1. radiosensitivity.
2. reproductive characteristics.
D
- growth rate.
a. 1 and 2 only
b. 1 and 3 only
c. 2 and 3 only
d. 1, 2, and 3
D
A term that is synonymous with epilation is
a. alopecia.
b. atrophy.
c. desquamation.
d. radiodermatitis.
A
A single absorbed dose of 2
Gyt can cause a radiation-induced skin erythema within
a. 1 hour after irradiation.
b. 6 hours after irradiation.
c. 12 hours after irradiation.
d. 24 to 48 hours after irradiation.
D
In 1898, after sustaining severe burns attributed to
radiation exposure, this Boston dentist began investigating the hazards of radiation exposure and became the first known determined advocate of radiation protection
a. Marie Curie.
b. Clarence Madison Dally.
c. Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen.
d. William Herbert Rollins.
D
The correct order of development of the male germ cell from the stem cell phase to the mature cell is
a. spermatogonia, spermatocyte, spermatid, sperm.
b. spermatocyte, spermatogonia, spermatid, sperm.
c. spermatid, spermatogonia, spermatocyte, sperm.
d. sperm, spermatid, spermatogonia, spermatocyte.
A
Attempts have been made to measure chromosome aberrations after diagnostic x-ray imaging procedures
a. and these studies have been very successful in measuring the number of chromosome aberrations that occurred.
b. but successful results have not been achieved in these studies.
c. but these studies have only been moderately successful in measuring the
number
of chromosome aberrations that occurred.
d. these studies have only been minimally successful in measuring the number of chromosome aberrations
that occurred.
B
During cardiovascular or other therapeutic interventional procedures
that use high-level fluoroscopy for extended periods, the
effects of ionizing radiation on the skin are
a. nonexistent.
b. minimal.
c. moderate.
d. significant.
D
Moist and dry desquamation can be caused by
a. high radiation doses.
b. low radiation doses.
c. radiation doses received during routine diagnostic imaging procedures.
d. radiation dose received during annual testing of diagnostic imaging equipment.
A
Early tissue reactions are
a. common in diagnostic imaging.
b. not common in diagnostic imaging.
c. a result of irradiation of acellular tissue.
d. a result of grenz rays in a diagnostic x-ray beam.
B
Data from epidemiologic studies of human populations exposed to doses of ionizing radiation sufficient to cause this syndrome
have been obtained from
1. atomic bomb survivors of Hiroshima and Nagasaki.
2. Marshall Islanders who were inadvertently subjected to high levels of fallout during an atomic bomb test in 1954.
3. nuclear radiation accident victims, such as those injured in the 1986 Chernobyl disaster.
4. patients who have undergone radiation therapy.
a. 1, 2, and 3 only
b. 1, 3, and 4 only
c. 2, 3, and 4 only
d. 1, 2, 3, and 4
D
Grenz rays were once used to treat and successfully cure
a. acute radiation syndrome.
b. cancer.
c. lupus disease.
d. skin diseases such as ringworm.
D
During the major response stages of acute radiation syndrome after the prodromal stage, the period when symptoms that affect the
hematopoietic, gastrointestinal, and cerebrovascular systems become visible, is called
a. the latent period.
b. manifest illness.
c. the cytogenic syndrome.
d. recovery.
B
Radiation-induced cataracts in humans follow a ______ dose-response relationship.
a. nonthreshold, nonlinear
b. nonthreshold, linear
c. threshold, linear
d. threshold, nonlinear
D
Among the atomic bomb survivors, the number of leukemia victims has _______________ since the late 1940s and early 1950s.
However, the occurrence rates of other radiation-induced malignancies have continued to ___________since the late 1950s and
early 1960s.
a. slowly declined; escalate
b. increased rapidly; decrease
c. increased slowly; decrease
d. rapidly declined; decrease
A
To assess the magnitude and severity of late effects on the exposed population from the 1986 nuclear power station accident at
Chernobyl
a. follow-up is not necessary because the radiation received by the entire exposed
population was fatal.
b. minimal follow-up is only necessary because the exposed population did not
receive sufficient radiation exposure to cause severe late effects.
c. short-term follow-up studies are necessary.
d. long-term follow-up studies are necessary.
D
Which of the following late effects caused by exposure to ionizing radiation is considered to be most important?
a. Cataract formation
b. Embryologic or birth defects
c. Cancer
d. None; all are considered to be of equal importance.
C
The human body can incorporate radium into bone because it is chemically similar to
a. calcium.
b. potassium.
c. phosphorus.
d. sodium.
A
During the 1950s and 1960s, the Navajo people of Arizona and New Mexico who mined uranium for fuel for nuclear weapons and
power plants developed lung cancer years after their exposure. This provides an example of which of the following?
a. Early tissue reactions
b. Late stochastic effects
c. Late tissue reactions
d. Late genetic effects
B
In general, laboratory experiments with mice prove that cataracts may be induced with doses of ionizing radiation as low as
a. 0.1 Gyt.
b. 0.01 Gyt.
c. 0.5 Gyt.
d. 0.05 Gyt.
A
In which of the following human populations is the risk for causing a radiation-induced cancer not directly measurable?
1. All patients in diagnostic radiology subjected to a radiation dose below 0.1 Sv
2. Chernobyl radiation accident victims living in contaminated villages
3. Atomic bomb survivors
a. 1 only
b. 2 only
c. 3 only
d. 2 and 3 only
A
Mutations in genes and DNA that occur at random as natural phenomena are called
a. carcinogenic mutations.
b. sporadic mutations.
c. spontaneous mutations.
d. stochastic mutations.
C
Existing data on radiation-induced genetic effects in humans
a. prove conclusively that radiation causes major genetic effects.
b. prove conclusively that radiation causes only minor genetic effects.
c. are both contradictory and inconclusive.
d. prove conclusively that radiation does not cause genetic effects
C
When a prediction is made that the number of excess cancers rises as the natural incidence of cancer increases with advancing age
in the population, the risk is considered to be
a. absolute.
b. excess.
c. quadratic.
d. relative.
D
What is the mean value of the radiation doubling equivalent dose for humans, as determined from studies of the children of the
atomic bomb survivors of Hiroshima and Nagasaki?
a. 1.00 Sv
b. 1.56 Sv
c. 3.00 Sv
d. 5.67 Sv
B
Genetic effects from exposure to ionizing radiation occur as a result of radiation-induced damage to the DNA molecule in which of
the following?
1. Sperm of a man
2. Ova of a woman
3. Somatic cells of men and women
a. 1 only
b. 2 only
c. 3 only
d. 1 and 2 only
D
What do agents such as specific chemicals, viruses, and ionizing radiation have in common?
a. Nothing
b. They can increase the frequency of mutations in only those members of the
population who are already genetically impaired.
c. They are all mutagens that may increase the frequency of mutations.
d. They always cause spontaneous abortions during the first trimester of pregnancy.
C
Which of the following are sources of low-level radiation exposure?
1. X-rays and radioactive materials used for diagnostic purposes.
2. Employment-related exposure in medicine and industry.
3. Natural background radiation.
a. 1 and 2 only
b. 1 and 3 only
c. 2 and 3 only
d. 1, 2, and 3
D
During the preimplantation stage of development, the fertilized ovum divides and forms a ball-like structure containing
undifferentiated cells. If this structure is irradiated with a dose in the range of 0.05 to 0.15 Gyt which of the following will result?
a. Congenital abnormalities
b. Delayed bone growth
c. Embryonic death
d. Microcephaly
C
After the Chernobyl disaster in 1986, an attempt was made to prevent thyroid cancer in Poland and some other countries, resulting
from the accidental overdose of iodine-131. _______________ was administered to children as a substitute to block the gland’s
uptake of iodine-131.
a. Potassium bromide
b. Sodium chloride
c. Sodium bicarbonate
d. Potassium iodide
D
Epidemiologic studies are of significant value to radiobiologists who use the information from these studies to formulate
dose-response curves for making predictions of the risk of ____________ in human populations exposed to low levels of ionizing
radiation.
a. cancer
b. cataract formation
c. genetic effects
d. spontaneous abortions
A
Mutations in genes and DNA that occur at random as natural phenomena are called
a. carcinogenic mutations.
b. sporadic mutations.
c. spontaneous mutations.
d. stochastic mutations.
C
udies are of significant value to radiobiologists who use the information from these studies to formulate
dose-response curves for making predictions of the risk of ____________ in human populations exposed to low levels of ionizing
radiation.
a. cancer
b. cataract formation
c. genetic effects
d. spontaneous abortions
A
Radiation-induced abnormalities are caused by unrepaired damage to
a. all stem cells in the human body.
b. DNA molecules in the sperm or ova of an adult.
c. epithelial cells in the human body.
d. somatic cells in the human body.
B
Some mutations in genetic material occur spontaneously, without a known cause. In humans, a hereditary disorder is present in
approximately _________ of all live births in the United States.
a. 10%
b. 20%
c. 25%
d. 30%
A
Currently, evidence of radiation-induced hereditary effects has not been observed in persons employed in diagnostic imaging or in
persons undergoing radiologic examinations. Even with this information, it is still recommended that
1. gonadal shielding be effectively used.
2. all radiation exposure be maintained as low as reasonably achievable (ALARA).
3. alternative procedures be substituted for x-ray procedures whenever diagnostic information must be obtained.
a. 1 only
b. 2 only
c. 1 and 2 only
d. 3 only
C
Radium decays with a half-life of
a. 8 days.
b. 50 years.
c. 500 years.
d. 1622 years
D
The term linear nonthreshold relationship implies that the biologic response to ionizing radiation is
a. directly proportional to the dose all the way down to levels approaching zero.
b. inversely proportional to the dose all the way down to levels approaching zero.
c. directly proportional to the square of the dose all the way down to levels
approaching zero.
d. inversely proportional to the square of the dose all the way down to levels
approaching zero.
A
Genetic mutations at the molecular level are called
a. chromatid mutations.
b. chromosome mutations.
c. molecular mutations.
d. point mutations
D
Studies showed that postpartum patients treated with ionizing radiation for relief of mastitis are a group of individuals in whom the
results of radiation exposure to healthy breast tissue via scattered radiation indicate that radiation
a. can cause breast cancer.
b. cannot cause breast cancer.
c. can cause breast enlargement.
d. can cause breast shrinkage
A
