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Watershed > Quiz 6+7 > Flashcards

Quiz 6+7 Flashcards

1
Q

Infiltration

A

Process in which water enters soils

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2
Q

Percolation/drainage

A

Downward movement of water within soil after infiltration

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3
Q

What does high Bulk Density do to infiltration

A

Higher BD = less infiltration

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4
Q

Bulk density

A

Ratio of mass of soil to total volume

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5
Q

Porosity

A

Ratio of volume of pore space to total volume

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6
Q

Volumetric water content

A

Volume water to total volume

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7
Q

Finer soil affects on water movement

A

Finer soils have more porosity but less infiltration

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8
Q

Gravity

A

Dominant force on movement of water through large pores

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9
Q

Capillary action

A

Dominant force moving water into finer pores

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10
Q

Capillarity

A

Flow of water through porous mediums due to combined forces of surface tension (cohesion) and absorption (adhesion)

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11
Q

Small pores ____ first while large pores ______ first

A

1.)Fill
2.)drain

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12
Q

Small pores

A

Fill first (high suction) large pores fill last (low suction)
Final infiltration capacity controlled by largest pores

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13
Q

Finer soil hydraulic conductivity

A

Lower rates of hydraulic conducity in finer soils

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14
Q

Variable that describes deep drainage and water movement rates

A

Hydraulic conductivity

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15
Q

Vegetation effects on infiltration

A

Increases infiltration because they decrease bulk density by adding macro pores

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16
Q

Infiltration capacity

A

Highest rates of infiltration is at the beginning of rain storm

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17
Q

Fo

A

Initial infiltration capacity
-max infiltration capacity
-capillary action more prominent than gravity

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18
Q

Fc

A

Final constant infiltration capacity
- max rate in which water can enter souk under saturated conditions

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19
Q

Infiltration capacity

A

Max rate at which water can enter soil under continually flooded conditions.

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20
Q

Infiltration rate

A

Actual rate at which water enters the soil.

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21
Q

Vadose zone

A

Adhesion holds h20 here
-the unsaturated portion of the subsurface above the ground water table
-represents a critical storage reservoir, source of water for ground water
- unsaturated water/flow (matric potential and gravitational)

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22
Q

Hydroscopic water

A

(Wilting point)
Remaining h20 adheres to soil particles and is unavailable to plants
Lowest matric potential

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23
Q

Capillary water

A

Waterheld in micropores
(Available water)
Middle matric potential

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24
Q

Gravitational water

A

Drains out root zone
(Field capacity)
Highest matric potential

25
Q

Matric potential

A

-the portion of water potential related to forces holding water in the soil matrix
-a measure of the soil water availability to plants and the mobility of water

26
Q

Saturation

A

When all soil pores are filled with water

27
Q

Field capacity

A

Soil water held in soil after excess water has drained away

28
Q

Turgorloss point (Wilting point)

A

Min amount of water in the soil the plant required not to wilt. If water drops below this point a plant wilts and can no longer recover its turbidity.

29
Q

Plant available water

A

Water held between field capacity and Wilting point

30
Q

Infiltration factors

A
  • texture and porosity
    -biological activity
    -duff thickness
    -soil temperature
    -quality of water
31
Q

Water repellency

A

-can happen naturally in forest soils
-water fires cause this by activating molecules

32
Q

More OM and more CLAY

A

Makes soil more water repellent

33
Q

Soil moisture content

A
  • lower infiltration rates in wet soils
34
Q

Overland flow in PNW

A

RARE

35
Q

Mitigation of impacts

A

-low impact tires
-designated trails
-tillage or scarification
-slash on ground or frozen ground

36
Q

Ground water

A

-ground water is NOT water that simply exist in the subsurface
- ground water is water that occurs within the zone of saturation beneath earth’s surface
-almost all ground water is meteoric(from the atmosphere)

37
Q

Water table (phrearic surface)

A

Ground space where pores are completely saturated with water
Phreatic zone = saturated storage/flow

38
Q

Phreatic zone movement

A

Driven by pressure potential and gravitational
-pressure = amount
-gravitational = position

39
Q

Recharge

A

-water percolating downward from land surface to ground water
- common in areas of course soils
-net saturated ground water flow is AWAY from the water table

40
Q

Discharge

A

-flow of ground water from the subsurface to the surface.
-net saturated groundwater flow directed toward the water table

41
Q

Local flow

A

Recharge area (topographic high) and discharge area (topographic low) directly adjacent to each other

42
Q

Intermediate

A

One or more topographic highs/lows between recharge and discharge areas

43
Q

Regional

A

Recharge area at major regional topographic high and discharge at major regional topographic low

44
Q

Aquifer

A

Saturated permeable geologic unit that can transmit significant quantities of water under ordinary hydraulic gradients
-water table defines upper boundary
-upper boundary fluctuate
-recharhe primarily from vertically percolating water

45
Q

Aquitard

A

Saturated geological unit permeable enough to transmit water significant to regional groundwater systems, but not sufficient to production wells

46
Q

Aquiclude

A

Saturated geological unit NOT capable of transmitting significant quantities of water under ordinary hydraulic gradients

47
Q

Confined aquifer

A

Aquifer bounded above and below by confining layers or layers with significantly lower hydraulic conductivity
-boundary of flow doesn’t change with time

48
Q

Artesian aquifer

A

-piezoelectric surface above top of confined aquifer
-artesian conditions = ground in a continued aquifer is under positive pressure

49
Q

Flowing artesian aquifer

A

-if piezoelectric surface above ground water h20 flows
-primary control is topography

50
Q

Saturated groundwater flow

A

Total = gravitational potential (pressure potential)

51
Q

Hydraulic head

A

-Overall potential energy at a given site expressed as a depth
-sum of the forces of gravity and pore pressure
-determined based on the elevation to which water rises in a piezometer

52
Q

Darcys law

A

-higher water column = greater volumetric flow rate
-volumetric flow rate in saturated conditions is inversely proportional to length the water has to travel

53
Q

Saturated hydraulic conductivity

A

-determined by the properties of the medium and the fluid
-significant Spatial variability
-most variability due to grain size and configuration

54
Q

Make of aquifers and aquitards

A

Aquifers=gravel, sand, silty sand
Aquitards=clay, unfractured basalt, glacial till

55
Q

Hyporheic zone

A

-saturatwd sediments beneath a stream bed, extending laterally beneath the banks
-the sub surface zone where water is exchanged between surface and ground water

56
Q

Effluent gaining streams

A

Stream that gains water from ground water discharge
-most permanent perennial
-lots if hyperic exchange

57
Q

Influent closing streams

A

-stream in a recharge zone
-turn off and on throughout the year

58
Q

Hydraulic head equations

A

=elevation + pressure head (the two lengths given)
Hydraulic gradient = change in Hydraulic head / L(elevation - elevation)

Watershed (6 decks)

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