Quiz 6 Flashcards
What are the two main branches of the immune system?
Innate & Adaptive
How is the innate immune system activated?
Directly by pathogens
What is the first line of defense in the immune system?
Innate immune system
What do pathogens have to be detected by for the immune system to fight them off?
Immune system
What are Pathogen-Associated Molecular Patterns (PAMPs)?
Microbial molecules not present in host tissue
What are Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRRs)?
Receptors that detect PAMPs
Name one type of transmembrane PRR.
Toll-like receptors (TLRs)
What is the role of pro-inflammatory cytokines?
To signal and induce immune responses
What is an inflammasome?
Cytoplasmic NLRs complexed with adaptor proteins and caspases
What do macrophages do upon recognizing PAMPs?
Secrete pro-inflammatory signal molecules
What type of cells are neutrophils?
Short-lived phagocytes abundant in blood
What activates the complement system?
Secreted PRR (mannose-binding lectin)
What are the three distinct activation pathways of the complement system?
Classical, Lectin, Alternative
What do late complement components form?
Membrane attack complexes
What do natural killer (NK) cells induce in virus-infected cells?
Apoptosis
What do dendritic cells do after phagocytosing pathogens?
Present peptide-MHC complex to T-cells
What is the primary function of B cells in the adaptive immune system?
Secrete antibodies
What is an antigen?
Substance that stimulates a B or T cell response
Where do lymphocytes arise from?
Hematopoietic stem cells
What is immunological memory?
Lifelong immunity to infectious disease after initial exposure
What is clonal expansion?
Proliferation of lymphocytes after activation
What happens during a secondary immune response?
Shorter lag period and greater response
Fill in the blank: B cells develop in the _______ and T cells develop in the _______.
Bone marrow; Thymus
True or False: Only vertebrates have adaptive immune systems.
True
What do Type I interferons do?
Block viral replication and activate other cytokines
What type of receptors do NK cells have that help them recognize infected cells?
Inhibitory and activating receptors
