Quiz 5 SG Flashcards
The six layers of laminar organization of the neo cortex, in order, are:
1) __________
2) outer _________
3) outer __________
4) inner __________
5) inner __________
6) __________
The six layers of laminar organization of the neo cortex, in order, are:
1) molecular
2) outer granular
3) outer pyramidal
4) inner granule
5) inner pyramidal
6) multiform
__________ is the AP’s of one or a few pre-synaptic neurons that trigger multiple post-synaptic neurons. Found in cerebellum and are common in cortical cells
___________ is where multiple synapses occur on one post-synaptic dendrite
___________ __________ is when two axonic synapses are in sequence and an inhibitory effect occur on the postsynaptic membrane on the third axon.
Divergence is the AP’s of one or a few pre-synaptic neurons that trigger multiple post-synaptic neurons. Found in cerebellum and are common in cortica cells
Convergence is where multiple synapses occur on one post-synaptic dendrite
Presynaptic inhibition is when two axonic synapses are in sequence and an inhibitory effect occure on the postsynaptic membrane on the third axon.
Two kinds of summation may occur in convergence:
__________ __________, where the effect of the neurotransmitter _____ be enhanced. Possibilities include all synapses become excitatory which strengthen the signal, or excitatory and inhibitory signals cancel eachother out.
__________ ___________, where varied sites of synapse along the dendritic surface of a neuron causes responses to rise in different parts of the neuron
Two kinds of summation may occur in convergence:
Temporal summation, where the effect of the neurotransmitter may be enhanced. Possibilities include all synapses become excitatory which strengthen the signal, or excitatory and inhibitory signals cancel eachother out.
Spatial summation, where varied sites of synapse along the dendritic surface of a neuron causes responses to rise in different parts of the neuron
The smallest functional unit within the dendritic tree is the dendritic _______.
A typical _________ neuron is divided into two parts, ________ and _______ dendritic trees. Found in the ___________, basal ganglia, and the ________
The smallest functional unit within the dendritic tree is the dendritic spine.
A typical cortical neuron is divided into two parts, apical and basal dendritic trees. Found in the cerebellum, basal ganglia, and the cortex
A human brain has about ____ billion ________ and ___ trillion _________
A human brain has about 100 billion neurons and 60 trillion synapses
PDP, or _________ _________ _________ (neural network theory) tells us that circuits of neurons work thru joint interaction with millions of other neurons. The two kinds of networks are _____-associator and ________-associator. These networks work in parallel so that information processed is thought to be stored in the multitude of ___________ rather than the ________ themselves. Thus, a loss in one component results in reduced ability, not a complete inability to process.
The reduction in performance of this system is called _________ ___________
PDP, or Parallel distributed processing (neural network theory) tells us that circuits of neurons work thru joint interaction with millions of other neurons. The two kinds of networks are auto-associator and pattern-associator. These networks work in parallel so that information processed is thought to be stored in the multitude of connections rather than the neurons themselves. Thus, a loss in one component results in reduced ability, not a complete inability to process.
The reduction in perforance of this system is called graceful degredation
The limitations of the __________ model of language include certain features of aphasic syndromes are __________, aphasic cases sometimes occur that aren’t predicted by the model, and sometimes expected __________ do not appear when an adequate lesion exists.
The limitations of the Geschwind model of language include certain features of aphasic syndromes are unexplained, aphasic cases sometimes occur that aren’t predicted by the model, and sometimes expected symptoms do not appear when an adequate lesion exists.
An _________ stroke can eaither be caused by a _________ (stationary collection of fat and blood blocking the artery) or an __________ (blood clot contaning arterial debris that travels and gets stuck)
A ____________ stroke is when blood leaks out of a vessel damaging or killing brain tissue.
An ischemic stroke can eaither be caused by a thrombus (stationary collection of fat and blood blocking the artery) or an embolism (blood clot contaning arterial debris that travels and gets stuck)
A hemmorrhagic stroke is when blood leaks out of a vessel damaging or killing brain tissue.
_________ are abnormal masses of tissue. A ________ is a general name for a tumor arising from the supportive tissues of the brain. Most common are _____cytomas, ependymomas, ________glimoas, and _________ astrocytomas. ________ tumors do not spread, __________ tumors are graded 1-4, indicating its tendency to spread.
Neoplasms are abnormal masses of tissue. A glioma is a general name for a tumor arising from the supportive tissues of the brain. Most common are astrocytomas, ependymomas, oligodendroglimoas, and fibrillary astrocytomas. Benign tumors do not spread, malignant tumors are graded 1-4, indicating its tendency to spread.
Aphasia is an impairment due to acquired and recent damage of the ____, of the ability to comprehend and formulate _________. It is a __________ disorder represented by a variety of impairments in _________ comprehension, reading, oral-_________ language, and writing. The disrupted language may be influenced by __________ inefficiency or impaired _________, but it cannot be explained by _________, sensory loss or _______ dysfunction
Aphasia in an impairment due to acquired and recent damage of the CNS, of the ability to comprehend and formulate language. It is a multimodality disorder represented by a variety of impairments in auditory comprehension, reading, oral-expressive language, and writing. The disrupted language may be influenced by physiological inefficiency or impaired cognition, but it cannot be explained by dementia, sensory loss or motor dysfunction
The four language modalities are __________, __________, _________, and _________.
The four language modalities are speaking, understanding, reading, and writing.
Dichotomous classification of aphasia is composed of expressive aphasia, associated with _________ lesions and receptive aphasia, associated with _________ lesions.
Ie; Motor aphasia has an anterior cortical pathology in the _________ lobe and sensory aphasia has an posterior lesion in the _________ lobe
Dichotomous classification of aphasia is composed of expressive aphasia, associated with anterior lesions and receptive aphasia, associated with posterior lesions.
Ie; Motor aphasia has an anterior cortical pathology in the frontal lobe and sensory aphasia has an posterior lesion in the temporal lobe
Aphasia Syndromes
Non-fluent
________
Transcortical _______
Global
_______ nonfluent
Fluent
Wernicke’s
Transcortical _________
_________
Anomic
___________ aphasias (borderline fluent)
Aphasia Syndromes
Non-fluent
Broca’s
Transcortical motor
Global
Mixed nonfluent
Fluent
Wernicke’s
Transcortical sensory
Conduction
Anomic
Subcortical aphasias (borderline fluent)
Aphasic errors
Paraphasias:
Literal or _________ – sound errors, sound transpositions in words (shooshbruss for toothbrush)
Verbal or _________ – semantically related word is substituted (e.g., fork for spoon)
_________ paraphasias – substituted word has no clear relationship to target (e.g., car for hat)
__________ –repetitive use of words. words are involuntarily and are incorrect for target
_________ - inability and/or impairment of ability to retrieve words.
___________ – intentionally speaking around the target word due to inability to retrieve word; common behavior in context of anomia
Aphasic errors
Paraphasias:
Literal or phonemic – sound errors, sound transpositions in words (shooshbruss for toothbrush)
Verbal or semantic – semantically related word is substituted (e.g., fork for spoon)
Unrelated paraphasias – substituted word has no clear relationship to target (e.g., car for hat)
Perseveration –repetitive use of words. words are involuntarily and are incorrect for target
Anomia - inability and/or impairment of ability to retrieve words.
Circumlocution – intentionally speaking around the target word due to inability to retrieve word; common behavior in context of anomia
Agrammatism (assoc. w/nonfluent)
use of mostly __________ words (e.g. nouns)
short phrases, e.g. “telegraphic utterances”
__________ words omitted;
selective impairment of ability to retrieve and use _______ as opposed to nouns
Paragrammatism (assoc. w/fluent)
grammatical errors such as wrong _______ markers and misuse of _________ among range of syntactical constructions
Agrammatism (assoc. w/nonfluent)
use of mostly substantive words (e.g. nouns)
short phrases, e.g. “telegraphic utterances”
function words omitted;
selective impairment of ability to retrieve and use verbs as opposed to nouns
Paragrammatism (assoc. w/fluent)
grammatical errors such as wrong tense markers and misuse of pronouns among range of syntactical constructions
__________aphasia (broken, nonfluent)
Characteristics:
Phrase length =0-5 words per breath unit
Relatively good _________ comp
Relatively poor __________
A___________
Effortful articulation, disrupted _________
Phonemic paraphasias common
Lesion site: Frontal operculum, surrounding tissue, inferior frontal gyrus
___________ aphasia (wacky, fluent)
Characteristics:
Notable _________
Poor __________ comprehension
Prosody WFL
Articulation WFL
Error types:
Phonemic, semantic, neologistic paraphasias
Empty _________
May have _________
Press of _________
Lesion site: Involves classic Wernicke’s area, posterior temporal gyrus, posterior section of middle and inferior temporal gyri
Broca’s aphasia (broken, nonfluent)
Characteristics:
Phrase length =0-5 words per breath unit
Relatively good auditory comp
Relatively poor repetition
Agrammatism
Effortful articulation, disrupted prosody
Phonemic paraphasias common
Lesion site: Frontal operculum, surrounding tissue, inferior frontal gyrus
Wernicke’s aphasia (wacky, fluent)
Characteristics:
Notable anomia
Poor auditory comprehension
Prosody WFL
Articulation WFL
Error types:
Phonemic, semantic, neologistic paraphasias
Empty content
May have jargon
Press of speech
Lesion site: Involves classic Wernicke’s area, posterior temporal gyrus, posterior section of middle and inferior temporal gyri
Areas of cognitive impairment after a TBI include attention, __________, memory and __________, __________ processes, reasoning, as well as problem solving and ___________
Areas of cognitive impairment after a TBI include attention, perception, memory and learning, organizing processes, reasoning, as well as problem solving and judgement
The main difference between frontotemporal dementias (FTD) and dementias of the alzheimers type (DAT) is that FTD patients retain ________, can keep track of ____ to ____ events and are still oriented in _______ and ________
Hallmark of FTD is gradual progressive decline in __________ and/or __________.
Vascular dementia is caused by inadequate bloodflow to the _______ and multiple _____’s
The main difference between frontotemporal dementias (FTD) and dementias of the alzheimers type (DAT) is that FTD patients retain memory, can keep track of day to day events and are still oriented in time and space
Hallmark of FTD is gradual progressive decline in behavior and/or language.
Vascular dementia is caused by inadequate bloodflow to the brain and multiple TIA’s
Transcortical _______ Aphasia
Characteristics:
Impaired initiation of verbal _________
Anomia
________ phrase length
Good ____ comp
Good __________ in comparison to speech output
Unable to generate full __________
Transcortical Motor Aphasia
Characteristics:
Impaired initiation of verbal output
Anomia
Short phrase length
Good aud comp
Good repetition in comparison to speech output
Unable to generate full sentences
________ aphasia
Characteristics:
Profound ________
Virtually no ________ output
Very _______ auditory comprehension
May have _____________ utterance (real word or nonsense syllables)
Global aphasia
Characteristics:
Profound anomia
Virtually no speech output
Very poor auditory comprehension
May have stereotypical utterance (real word or nonsense syllables)
___________ aphasia
Characteristics:
Anomia
Fluent ________ with normal average phrase length (e.g. 9 words or more)
Speech may contain delays in word _________, self ___________
Auditory comprehension ______
Repetition worse than self ___________ speech
Conduction aphasia
Characteristics:
Anomia
Fluent output with normal average phrase length (e.g. 9 words or more)
Speech may contain delays in word finding, self corrections
Auditory comprehension good
Repetition worse than self formulated speech
Transcortical _________ aphasia
Characteristics:
Severe ________
______ auditory comprehension
Relatively good __________ skills
Reduced flow of output due to anomia but preserved ___________ and prosody
Preserved grammar
________ content
E.g., “thing” for target word
____________ paraphasias more often than phonemic paraphasias
Perseveration common
Transcortical sensory aphasia
Characteristics:
Severe anomia
Poor auditory comprehension
Relatively good repetition skills
Reduced flow of output due to anomia but preserved articulation and prosody
Preserved grammar
Empty content
E.g., “thing” for target word
Semantic paraphasias more often than phonemic paraphasias
Perseveration common
_________ aphasia
Characteristics:
Word _________ problems across tasks
Phrase length WNL
Delays for word ________
Aud comp and repetition relatively intact
Use of nonspecific terms, _____________
Paraphasias usually of __________ type
Anomic aphasia
Characteristics:
Word finding problems across tasks
Phrase length WNL
Delays for word retrieval
Aud comp and repetition relatively intact
Use of nonspecific terms, circumlocutions
Paraphasias usually of semantic type
