Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Vascular Term 3 > Quiz 5 (second half) > Flashcards

Quiz 5 (second half) Flashcards

1
Q

what does Phlegmasia mean?

A

greek word phlegma meaning inflammation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what does PAD stand for?

A

Phlegmasia alba dolens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what is Phlegmasia alba dolens used for?

A

in the medical literature in reference to extreme cases of lower-extremity deep venous thrombosis (DVT) that cause critical limb ischemia and possible limb loss

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what does Phlegmasia alba dolens (PAD) describe?

A

the patient with swollen and white leg becuase of early compromise of arterial flow secondarty to extensive DVT

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what is Phlegmasia alba dolens also known as?

A

milk leg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

who does milk leg effect?

A

women in the third trimester of pregnancy or post partum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what does PCD stand for?

A

Phlegmasia cerulean dolens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

when is the diagnosis of phlegmasia alba dolens (PAD) or phlegmasia cerulaea dolens (PCD) made?

A

clinical grounds in patients who have extensive DVT on imaging

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

is PAD or PCD more advanced?

A

Phlegmasia cerulea dolens (PCD)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what is PCD considered a precursor for?

A

frank venous gangrene

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what is PCD characterized by?

A

severe swelling and cyanosis and blue discoloration of the extremity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

points to remember about Phlegmasia alba dolens?

A
  • known as milk leg or white leg
  • blanching of extremities, edema, and discomfort
  • leg is pale and cool
  • diminished arterial pulse due to spasm
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

points to remember about Phlegmasia cerulen dolens?

A
  • painful blue edema
  • pain and cyanosis
  • DVT in deep, superficial and collateral veins
  • extends into capillaries 40-60% of the time
  • irreversible ischemia, necrosis and gangrene
  • surgical emergency
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what is Trousseau’s sign?

A

concerns hypercoagulability associated with cancer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what is DVT in occult malignancy based on

A

the finding of spontaneous venous thrombosis in patients with underlying malignancy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what us a concern when patients present with DVT and have no known risk factors?

A

they may have an occult malignancy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

is DVT with or without malignancy more extensive and aggresive?

A

DVT associated with malignancy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what does DVT malignancy clinincaly demonstrate?

A

a very swollen and painful extremity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Patients with DVT related to Trousseau’s syndrome usually clinically manifest cancer within ____________

A

1-2 years

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

where do malignancies associated with venous thrombosis typically arise in?

A
  • breast
  • GI tract
  • GU tract
  • lung
  • brain
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

why can detection of thrombus in the SVC be difficult?

A

due to the frequency of it occuring centrally in the vein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what makes compression impossible for the SVC?

A

overlying bones (clavicle)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what does diagnosus of subclavian vein obstruction rely on?

A

secondary signs of obstruction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what does the SCV look like on spectral?

A

close to the right atrium, so pressure flucuations in the atrium are readily tramsitted into the vein, producing a pulsatile waveform

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

when is the normal pulsatility of subclavian vein obstruction blunted?

A

when there is a venous obstruction between the heart and the site where doppler waveform is obtained

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

what is diagnostic for subclavian vein obstruction?

A

demonstrating the asymmetry between the right and left SVC waveform

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

what should be apart of the SVC thrombosis examination?

A

many involve IJV thrombosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

what should be a potential cause in subclavian vein obstructon?

A

extrinsic compression as in large lymoh nodes due to breast cancer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

if the SVC is the site of obstruction, what may occur?

A

collateral flow in the internal mammary veins may occur (flow appears reversed)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

what is Lemierre’s syndrome?

A

jugular vein thrombosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

where do we see Lemierre’s syndrome?

A

in a patient with a neck infection and enlarged lymph nodes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

what does IJV compression result in?

A

thrombus formation due to stasis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

what is behcet’s disease/syndrome?

A

inflammation in blood vessels (veins and arteries)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

what is the etiology of behcet’s disease/syndrome?

A

unknown or is autoimmune (bodys immune system attacks healthy cells)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

what does behcet’s disease/syndrome cause in the arms and legs?

A

redness, pain, and swelling in the arms and legs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

what can behcet’s disease/syndrome cause in the vessels?

A

blood clot to form

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

what can imflammation in large arteries lead to?

A

complications such as aneurysms or blockage of a vessel

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

what else does behcet’s disease/syndrome affect?

A

mouth, skin, genitals, eyes, joints, digestive system and the brain (causeing a stroke)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

The etiology of IVC thrombus mirrors what?

A

that of DVT in general

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

what does IVC thrombus relate to?

A

specific situations relate to the IVC only but the wide variety of these situations all relate in one or more ways to VIRCHOWS CLASSIC DESCRIPTION

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Virchow’s classic description

A
  • wall damage
  • hypercoagulability
  • venous stasis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

what are numerous malignancies associated witha?

A

IVCT (IVC thrombus)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

what is the most familar malignancy associated with IVCT?

A

renal cell carcinoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

what is the path of spread of RCC?

A

the intravascular tumor extends from the renal vein and can propagate as far as the heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

what are Other genitourinary tumors that reportedly cause IVCT?

A

seminomas and teratomas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

what can any structure that is anatomically related to the IVC generate?

A

either a direct compression or vascular invasion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

what have all presented in association with IVCT?

A
  • retroperitoneal leiomyosarcoma
  • adrenal cortical carcinoma
  • renal angiomyolipooma
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

hepatic hemagioma has caused IVCT from __________

A

extrinsic compression

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

what is a risk factor for DVT and the extension into the IVC?

A

malignancy itself

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

what may extrinis compression result from?

A

nontumoral sources and increase the likelihood of IVCT

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

what generates both venous stasis and turbulent flow?

A

the distortion of the normal caval anatomy

52
Q

what is an uncommon clinical situation that can compress the IVC?

A

abdominal aortic aneurysms

53
Q

what can hepatic abscesses form?

A

amebae or echinococci and generate thrombosis of the IVC from compression

54
Q

what disease has been reportadly clinnically associated with thrombosis of the IVC?

A

polycystic disease of the right kidney

55
Q

what with the pancreas may cause thrombosis of the IVC?

A

pancreatic pseudocysts and acute pancreatitis

56
Q

what should not be confused with thrombus in the IVC?

A

enlarged retroperitoneal lymoh nodes impressing the IVC in a patient with chronic lymphatic leukemia

57
Q

dealing with blood, what can cause IVCT?

A

psoas hematomas and other hematomas of the retroperitoneim

58
Q

what does trauma include?

A

sequlae of virchows triad

  • vessel injury
  • hypercoagulability
  • stasis
59
Q

what may direct trauma of the IVC be the result of?

A

either penetrating or blunt trauma

60
Q

the balance between what is both delicate and dynamic?

A

balance between coagulation system and the fibrinolytic system

61
Q

disorders that disrupt the balance in the coagulation sysetm can cause what?

A

IVC thrombus formation may occur (nephrotic system is a classic example)

62
Q

what do people with nephrotic system have?

A

massive urinary protein losses and diminished levels of antithrombin 3

63
Q

what have been describes with nephrotic syndrome?

A

both renal vein thrombosis and IVCT

64
Q

patients with what may present with iatrogenic IVCT?

A

recent history of medical care

65
Q

the expansion of what has led to increased recognition of iatrogenic IVCT?

A

endovascular techonolgy

66
Q

what are interventions that reportedly been identifiable rates of IVCT include?

A
  • hepatic transplantation
  • dialysis access
  • femoral venous cathedars
  • pacemaker wires
  • vena caval filters
67
Q

what is an inferior vena cava filter?

A

small cone-shaped device that is implanted in the IVC just below the kidneys

68
Q

what is the vena cava filter designed to capture?

A

am embolism, a blood clot that has broken loose from one of the deep veins in the legs on its way to the heart and lungs

69
Q

what are numerous other clinical situations that have been associated with IVCT?

A
  • developmental anomalies of the IVC
  • retroperitoneal fibrosis
  • pregnancy
  • OC
70
Q

Is May Thurner syndrome a common or rare condition?

A

rare

71
Q

what may compression of the common venous outflow tract of the left lower extremity may cause?

A

discomfort, swelling, pain or blood clots

72
Q

what may be the cause of the May-Thurner syndrome?

A

DVT in the iliofemoral vein

73
Q

what is the specific problem of May-Thurner syndrome?

A

compression of the left common iliac vein by the overlying right common iliac artery

74
Q

what does compression of the common illiac veins lead to?

A

pooling or stasis of blood, predisposing the individual to the formation of blood clots

75
Q

where is May-thurner syndrome more common?

A

in the left leg as the artery acultely overlaps the left iliac vein

76
Q

wha does May-Thurner syndrome frequently manifests as?

A

pain when the limb is dependant and/or significant swelling of the whole limb

77
Q

what are other causes of leg swelling, pain or tenderness?

A 
Popliteal(Baker’s) cysts-ruptured
Hematoma/muscle injury
Superficial thrombophlebitis
Iliac nodes/pelvic masses
Arteriovenous fistula
Lymphedema
Knee joint effusion
Rt heart failure
78
Q

wat does a hematoma/muscle tear look like?

A

an anechoic structure between the medial gastrocnemius and the soleus muscle

79
Q

what are the differential diagnosis of hematoma/muscle tear?

A
  • hematoma caused by a gastrocnemius muscle rupture
  • a hematoma caused by a plantaris tendon rupture
  • ruptured bakers cyst
80
Q

how do we differentiate a hematoma/muscle tear?

A

it is important to examine the fluid collection in its full length and a coexistent DVT must be ruled out

81
Q

if a ruptured bakers cyst is seen, what must be assessed?

A

deep veins as coexistant DVT may be overlooked

82
Q

what does a bakers cyst look like?

A

A cyst with a ‘neck’ at its deepest extent, extending into the joint space between the semimembranosus tendon and the medial head of the gastrocnemius muscle

83
Q

what identification makes a definitive diagnosis for a bakers cyst?

A

neck between the tendons

84
Q

when may lymph nodes in the groin swell?

A

injury or infection in the foot, leg, groin, or genitals

85
Q

when may a lump form in the groin?

A

testicular cancer, lymphoma, or melanoma

86
Q

what is superficial thrombophleitis?

A

inflammation of the vein with thrombus

87
Q

what is considered threatening for PE?

A

thrombus at the SFJ and SPJ

88
Q

who presents with knee joint effusion?

A

patients with arthritis, recent trauma, or knee surgery and infection

89
Q

what wil fluid in the joint cause?

A

pain and swelling

90
Q

what is presented with Rt heart failure?

A
  • bilateral leg edema

- fluid may back up into your abdomen, legs and feet, causing swelling

91
Q

what is lymphedema?

A

swelling in one or more extremities that results from impaired flow of the lymphatic system

92
Q

in lymphedema, where is it most effected?

A

single arm or leg

93
Q

what can the sign and symptoms of lymphedema mimic?

A

DVT

94
Q

who has a higher risk of developing lymphedema?

A

patients with cardiovascular diseases, such as those with DVT venous leg ulcers and varicose veins

95
Q

what is a complication of lymphedem?

A

cellulitis

96
Q

what is considered a risk factor for developing secondary deep vein thrombosis of the upper extremity?

A

injecting drug use

97
Q

what are the main causes of superficial and deep venous thrombosis?

A

the repeated trauma of venapuncture, local infections, and the irritating qualities of the drugs

98
Q

what is responsible for bacteremia?

A

septic thrombosis

99
Q

what is the most common bacteremia with septic thrombosis?

A

aureus

100
Q

what are high risk locations for septic thrombosis?

A

upper limb deep veins

101
Q

how is primary deep vein thrombosis caused?

A

idipoathic or caused by effort induced activity

102
Q

what is cellulits?

A

infectous process in the soft tissues

103
Q

what are clues to the diagnosis of cellultis?

A

tenderness and erythema

104
Q

what may be identified with cellultis?

A

skin thickening, edema, and swelling of subcutaneous tissues

105
Q

what is cellulits caused by?

A

bacterial infection

106
Q

what does cellulitis result from?

A

break in the skin from trauma, surgery, or bite

107
Q

what is a abscess?

A

Well-circumscribed fluid collections within the soft tissues

108
Q

what does abscess look like?

A
  • Well defined walls,simple or complex fluid
  • Gas bubbles appear as bright reflectors
  • May be increased vascularity within the walls of the abscess
109
Q

how do soft tissue tumors appear?

A

isoechoic to hyperechoic with scant vascularity

110
Q

what are benign soft tissue tumors?

A 
Lipoma-MOST COMMON
Fibroma
Leiomyoma
Desmoid tumor
Neurofibroma 
Hemangioma
111
Q

what are malignant soft tissue tumors-most common?

A
  • sarcoma and lymphoma

- melanoma

112
Q

what are malignant metastitic soft tissue tumors?

A
  • lymphoma

- leukemia

113
Q

how do malignant soft tissue tumors appear?

A

hypervascular

114
Q

where are most major collateral routes?

A

in the abdomen and pelvis

115
Q

what is an interesting long, collateral route?

A

flow may bypass an aortoiliac obstruction utilizing the subclavian artery as a source of flow

116
Q

what gives rise to the superior epigastric arteries?

A

blood from the SCA courses distally through the internal mammary artery

117
Q

what do the superior epigastric arteries communicate with?

A
  • external iliac artery

- inferior epigastric branches

118
Q

when does the superior epigastric arteries not communicate????

A

if the obstruction is acute

119
Q

when the infrarenal portion of the abdominal aorta or common illiac arteries are involved in atherosclerotic disease where may flow originate from?

A

the SMA via the colic arteries to the rectal, vesical and hemorrhoidal arteries via the IMA

120
Q

how may the lumbar arteries provide flow to the external iliac system?

A

via deep iliac circumflex artery or from the iliolumbar arteries of the internal iliac system

121
Q

when the external iliac or common femoral arteries are blocked, where may flow be reconstructed through?

A

arising from the internal iliac (hypogastric) artery

122
Q

an obstruction of the deep femoral artery may result in collateral flow from where?

A

developing from the common femoral artery via the superfical iliac circumflex artery or the superficil femoral artery

123
Q

what happens if the superficial femoral artery becomes occluded at the adductor canal?

A

the deep femoral artery may provide flow through the descending lateral circumflex artery to the popliteal artery

124
Q

what is flow below the knee common through?

A

collateral circulation is common through an extensive network of muscualr and genicular branches

125
Q

when do collateral flows occur?

A

in the presence of DVT in chronic phase

126
Q

what dilate to take flow up to the groin?

A

superficial vessels - long and short saphenos as well as their branches

Vascular Term 3 (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions