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Sap 3 > Quiz 5- Respiratory System > Flashcards

Quiz 5- Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

how does the respiratory system contribute to homeostasis?

A

by providing for the exchange of gases and adjusting ph of body fluids

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2
Q

what does the respiratory system consist of?

A

nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs

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3
Q

explain the difference btwn the upper respiratory tract and the lower

A

defined by structure. upper= nose, nasal cavity and larynx

lower= larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs

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4
Q

explain the difference btwn non-respiratory/conducting zone and respiratory zone

A 
non-respiratory= everything but tubes and tissues in lungs, fn= filter, warm, moisten and conduct air to lungs
respiratory= tissues and tubes in lungs, fn= where gas exchange occurs
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5
Q

what is the entrance to the respiratory system?

A

nose

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6
Q

what are the functions of the interior structures of the nose?

A

warm, moisten and filter air
detect olfactory stimuli
modify speech vibration

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7
Q

where is the nasal cavity located?

A

ant aspect of skull, inferior to nasal bones, superior to oral cavity, with roof being the ethmoid bone

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8
Q

what are the ducts located inside the nasal cavity?

A

parasinal sinuses and lacrimal ducts

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9
Q

what two regions is the nasal cavity divided into? what tissue is it made up of?

A

inferior respiratory region= pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelieum with goblet cells (where conchae and meatus is)
superior oflactory region

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10
Q

what are vestibule and where are they located? fn?

A

vestibule- exterior portion inside nostril, lined with hair so it filters out large dust particles

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11
Q

what do nasal conchae do?

A

increase surface area of internal nose and prevent dehydration

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12
Q

what does mucus and cilia in the nasal cavity do?

A

mucus- moistens air and traps dust particles

cilia- move mucus into pharynx so can be removed

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13
Q

what is another name for the throat? what is it divided into?

A

pharynx: naso, oro, laryngo

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14
Q

what is the wall of the pharynx made up of? what is it lined with?

A

made up of skeletal mm, lined with mucous membrane

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15
Q

what does the pharynx do?

A

resonating chamber for speech sounds, houses tonsils

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16
Q

where is the nasopharynx found?

A

posterior to nasal cavity, extends soft palate

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17
Q

what are the openings in the nasopharynx?

A

2 internal nares
2 auditory tubes
1 into oropharynx

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18
Q

what tonsil is contained in the nasopharynx?

A

adenoid/pharyngeal

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19
Q

what is the fn of the nasopharynx?

A

equalizes air pressure btwn pharynx and middle ear

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20
Q

where do you found the oropharnyx? what is the only opening into it?

A

soft palate to hyoid bone

only opening into is mouth

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21
Q

which tonsils does the oropharynx house?

A

palatine and lingual tonsils

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22
Q

what are the functions of the oropharynx and how does this relate to the tissue its made up of? what other structure shares this function and tissue ?

A

passageway for food and drink- respiratory and digestive system fn
non keratinized stratified squamous epithelieum
laryngopharynx also shares

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23
Q

where is the laryngopharynx found?

A

hyoid bone

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24
Q

what is another name for the larynx and what does it connect?

A

voice box

connects laryngopharynx with the trachea

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25
Q

what is the most important cartilage found in the larynx and why?
what is another name for the adams apple?

A

arytenoid cartilage- influences changes in position of vocal cords for speech
adams apple- thyroid cartilage

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26
Q

what is the epiglottis? what is it covered with?what does it do?

A

elastic cartilage covered with epithelieum, during swallowing it closes glottis off so that food doesnt go into the respiratory system

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27
Q

what is the trachea also referred to as? where is it?

A

windpipe

ant to esophagus and extends from larynx

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28
Q

where does the trachea divide and what does it divide into?

A

right and left pulmonary bronchus (extra pulmonary bronchi) at the 5th thoracic vertebra

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29
Q

what is the tissue of the trachea?

A

pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelieum with goblet cells

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30
Q

what is the fn of the trachea? explain a special feature it has and what fn it serves

A

protects against dust
has incomplete horizontal rings of hyaline cartilage that allows the diameter of trachea to change during inhale/exhale and they also provide support so wall doesnt collapse

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31
Q

what are the bronchi? what do they share with trachea?

A

divisions of the trachea so have the same rings of cartilage and made up of same tissue

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32
Q

state the order of the bronchial tree branching

A 
trachea
primary bronchi
secondary bronchi (3R, 2L)
tertiary bronchi
bronchioles
terminal bronchioles
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33
Q

what are the structural changes we see in the bronchi?

A

1)from primary to tertiary= pesoudostratified ciliated columar epithelium with goblet cells
larger to smaller bronchioles= ciliated simple cuboidal epitheliuem with no goblet cells
terminal bronchioles- nonciliaited simple cuboidal epithelieum

2) the rings of cartilage in the primary bronchi get replaced with plates of cartilage
3) decrease in cartilage means more smooth mm as you go down the branches

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34
Q

what are the lungs seperated by

A

mediastinum

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35
Q

which layer of the parietal membrane outlines the thoracic cavity? which outlines the lungs? what lies in btwn?

A

thoracic cavity-parietal
lungs- visceral
in btwn- pleural cavity

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36
Q

what is the cardiac notch for and where is it found?

A

on left of the lung, why its 10% smaller. for the apex of heart

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37
Q

why is the right lung shorter?

A

the liver lies beneath it

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38
Q

what is the bronchopulmonary segment? what are the compartments they are divided into called and what do they contain?

A

the segment of the lung tissue that is reached by the tertiary bronchus
-comparments= lobules, contain=lymphatic vessel, arteriole, venule, branch from a terminal bronchiole

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39
Q

what do terminal bronchioles divide into and what do they contain?

A

divide into microscopic branches called respiratory bronchioles, which have alveoli sprouting

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40
Q

what is the role of alveoli? why are they significant?

A

participate in gas exchange so they begin the respiratory zone!

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41
Q

what tissue are the alveolar ducts made of? what is it supported by?

A

simple squamous epithelium supported by a thin elastic membrane

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42
Q

what is an alveolar sac?

A

contains 2 or more alveoli that share a common opening

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43
Q

which type of alveolar cells are the main sites of gaseous exchange?

A

type 1, numerous and thin

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44
Q

which alveolar cells secrete surfactant to lower surface tension of alevolar fluid?

A

type 2- cubiodal epithileal

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45
Q

how does the exhange of gases happen?

A

by diffusion across the alveolar and capillary walls, which forms respiratory membrane

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46
Q

what arteries do the lungs receive blood from?

A

pulomnary and bronchial arteries

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47
Q

how do the lungs get deoxygenated blood?

A

from pulmonary arteries> pulomnary trunk> right ventricle of heart

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48
Q

how do the lungs send oxygenated blood to heart?

A

via four pulmonary veins into left atrium of heart

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49
Q

how do the lungs get oxygenated blood?

A

bronchial arteries from the aorta

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50
Q

what is unique about the blood vessels in the lung? what is the name of this phenomenon?

A

response to hypoxia= results in vasconstriction (in all cases in the body it leads to vasodilation) so it can divert blood from poorly ventilated areas of the lung to more ventilated ares for better exchange of gases
VENTILATION-PERFUSION COUPLING

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51
Q

what are the 3 steps of gas exchange?

A 
pulomnary ventilation (breathing)- alveoli and atmosphere
external (pulmonary) respiration- aleaoli and lungs, blood in pulmonary capillaries across respiratory membrane
internal (tissue) respiration- blood in systemic capillaries and tissue cells
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52
Q

what is cellular respiration?

A

metabolic reactions in the cells during ATP production that give of CO2 and consume O2

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53
Q

what causes air flow in pulmonary venitlation?

A

alternating pressure differences by respiratory mm contracting and relaxing

54
Q

what determins the rate of inflow and amount of effor required for gas echange in pulmonary ventilation?

A

alveolar surface tension, lung compliance, airway resistance

55
Q

what is boyles law?

A

inverse relationship btwn volume and pressure. air moves into lungs when pressure in atmosphere is more than inside the lungs and vice versa

56
Q

what is responsible for contracting during quiet breathing?

A

dipahragm 75%

external intercostals 25%

57
Q

why is normal exhalation during quiet breathing considered passive?

A

bc no mm contraction involved, comes from elastic recoil of the chest wall and lungs

58
Q

what must be overcme during breathing for the lungs to be able to expand during each inhalation?
what helps to reduce this?

A

surface tension of the alveolar fluid (covers lumninal surface of alveoli and produces infward force)- accounts for most of lung’s elastic recoil
-surfactant reduces surface tension

59
Q

what is complance of the lungs? what does it mean when it is high? what is it related to? what is normal?

A

how much effort required to stretch the lungs and the chest wall
high compliance= expand easily (normal)
related to= elasticity and surface tension

60
Q

what resists normal airflow?

A

the walls of the airways, especially bronchioles (larger diameter equals less resistance)

61
Q

differentiate btwn the following types of breathing patterns:

1) eupnoea
2) costal breathing
3) diaphragmatic breathing

A

1) quiet, normal breathing
2) shallow chest breathing, intercostal mm contract
3) deep abd breathing

62
Q

what is the avg breaths per minute at rest for a healthy adult?

A

12

63
Q

what is tidal volume and how is it measured?

A

volume of one breath, spirometer measures

64
Q

what is minute ventilation and how is it measured?

A

total volume of air inhaled and exhaled each minute (respiratory rate x tidal volume)

65
Q

what is anatomical (respiratory) dead space?

A

where about 30% of tidal volume remains in conducting airways and doesnt go through an exchange

66
Q

what is the alveolar ventilation rate?

A

volume of air per minute that actually reaches respiratory zone

67
Q

what are some of the lung volumes defined relative to forceful breathing?

A 
inspiratory reserve volume
expiratory reserve volume
forced expiratory volume in 1 second
residual volume
minimal volume
68
Q

what are 4 types of lungs capacities?

A

inspiratory capacity
functional residual capacity
vital capacity
total lung volume

69
Q

explain daltons law

A

how gases move down their pressure gradient:

  • partial pressures determine movement of gases btwn atmosphere an dlungs
  • diffuses across a premeable membrane from greater to lesser partial pressure
  • faster rate of exchange if bigger difference
70
Q

explain henrys law

A

how solubility of gas relates to its diffusion:when the partial pressure of a gas is higher and it has high solubility in water, it can stay in a solution better. much more CO2 dissolved in blood plasma than oxygen bc its solubility is much higher than O2.

71
Q

what is nitrogen narcosis and the bends related to?

A

scuba divers- excess nitrogen gas dissolved in blood if go up too quick, and the bends is decompression sickness

72
Q

what happens in the lungs during external respiration

A

deoxygenated blood from R heart is converted into oxygenated blood to go into L heart atrium

73
Q

what happens during internal respiration?

A

exchange of gases btwn systemic capillaries and tissue cells throughout body

74
Q

why does deoxyengated blood still have about 75% oxygen content?

A

bc at rest cells only need about 25% of the oxygen

75
Q

what does the rate of pulmonary and systemic gas exchange depend on?

A

partial pressure of gases
surface area for gas exchange
diffusion distance- membrane is thin, edema causes greater distance
first 2 have direct relationship, last has inverse relationship

76
Q

why does net outward diffusion of carbon dioxide occur 20 times faster than the inward diffusion of oxygen?

A

molecular weight and solubility

77
Q

what is retention of carbon dioxide called?

A

hypercapnia- it can make diffusion of oxygen slower than normal

78
Q

what happens to blood oxygen at the cellular level?

A

almost all of it is bound to hemoglobin in the red blood cell, the rest dissolved in blood plasma

79
Q

what is oxyhemoglobin?

A

4 iron atoms in hemoglobin bind to oxygen to form this reversible reaction

80
Q

how does oxygen from blood go into cells?

A

the portion bound to hemoglobin is trapped in red blood cells and about 25% of that unloads bc of partial pressure differences
-the rest diffuses from capillaries into tissue cells

81
Q

what do you call the tightness with which hemoglobin binds to oxygen?

A

affinity

82
Q

name 3 factors that affect the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen and state the relationship (direct/inverse)

A

acity, partial pressure of carbon dioxide, and temperature

  • all have inverse relationships
  • this helps when exercising and need more O2, there is more lactic acid produced which creates more acidity, more CO2 used and the core temp goes up therefore affinity goes down
83
Q

define carbon monoxide and state what it is a by product of. why is it a problem?

A

colourless, odourless gas, by product of combustion of carbon containing materials
binds to heme in hemoglobin but has 200 times greater affinity so it steals from oxygen, for us it can lead to carbon monoxide poisoning

84
Q

what are the forms CO2 is carried in the blood?

A

dissolved CO2
carbamino compounds
bicarbonate ion (about 70%)

85
Q

how are carbamino compunds transported in the blood? what influences the formation of carbamino hemoglobin?

A

bound to hemoglobin

-formation influenced by PCO2, higher in tissue capillaries where it promotes more formation

86
Q

what happens when carbon dioxide diffuses into systeic capillaries and enters red blood cells?

A

it reacts with water to form carbonic acid which disociates into H and HCO3

87
Q

where is the respiratory centre located and what areas is it divided into based on function?

A

bilat in medulla oblongata and pons

  • medullary rhythmicity center (MO)
  • penumotaxic area (pons)
  • apenustic area (pons)
88
Q

what dose the medullar rhytmicity centre do?

A

controls basic rhythm of respiration
inspiration- 2 seconds (diaphragm and intercostal mm contract)
expiration- 3 seconds-mm relax (these neurons are inactive during quiet breathing)

89
Q

what does the pneumotaxic area do?

A

transmits inhibitotry impulses to inspiratory area before lungs get too full of air

90
Q

what does apneustic area do?

A

coordinates transition btwn inhalation and exhalation. when penumotaxic area is on it overrides signals from this area

91
Q

breathing can be voluntarily controlled via cerebral cortex. T/F?

A

true

92
Q

it is possible to voluntarily kill yourself by holding your breath

A

false. the buildup of CO2 and H concentrations stimulates inspiratory area and breathing resumes whether you want it to or not

93
Q

in which way is breathing affected by emotional stimuli?

A

from the hypothalamus and limbic system

94
Q

what responds to changes in H concentration and levels of PCO2 to keep body fluids in check?

A

chemoreceptors in medulla oblongata, peripheral chemoreceptors in carotid and aortic bodies

95
Q

name 5 factors that influence respiration rate

A 
proprioception stimulation
inflation reflex
limbic system
temperature
pain
96
Q

how does proprioception stimulation work

A

during exercise the proprioceptors stimulate inspiratory area of MO

97
Q

how does inflation reflex work? another name for it?

A

hering-bruer reflex
-baroreceptors in bronchi become stretched and inhibit the inspiratory and apenustic area so walls dont get overstretched

98
Q

how does the limbic system work?

A

anticipation of activity or emotional anxiety stimulates inspiratory area

99
Q

how does tmeperature effect breathing?

A

increase in temp increases rate of breathing

100
Q

how does pain affect breathing?

A

sudden pain brings apnea briefly

prolonged pain increases rate of breathing

101
Q

what is hypoxia? name a few different types

A

deficiency of oxygen at tissue level

-hypoxic hypoxia, anemic hypoxia, ischemic hypoxia, histotoxic hypoxia`

102
Q

the heart pumps half the volume of blood to the lungs as it does to the rest of the body. T/F?

A

false. it pumps an equal amount

103
Q

talk about the changes that occur when you exercise to increase respiration: abruptly and gradually

A

abrupt- limbic system stimulated by anticipation, proprioceptors and motor impulses from motor cortex
gradual- chemical and physical changes in bloodstream, and increased temp

104
Q

name some ways that smoking affects respiratory system

A

nicotine contsricts terminal bronchioles
carbon monoxide binds to hemoglobin
irritants increase mucus secretion and inhibit ciliary movement
destruction of elastic fibers in lung over time

105
Q

define asthma and name the etiology

A

completely reversible inflamm disorder of the airways with subsequent mucous plugging and bronchospasming etiology- type 1 hypersensitivty allergic reaction

106
Q

asthma is usually completely reversible and there is a full restoration of lung functioning. what are some complications?

A

persistent asthma- can develop into COPD

status asthmaticus- life threatening medical emergency

107
Q

what is the difference btwn extrinsic and intrinsic asthma?

A 
extrinsic= allergic
intrinsic= non allergic, from chronic RTI or emotional stress
108
Q

what is persistent asthma?

A

incomplete recovery from acute attack, lungs remain hyperinflated»COPD

109
Q

what is exercise induced asthma?

A

an acute inflamm reaction occurs when there is vigorous physical activity

110
Q

define bronchitis. what are the two types? what is the etiology? what is the major clinical manifestation it is known by?

A

inflammation of bronchii. acute= self limiting, upp RTI
or chronic. etiology=cigarette smoking
main manifestation- productive cough

111
Q

what is one of the most common precursor to emphysema and the most common causes of COPD?

A

chronic bronchitis

112
Q

what is emphysema?

A

abrnormal, irreversible enlargement of airpaces distal to terminal bronchioles due to destruction of walls of the alveoli=> decreased elastic recoil property of lung

113
Q

regular asthma is one of the etiologies of emphysema

A

false. persistent asthma is

114
Q

what is COPD? what causes it

A

chronic condition of airway obstruction. it occurs after a chronic pre-existing issue only

115
Q

what is pink puffer or blue bloater? at what stage of COPD would you see it in?

A

advanced stages.
pink puffer= predominant emphysema, thin body build and weight loss, all energy goes to breathing, nonproductive cough
blue bloater= predominat emphysema, peripheral edeme , productive cough, R ventricular failure

116
Q

what is actelectasis? what is the etiology behind it?

A

collapsed state of lung: whole/ partly

  • etiology= surfactant deficiency, absorption collapse, pressure collapse
  • pnemuothorax= air, hydro”“=fluid, hemo”“=blood
117
Q

name some manifestations of actelctasis

A

acute- pain on affected side, dyspnea

chronic- asymptomatic, intolerance to physical activity

118
Q

what is bronchiectasis? what are some risk factors?

A

chronic dilation of the terminal respiratory bronchioles

RF= inhailng corrosive gases, complication of cystic fibrosis

119
Q

what are some clinical manifestations of bronchiectasis?

A

digital clubbing
foul tasting sputum
halitosis
sputum has pus-filled mucus

120
Q

what is pulmonary edema? what is the etiology?

A

edema of the gas exchange areas of the lung

  • associated with L ventricular failure
  • results in respiratory difficulties that tend to cause R sided heart failure
121
Q

what may be some manifestations of the interference of pulmonary edema with blood flow through the lung and with gas exchange?

A
  • generalized peripheral edema
  • dyspnea
  • wheezing
  • frothy sputum
  • orthpnea
122
Q

define penumonia

A

acute infection of lung parenchyma resulting in inflamm of lung with exudation and consoliation
-leading cause of death in debilitated patients

123
Q

differentiate btwn the etiological types of pneumonia

A

viral: influenza virus, not serious
bacterial: staphylococcal/streptococcal infection, opportunistic, antibiotic therapy works
mycoplasmal penumonia- less sever form, nonviral nonbacterial, “walking pneumonia”

124
Q

differentiate btwn types of pneumonia classified by location

A

broncho””= bronchi
lobar “”- lobe of lung
double “”- both lungs simultaneously
interstitial “”- lung intersitium, “fibrotic lung disease”

125
Q

name the steps involved in the pathogenesis of penumonia

A

red hepatization
grey hepatization
restoration or organization and repair

126
Q

define tuberculosis

A

infection by mycobacterium tuberculosis

127
Q

differentiate btwn primary TB and secondary TB

A

primary= airborne disease-inhalation, Ghon focus, primary complex
secondary- breakdown of sequestration or possible reinfection
bone- tuberculosis osteomyelitis
verterbal bodies- tuberculosis spondylitis (potts disease)
joints- tuberculosis arthitis

128
Q

which respiratory disease is characterized by night sweats, annorexia, later disease progression, vague chest pain, pulmonary hemorraghe?

A

tuberculosis

129
Q

define pleurisy

A

inflamm of the visceral parietal plurae that line the thoracic cage and envelop the lung

130
Q

what is the difference btwn wet pleurisy and dry pleurisy?

A 
wet= visceral lining, increased fluid in space, might have hydrothorax, dyspnea
dry= parietal lining, swelling and friction with movement, parietal friction rub
131
Q

define cystic fibrosis

A

a genetic disorder of the exocrine glands resulting inproduction of thick, viscous secretions that affect vaarious systems in various degrees of severity (sweat glands or respiratory system or GI system)

132
Q

what is the treatment for cystic fibrosis?

A

balance electrolytes- lots of salt
oral pancreatic enzymes for digestion
lung clearance of mucus through tapotement

Sap 3 (5 decks)

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