Quiz 5- Respiratory System Flashcards
1
Q
how does the respiratory system contribute to homeostasis?
A
by providing for the exchange of gases and adjusting ph of body fluids
2
Q
what does the respiratory system consist of?
A
nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs
3
Q
explain the difference btwn the upper respiratory tract and the lower
A
defined by structure. upper= nose, nasal cavity and larynx
lower= larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs
4
Q
explain the difference btwn non-respiratory/conducting zone and respiratory zone
A
non-respiratory= everything but tubes and tissues in lungs, fn= filter, warm, moisten and conduct air to lungs respiratory= tissues and tubes in lungs, fn= where gas exchange occurs
5
Q
what is the entrance to the respiratory system?
A
nose
6
Q
what are the functions of the interior structures of the nose?
A
warm, moisten and filter air
detect olfactory stimuli
modify speech vibration
7
Q
where is the nasal cavity located?
A
ant aspect of skull, inferior to nasal bones, superior to oral cavity, with roof being the ethmoid bone
8
Q
what are the ducts located inside the nasal cavity?
A
parasinal sinuses and lacrimal ducts
9
Q
what two regions is the nasal cavity divided into? what tissue is it made up of?
A
inferior respiratory region= pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelieum with goblet cells (where conchae and meatus is)
superior oflactory region
10
Q
what are vestibule and where are they located? fn?
A
vestibule- exterior portion inside nostril, lined with hair so it filters out large dust particles
11
Q
what do nasal conchae do?
A
increase surface area of internal nose and prevent dehydration
12
Q
what does mucus and cilia in the nasal cavity do?
A
mucus- moistens air and traps dust particles
cilia- move mucus into pharynx so can be removed
13
Q
what is another name for the throat? what is it divided into?
A
pharynx: naso, oro, laryngo
14
Q
what is the wall of the pharynx made up of? what is it lined with?
A
made up of skeletal mm, lined with mucous membrane
15
Q
what does the pharynx do?
A
resonating chamber for speech sounds, houses tonsils
16
Q
where is the nasopharynx found?
A
posterior to nasal cavity, extends soft palate
17
Q
what are the openings in the nasopharynx?
A
2 internal nares
2 auditory tubes
1 into oropharynx
18
Q
what tonsil is contained in the nasopharynx?
A
adenoid/pharyngeal
19
Q
what is the fn of the nasopharynx?
A
equalizes air pressure btwn pharynx and middle ear
20
Q
where do you found the oropharnyx? what is the only opening into it?
A
soft palate to hyoid bone
only opening into is mouth
21
Q
which tonsils does the oropharynx house?
A
palatine and lingual tonsils
22
Q
what are the functions of the oropharynx and how does this relate to the tissue its made up of? what other structure shares this function and tissue ?
A
passageway for food and drink- respiratory and digestive system fn
non keratinized stratified squamous epithelieum
laryngopharynx also shares
23
Q
where is the laryngopharynx found?
A
hyoid bone
24
Q
what is another name for the larynx and what does it connect?
A
voice box
connects laryngopharynx with the trachea
25
what is the most important cartilage found in the larynx and why?
what is another name for the adams apple?
arytenoid cartilage- influences changes in position of vocal cords for speech
adams apple- thyroid cartilage
26
what is the epiglottis? what is it covered with?what does it do?
elastic cartilage covered with epithelieum, during swallowing it closes glottis off so that food doesnt go into the respiratory system
27
what is the trachea also referred to as? where is it?
windpipe
| ant to esophagus and extends from larynx
28
where does the trachea divide and what does it divide into?
right and left pulmonary bronchus (extra pulmonary bronchi) at the 5th thoracic vertebra
29
what is the tissue of the trachea?
pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelieum with goblet cells
30
what is the fn of the trachea? explain a special feature it has and what fn it serves
protects against dust
has incomplete horizontal rings of hyaline cartilage that allows the diameter of trachea to change during inhale/exhale and they also provide support so wall doesnt collapse
31
what are the bronchi? what do they share with trachea?
divisions of the trachea so have the same rings of cartilage and made up of same tissue
32
state the order of the bronchial tree branching
```
trachea
primary bronchi
secondary bronchi (3R, 2L)
tertiary bronchi
bronchioles
terminal bronchioles
```
33
what are the structural changes we see in the bronchi?
1)from primary to tertiary= pesoudostratified ciliated columar epithelium with goblet cells
larger to smaller bronchioles= ciliated simple cuboidal epitheliuem with no goblet cells
terminal bronchioles- nonciliaited simple cuboidal epithelieum
2) the rings of cartilage in the primary bronchi get replaced with plates of cartilage
3) decrease in cartilage means more smooth mm as you go down the branches
34
what are the lungs seperated by
mediastinum
35
which layer of the parietal membrane outlines the thoracic cavity? which outlines the lungs? what lies in btwn?
thoracic cavity-parietal
lungs- visceral
in btwn- pleural cavity
36
what is the cardiac notch for and where is it found?
on left of the lung, why its 10% smaller. for the apex of heart
37
why is the right lung shorter?
the liver lies beneath it
38
what is the bronchopulmonary segment? what are the compartments they are divided into called and what do they contain?
the segment of the lung tissue that is reached by the tertiary bronchus
-comparments= lobules, contain=lymphatic vessel, arteriole, venule, branch from a terminal bronchiole
39
what do terminal bronchioles divide into and what do they contain?
divide into microscopic branches called respiratory bronchioles, which have alveoli sprouting
40
what is the role of alveoli? why are they significant?
participate in gas exchange so they begin the respiratory zone!
41
what tissue are the alveolar ducts made of? what is it supported by?
simple squamous epithelium supported by a thin elastic membrane
42
what is an alveolar sac?
contains 2 or more alveoli that share a common opening
43
which type of alveolar cells are the main sites of gaseous exchange?
type 1, numerous and thin
44
which alveolar cells secrete surfactant to lower surface tension of alevolar fluid?
type 2- cubiodal epithileal
45
how does the exhange of gases happen?
by diffusion across the alveolar and capillary walls, which forms respiratory membrane
46
what arteries do the lungs receive blood from?
pulomnary and bronchial arteries
47
how do the lungs get deoxygenated blood?
from pulmonary arteries> pulomnary trunk> right ventricle of heart
48
how do the lungs send oxygenated blood to heart?
via four pulmonary veins into left atrium of heart
49
how do the lungs get oxygenated blood?
bronchial arteries from the aorta
50
what is unique about the blood vessels in the lung? what is the name of this phenomenon?
response to hypoxia= results in vasconstriction (in all cases in the body it leads to vasodilation) so it can divert blood from poorly ventilated areas of the lung to more ventilated ares for better exchange of gases
VENTILATION-PERFUSION COUPLING
51
what are the 3 steps of gas exchange?
```
pulomnary ventilation (breathing)- alveoli and atmosphere
external (pulmonary) respiration- aleaoli and lungs, blood in pulmonary capillaries across respiratory membrane
internal (tissue) respiration- blood in systemic capillaries and tissue cells
```
52
what is cellular respiration?
metabolic reactions in the cells during ATP production that give of CO2 and consume O2
53
what causes air flow in pulmonary venitlation?
alternating pressure differences by respiratory mm contracting and relaxing
54
what determins the rate of inflow and amount of effor required for gas echange in pulmonary ventilation?
alveolar surface tension, lung compliance, airway resistance
55
what is boyles law?
inverse relationship btwn volume and pressure. air moves into lungs when pressure in atmosphere is more than inside the lungs and vice versa
56
what is responsible for contracting during quiet breathing?
dipahragm 75%
| external intercostals 25%
57
why is normal exhalation during quiet breathing considered passive?
bc no mm contraction involved, comes from elastic recoil of the chest wall and lungs
58
what must be overcme during breathing for the lungs to be able to expand during each inhalation?
what helps to reduce this?
surface tension of the alveolar fluid (covers lumninal surface of alveoli and produces infward force)- accounts for most of lung's elastic recoil
-surfactant reduces surface tension
59
what is complance of the lungs? what does it mean when it is high? what is it related to? what is normal?
how much effort required to stretch the lungs and the chest wall
high compliance= expand easily (normal)
related to= elasticity and surface tension
60
what resists normal airflow?
the walls of the airways, especially bronchioles (larger diameter equals less resistance)
61
differentiate btwn the following types of breathing patterns:
1) eupnoea
2) costal breathing
3) diaphragmatic breathing
1) quiet, normal breathing
2) shallow chest breathing, intercostal mm contract
3) deep abd breathing
62
what is the avg breaths per minute at rest for a healthy adult?
12
63
what is tidal volume and how is it measured?
volume of one breath, spirometer measures
64
what is minute ventilation and how is it measured?
total volume of air inhaled and exhaled each minute (respiratory rate x tidal volume)
65
what is anatomical (respiratory) dead space?
where about 30% of tidal volume remains in conducting airways and doesnt go through an exchange
66
what is the alveolar ventilation rate?
volume of air per minute that actually reaches respiratory zone
67
what are some of the lung volumes defined relative to forceful breathing?
```
inspiratory reserve volume
expiratory reserve volume
forced expiratory volume in 1 second
residual volume
minimal volume
```
68
what are 4 types of lungs capacities?
inspiratory capacity
functional residual capacity
vital capacity
total lung volume
69
explain daltons law
how gases move down their pressure gradient:
- partial pressures determine movement of gases btwn atmosphere an dlungs
- diffuses across a premeable membrane from greater to lesser partial pressure
- faster rate of exchange if bigger difference
70
explain henrys law
how solubility of gas relates to its diffusion:when the partial pressure of a gas is higher and it has high solubility in water, it can stay in a solution better. much more CO2 dissolved in blood plasma than oxygen bc its solubility is much higher than O2.
71
what is nitrogen narcosis and the bends related to?
scuba divers- excess nitrogen gas dissolved in blood if go up too quick, and the bends is decompression sickness
72
what happens in the lungs during external respiration
deoxygenated blood from R heart is converted into oxygenated blood to go into L heart atrium
73
what happens during internal respiration?
exchange of gases btwn systemic capillaries and tissue cells throughout body
74
why does deoxyengated blood still have about 75% oxygen content?
bc at rest cells only need about 25% of the oxygen
75
what does the rate of pulmonary and systemic gas exchange depend on?
partial pressure of gases
surface area for gas exchange
diffusion distance- membrane is thin, edema causes greater distance
first 2 have direct relationship, last has inverse relationship
76
why does net outward diffusion of carbon dioxide occur 20 times faster than the inward diffusion of oxygen?
molecular weight and solubility
77
what is retention of carbon dioxide called?
hypercapnia- it can make diffusion of oxygen slower than normal
78
what happens to blood oxygen at the cellular level?
almost all of it is bound to hemoglobin in the red blood cell, the rest dissolved in blood plasma
79
what is oxyhemoglobin?
4 iron atoms in hemoglobin bind to oxygen to form this reversible reaction
80
how does oxygen from blood go into cells?
the portion bound to hemoglobin is trapped in red blood cells and about 25% of that unloads bc of partial pressure differences
-the rest diffuses from capillaries into tissue cells
81
what do you call the tightness with which hemoglobin binds to oxygen?
affinity
82
name 3 factors that affect the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen and state the relationship (direct/inverse)
acity, partial pressure of carbon dioxide, and temperature
- all have inverse relationships
- this helps when exercising and need more O2, there is more lactic acid produced which creates more acidity, more CO2 used and the core temp goes up therefore affinity goes down
83
define carbon monoxide and state what it is a by product of. why is it a problem?
colourless, odourless gas, by product of combustion of carbon containing materials
binds to heme in hemoglobin but has 200 times greater affinity so it steals from oxygen, for us it can lead to carbon monoxide poisoning
84
what are the forms CO2 is carried in the blood?
dissolved CO2
carbamino compounds
bicarbonate ion (about 70%)
85
how are carbamino compunds transported in the blood? what influences the formation of carbamino hemoglobin?
bound to hemoglobin
| -formation influenced by PCO2, higher in tissue capillaries where it promotes more formation
86
what happens when carbon dioxide diffuses into systeic capillaries and enters red blood cells?
it reacts with water to form carbonic acid which disociates into H and HCO3
87
where is the respiratory centre located and what areas is it divided into based on function?
bilat in medulla oblongata and pons
- medullary rhythmicity center (MO)
- penumotaxic area (pons)
- apenustic area (pons)
88
what dose the medullar rhytmicity centre do?
controls basic rhythm of respiration
inspiration- 2 seconds (diaphragm and intercostal mm contract)
expiration- 3 seconds-mm relax (these neurons are inactive during quiet breathing)
89
what does the pneumotaxic area do?
transmits inhibitotry impulses to inspiratory area before lungs get too full of air
90
what does apneustic area do?
coordinates transition btwn inhalation and exhalation. when penumotaxic area is on it overrides signals from this area
91
breathing can be voluntarily controlled via cerebral cortex. T/F?
true
92
it is possible to voluntarily kill yourself by holding your breath
false. the buildup of CO2 and H concentrations stimulates inspiratory area and breathing resumes whether you want it to or not
93
in which way is breathing affected by emotional stimuli?
from the hypothalamus and limbic system
94
what responds to changes in H concentration and levels of PCO2 to keep body fluids in check?
chemoreceptors in medulla oblongata, peripheral chemoreceptors in carotid and aortic bodies
95
name 5 factors that influence respiration rate
```
proprioception stimulation
inflation reflex
limbic system
temperature
pain
```
96
how does proprioception stimulation work
during exercise the proprioceptors stimulate inspiratory area of MO
97
how does inflation reflex work? another name for it?
hering-bruer reflex
-baroreceptors in bronchi become stretched and inhibit the inspiratory and apenustic area so walls dont get overstretched
98
how does the limbic system work?
anticipation of activity or emotional anxiety stimulates inspiratory area
99
how does tmeperature effect breathing?
increase in temp increases rate of breathing
100
how does pain affect breathing?
sudden pain brings apnea briefly
| prolonged pain increases rate of breathing
101
what is hypoxia? name a few different types
deficiency of oxygen at tissue level
| -hypoxic hypoxia, anemic hypoxia, ischemic hypoxia, histotoxic hypoxia`
102
the heart pumps half the volume of blood to the lungs as it does to the rest of the body. T/F?
false. it pumps an equal amount
103
talk about the changes that occur when you exercise to increase respiration: abruptly and gradually
abrupt- limbic system stimulated by anticipation, proprioceptors and motor impulses from motor cortex
gradual- chemical and physical changes in bloodstream, and increased temp
104
name some ways that smoking affects respiratory system
nicotine contsricts terminal bronchioles
carbon monoxide binds to hemoglobin
irritants increase mucus secretion and inhibit ciliary movement
destruction of elastic fibers in lung over time
105
define asthma and name the etiology
completely reversible inflamm disorder of the airways with subsequent mucous plugging and bronchospasming etiology- type 1 hypersensitivty allergic reaction
106
asthma is usually completely reversible and there is a full restoration of lung functioning. what are some complications?
persistent asthma- can develop into COPD
| status asthmaticus- life threatening medical emergency
107
what is the difference btwn extrinsic and intrinsic asthma?
```
extrinsic= allergic
intrinsic= non allergic, from chronic RTI or emotional stress
```
108
what is persistent asthma?
incomplete recovery from acute attack, lungs remain hyperinflated>>COPD
109
what is exercise induced asthma?
an acute inflamm reaction occurs when there is vigorous physical activity
110
define bronchitis. what are the two types? what is the etiology? what is the major clinical manifestation it is known by?
inflammation of bronchii. acute= self limiting, upp RTI
or chronic. etiology=cigarette smoking
main manifestation- productive cough
111
what is one of the most common precursor to emphysema and the most common causes of COPD?
chronic bronchitis
112
what is emphysema?
abrnormal, irreversible enlargement of airpaces distal to terminal bronchioles due to destruction of walls of the alveoli=> decreased elastic recoil property of lung
113
regular asthma is one of the etiologies of emphysema
false. persistent asthma is
114
what is COPD? what causes it
chronic condition of airway obstruction. it occurs after a chronic pre-existing issue only
115
what is pink puffer or blue bloater? at what stage of COPD would you see it in?
advanced stages.
pink puffer= predominant emphysema, thin body build and weight loss, all energy goes to breathing, nonproductive cough
blue bloater= predominat emphysema, peripheral edeme , productive cough, R ventricular failure
116
what is actelectasis? what is the etiology behind it?
collapsed state of lung: whole/ partly
- etiology= surfactant deficiency, absorption collapse, pressure collapse
- pnemuothorax= air, hydro""=fluid, hemo""=blood
117
name some manifestations of actelctasis
acute- pain on affected side, dyspnea
| chronic- asymptomatic, intolerance to physical activity
118
what is bronchiectasis? what are some risk factors?
chronic dilation of the terminal respiratory bronchioles
| RF= inhailng corrosive gases, complication of cystic fibrosis
119
what are some clinical manifestations of bronchiectasis?
digital clubbing
foul tasting sputum
halitosis
sputum has pus-filled mucus
120
what is pulmonary edema? what is the etiology?
edema of the gas exchange areas of the lung
- associated with L ventricular failure
- results in respiratory difficulties that tend to cause R sided heart failure
121
what may be some manifestations of the interference of pulmonary edema with blood flow through the lung and with gas exchange?
- generalized peripheral edema
- dyspnea
- wheezing
- frothy sputum
- orthpnea
122
define penumonia
acute infection of lung parenchyma resulting in inflamm of lung with exudation and consoliation
-leading cause of death in debilitated patients
123
differentiate btwn the etiological types of pneumonia
viral: influenza virus, not serious
bacterial: staphylococcal/streptococcal infection, opportunistic, antibiotic therapy works
mycoplasmal penumonia- less sever form, nonviral nonbacterial, "walking pneumonia"
124
differentiate btwn types of pneumonia classified by location
broncho""= bronchi
lobar ""- lobe of lung
double ""- both lungs simultaneously
interstitial ""- lung intersitium, "fibrotic lung disease"
125
name the steps involved in the pathogenesis of penumonia
red hepatization
grey hepatization
restoration or organization and repair
126
define tuberculosis
infection by mycobacterium tuberculosis
127
differentiate btwn primary TB and secondary TB
primary= airborne disease-inhalation, Ghon focus, primary complex
secondary- breakdown of sequestration or possible reinfection
bone- tuberculosis osteomyelitis
verterbal bodies- tuberculosis spondylitis (potts disease)
joints- tuberculosis arthitis
128
which respiratory disease is characterized by night sweats, annorexia, later disease progression, vague chest pain, pulmonary hemorraghe?
tuberculosis
129
define pleurisy
inflamm of the visceral parietal plurae that line the thoracic cage and envelop the lung
130
what is the difference btwn wet pleurisy and dry pleurisy?
```
wet= visceral lining, increased fluid in space, might have hydrothorax, dyspnea
dry= parietal lining, swelling and friction with movement, parietal friction rub
```
131
define cystic fibrosis
a genetic disorder of the exocrine glands resulting inproduction of thick, viscous secretions that affect vaarious systems in various degrees of severity (sweat glands or respiratory system or GI system)
132
what is the treatment for cystic fibrosis?
balance electrolytes- lots of salt
oral pancreatic enzymes for digestion
lung clearance of mucus through tapotement
