Nutrition

Question 0

What are the 2 sources of cholesterol in body?

Answer 0

Food cholesterol- eggs, dairy, animal products

Hepatocytes- where most cholesterol created

Question 1

A persons blood cholesterol concentration can predict likelihood of a fatal heart attack or stroke.

True/false?

Answer 1

True.

Question 2

How can fatty foods that don’t contain cholesterol still dramatically increase blood cholesterol?

Answer 2

1) with high fat there is reabsorption of cholesterol containing bile back into blood so less cholesterol lost in feces
2) when saturated fats broken in body, hepatocytes use it to create cholesterol

Question 3

The main dietary factor associated with elevated blood cholesterol is high cholesterol intake.

True/false?

Answer 3

False. High saturated fat intake is the major dietary factor that raises blood cholesterol.

Question 4

What are the ways to reduce blood cholesterol?

Answer 4

1) diet- reduce fat, sat fat, cholesterol
2) exercise-aerobic activity
3) medication- aimed at promoting bile excretion in feces, blocking enzyme for cholesterol synthesis

Question 5

What does HDL contain and transport?

How important is the HDL?

Answer 5

Contains large proportion of protein.
Returns cholesterol from storage places to liver for dismantling and disposal.
It is the vessel of transport that matters most.

Question 6

What is the definition of a fatty acid? Name 2 examples of such.

Answer 6

Fatty acids that can’t be made from other substances in body or from each other.
Examples- linoleic and linolenic acid

Question 7

What is another name for linoleic acid? Where is it found? What does it do in body?

Answer 7

Omega 6-fatty acid. Found in vegetable oils, seeds, nuts, whole-grain.
Plays important role in cell membrane.

Question 8

What is another name for linolenic acid? Where is it found? What is it’s purpose in the body?

Answer 8

Omega 3 fatty acid.
Found in fish.
Make up large portion of cerebral cortex and retina. Also affect heart positively, reducing risk of heart disease.

Question 9

What is the proper ratio of fatty acids recommended?

Answer 9

4:1 (omega 6 to omega 3)

Question 10

What are the benefits and the side effects of hydrogenation of fats?

Answer 10

• makes them fresh longer by putting hydrogen into them so they are less susceptible to oxidative damage
• makes them more saturated, harder, and more spreadable
• lose their unsaturated character and the health benefits

Question 11

How do you get trans fatty acids? What’s the implication of ingesting them for the body?

Answer 11

• during hydrogenation, the oil changes it’s shape and makes unusual products not made by the body (instead of becoming saturated)
• elevated LDL cholesterol and lowers HDL levels
• risks for heart

Question 12

What’s the difference between working proteins and structural proteins?

Answer 12

Working proteins: enzymes, antibodies, transport vehicles, hormones, cellular pumps, oxygen carriers
Structural proteins: tendons, ligaments, bones, teeth, hair, nails, etc

Question 13

What’s the difference between carbohydrates and fats?

Answer 13

Carbs contain only carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Proteins contain nitrogen- named amino acids.

Carbs have repeated glucose molecules that are identical. Amino acids in a strand can contain many different kinds of amino acids.

Question 14

How many amino acids are there and how are they categorized?

Answer 14

20 total amino acids.
10 non-essential that body can make itself.
10 essential that body cannot make.

Question 15

What are the functions of vitamin a?

Answer 15

1) Vision- affects the rod cells and cone cells of the eye, visual excitation
2) bone development and growth
3) development of epithelial tissue
4) immunity- maintaining integrity of skin and mucous membranes
5) anti-cancer fn- beta carotene is an antioxidant and also protects heart

Question 16

What are some of the causes of a vitamin a deficiency? What are some conditions that may happen as a result? (Name 5)

Answer 16

• dysfunctions which interfere with absorption, storage or transport
  1) cutaneous changes- follicular hyperkeratosis (alligator skin) or xeroderma (toad skin)
  2) decreased resistance to infection
  3) inability to gain weight (taste buds keratinize)
  4) nyctalopia- night blindness (rod cells)
  5) poor development of bones and teeth

Question 17

The yellowing of the skin from too much carotene is a toxic effect.

Answer 17

False. There are no toxic effects. The discolouration is harmless.

Question 18

What is the effect of vitamin a overdose? And what is this called?

Answer 18

Hypervitaminosis A- in children and adults, there are many side effects such as dizziness, nausea, vomiting, etc.

Question 19

How does vitamin d become active?

Answer 19

Absorbed in body as fat when digested, goes to liver then goes to kidney to become active. From the sun the skin absorbs it and it goes straight into blood stream.

Question 20

What is the role of vitamin d?

Answer 20

1) absorption of calcium and phosphorus
2) maintenance of skeletal intergrity
3) mobilize phosphate from bone
4) influences renal tubular absorption of calcium

Question 21

Where do we get vitamin d from?

Answer 21

Main is exposure to sunlight. Also from fish liver oils, fortified milk, fish.

Question 22

What is hyperkalcemia?

Answer 22

Too much vitamin D becomes toxic- leads to nausea, kidney stones, calcification of aorta, etc. The calcium becomes deposited everywhere.

Question 23

Which vitamins are fat soluble? What is an implication of this?

Answer 23

A, D, E, K. Therefore body can store so they can become excessive and toxic.

Question 24

Which can inhibit the breakdown of vitamin e?

Answer 24

Lack of bile

Question 25

What is another name for vitamin e?

Answer 25

Tocopherol

Question 26

What does vitamin e do?

Answer 26

1) antioxidant (free radical scavenger)
2) formation of red blood cells
3) wound healing (platelet aggregation and homeostasis)
4) prevents scar formation? The scar still forms but it is less noticeable

Question 27

What are some vitamin e deficiencies?

Answer 27

haemolytic anemia of newborn-limited transfer across placenta

Question 28

There is no evidence of adverse effects from naturally occurring sources of vitamin E.

True/false?

Answer 28

True.

Question 29

How does vitamin e act as a protection from heart disease?

Answer 29

They protect LDL from oxidative damage which helps the heart bc there is less risk of atherosclerotic lesions accumulating in blood vessel walls.

Question 30

How is vitamin k2 formed?

Answer 30

As a result of bacterial action in the gut

Question 31

What is the function of vitamin k?

Answer 31

Part of the clotting cascade

Question 32

What is the main function of b vitamins?

Answer 32

Energy metabolism

Question 33

Which b vitamins Can be stored?

Answer 33

B6, b12, and pantothenic acid

Question 34

What does b1/thiamine do?

Answer 34

Helps body convert food into energy, helps fn of heart and radio vascular system and the brain and NS system.

Question 35

What are some things that can result in malabsorption of thiamine?

Answer 35

Alcohol abuse and folate deficiency. Coffee and tea (caffeine and tannic acid) are antagonists to absorption.

Question 36

Name a thiamine deficiency and describe it.

Answer 36

Beriberi- lack of thiamine/b1: in NA mostly alcoholics. Some manifestations: anorexia, ataxia, apathy, weakness, foot drop, wrist drop so- skeletal mm paralysis, atrophy of limbs, poly neuritis

Question 37

Thiamine is rapidly destroyed by heat.

True/false?

Answer 37

True. So cooking good can destroy the thiamine in it.