Quiz #5 Psych Flashcards
1
Q
Anxiety disorder characterized by intense fear, anxiety, and avoidance of situations in which it might be difficult to escape if one experiences symptoms of a panic attack.
A
Agoraphobia
2
Q
cause or causes of a psychological disorder
A
Etiology
3
Q
cognitive theory of depression proposing that a style of thinking that perceives negative life events as having stable and global causes leads to a sense of hopelessness and then to depression
A
hopelessness theory
4
Q
Characterized by continuous state of excessive, uncontrollable, and pointless worry and apprehension
A
Generalized anxiety disorder
5
Q
characterized by a lack of regard for other’s rights, impulsivity, deceitfulness, irresponsibility, and lack of remorse over misdeeds.
A
Antisocial personality disorder
6
Q
characterized by excessive and persistent fear and anxiety, and by related disturbances in behavior
A
Anxiety disorder
7
Q
suggests that people with a predisposition for a disorder (a diathesis) are more likely to develop the disorder when faced with stress
A
Diathesis-stress model
8
Q
model of psychopathology
A
Diathesis-stress model
9
Q
childhood disorder characterized by deficits in social interaction, communication, and repetitive patterns of behavior or interest
A
Autism spectrum disorder
10
Q
group of mood disorders in which mania is the defining feature
A
Bipolar and related disorders
11
Q
co-occurrence of two disorders in the same individual
A
comorbidity
12
Q
belief that is contrary to reality and is firmly held, despite contradictory evidence
A
delusion
13
Q
psychological state lasting from a few seconds to several days, during which one relives a traumatic event and behaves as though the event were occurring at that moment
A
flashback
14
Q
state of extreme elation and agitation
A
mania
15
Q
characterized by beliefs that one holds special power, unique knowledge, or is extremely important
A
Grandiose delusion
16
Q
dissociative disorder characterized by an inability to recall important personal information, usually following an extremely stressful or traumatic experience
A
dissociative amnesia
17
Q
symptom of mania that involves an abruptly switching in conversation from one topic to another
A
Flight of ideas
18
Q
model of psychological disorders resulting from the inability of an internal mechanism to perform its natural function
A
harmful dysfunction
19
Q
childhood disorder characterized by inattentiveness and/or hyperactive, impulsive behavior
A
attention deficit/ hyperactivity disorder
20
Q
describes behaviors or feelings that deviate from the norm
A
atypical
21
Q
mood disorder characterized by mood states that vacillate between depression and mania
A
bipolar disorder
22
Q
decreased reactivity to the environment; includes posturing and catatonic stupor
A
catatonic behavior
23
Q
involves excessive preoccupation with an imagined defect in physical appearance
A
body dysmorphic disorder
24
Q
one of a group of mood disorders in which depression is the defining feature
A
depressive disorder
25
characterized by persistent difficulty in parting with possessions, regardless of their actual value or usefulness
hoarding disorder
26
theory of schizophrenia that proposes that an overabundance of dopamine or dopamine receptors is responsible for the onset and maintenance of schizophrenia
dopamine hypothesis
27
dissociative disorder in which a person exhibits two or more distinct, well-defined personalities or identities and experiences memory gaps for the time during which another identity emerged
Dissociative identity disorder/ multiple personality disorder
27
symptom of dissociative amnesia in which a person suddenly wanders away from one's home and experiences confusion about his or her identity
dissociative fugue symptom
28
perceptual experience that occurs in the absence of external stimulation, such as the auditory hallucinations (hearing voices) common to schizophrenia
hallucination
29
area of the brainstem that contains norepinephrine, a neurotransmitter that triggers the body's fight-or-flight response; has been implicated in panic disorder
locus coeruleus
30
commonly referred to as "depression" or "major depression," characterized by sadness or loss of pleasure in usual activities, as well as other symptoms
major depressive disorder
31
group of DSM-5 disorders in which the primary feature is that a person becomes associated, or split off, from his or her core sense of self, resulting in disturbances in identity and memory
dissociative disorders
32
authoritative index of mental and physical diseases, including infectious diseases, and the criteria for their diagnosis; published by the World Health Organization (WHO).
International Classification of Diseases (ICD)
33
determination of which disorder a set of symptoms presents
diagnosis
34
highly unusual behaviors and movements (such as child-like behaviors), repeated and purposeless movements, and displaying odd facial expressions and gestures
disorganized/ abnormal motor behavior
35
disjointed and incoherent thought processes, usually detected by what a person says
disorganized thinking
35
authoritative index of mental disorders and the criteria for their diagnosis; published by the American Psychiatric Association (APA).
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
36
instability in interpersonal relationships, self-image, and mood, as well as impulsivity; key features include intolerance of being alone and fear of abandonment, unstable relationships, unpredictable behavior and moods, and intense and inappropriate anger
Borderline personality disorder
37
dissociative disorder in which people feel detached from the self, and the world feels artificial and unreal
depersonalization/ derealization disorder
38
belief that something highly unusual is happening to one's body or internal organs
Somatic delusion
39
in schizophrenia, one of the early minor symptoms of psychosis
prodromal symptom
40
condition characterized by abnormal thoughts, feelings, and behaviors.
psychological disorder
41
period in which an individual experiences mania, characterized by extremely cheerful and euphoric mood, excessive talkativeness, irritability, increased activity levels, and other symptoms.
Manic Episode
42
an anxiety disorder characterized by unexpected panic attacks, along with at least one month of worry about panic attacks or self-defeating behavior related to the attacks
panic disorder
43
characterized by decreases and absences in certain normal behaviors, emotions, or drives, such as an expressionless face, lack of motivation to engage in activities, reduced speech, lack of social engagement, and inability to experience pleasure
negative symptom
44
area of the frontal lobe involved in learning and decision-making
orbitofrontal cortex
45
period of extreme fear and discomfort that develops abruptly; symptoms of panic attacks are both physiological and psychological
panic attack
46
thoughts of death by suicide, thinking about or planning suicide, or making a suicide attempt
Suicidal ideation
47
death caused by intentional, self-directed injurious behavior
suicide
48
group of DSM-5 disorders characterized by an inflexible and pervasive personality style that differs markedly from the expectations of one's culture and causes distress and impairment; people with these disorders have a personality style that frequently brings them into conflict with others and disrupts their ability to develop and maintain social relationships.
personality disorder
49
characterized by beliefs that others are out to harm them
paranoid delusion
50
one of the disorders that are first diagnosed in childhood and involve developmental problems in academic, and intellectual, social functioning
Neurodevelopmental disorder
51
one of a group of disorders characterized by severe disturbances in mood and emotions; the categories of mood disorders listed in the DSM-5 are bipolar and related disorders and depressive disorders
Mood disorder
52
a subtype of depression that applies to women who experience an episode of major depression either during pregnancy or in the four weeks following childbirth.
peripartum onset/postpartum depression
53
characterized by the tendency to experience intrusive and unwanted thoughts and urges and or the need to engage in repetitive behavior or mental acts in response to the unwanted thoughts and urges
Obsessive-compulsive disorder
54
subtype of depression in which a person experiences the symptoms of major depressive disorder only during a particular time of the year
Seasonal pattern
55
one of the fluid-filled cavities within the brain
ventricle
56
mental and behavior acts designed to reduce anxiety in social situations by reducing the chance of negative social outcomes; common in social anxiety disorder
safety behavior
57
in depression, tendency to repetitively and passively dwell in one's depressed symptoms.
rumination
58
characterized by extreme and persistent dear or anxiety and avoidance of social situations in which one could potentially be evaluated negatively by others
Social anxiety disorder
59
study of psychological disorders, including their symptoms, causes, and treatment; manifestation of a psychological disorder
psychopathology
60
group of overlapping disorders listed in the DSM-5 that involves intrusive, unpleasant thoughts and/or repetitive behaviors
Obsessive-compulsive and related disorders
61
depressive disorder characterized by a chronically sad and melancholy mood
persistent depressive disorder
62
describes a force beyond scientific understanding
supernatural
63
anxiety disorder characterized by excessive, distressing, and persistent fear or anxiety about a specific object or situation
specific phobia
64
experiencing a profoundly traumatic event leads to a constellation of symptoms that include intrusive and distressing memories of the event, avoidance of stimuli connected to the event, negative emotional states, feelings of detachment from others, irritability, proneness toward outbursts, hypervigilance, and a tendency to startle easily; these symptoms must occur for at least one month
Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
64
severe disorder characterized by major disturbances in thought, perception, emotion, and behavior with symptoms that include hallucinations, delusions, disorganized thinking and behavior, and negative symptoms.
schizophrenia
65
Experience significant physical symptoms for which there is no apparent organic cause, but these seems to be the result of psychological factors.
somatic symptom disorder
66
Individuals will worry that they will develop or have a serious illness but not always experience severe physical symptoms.
Illness Anxiety Disorder
67
a condition characterized by abnormal thoughts, feelings, and behaviors
Psychological Disorder
68
A psychological disorder is a condition that is said to consist of the following:
- There are significant disturbances in thoughts, feelings, and behaviors.
- The disturbances reflect some kind of biological, psychological, or developmental dysfunction.
- The disturbances lead to significant distress or disability in one's life.
- The disturbances do not reflect expected or culturally approved responses to certain events.
69
Perspective attributed to a force beyond scientific understanding.
Supernatural perspectives
70
_______ is more frequently used for clinical diagnosis whereas ______ is more valued for research.
ICD & DSM
71
Views psychological disorders as linked to biological phenomena, such as genetic factors, chemical imbalances, and brain abnormalities.
Biological Perspectives of Psychological Disorders
72
This perspective emphasizes the importance of learning, stress, faulty and self-defeating thinking patterns, and environmental factors.
Psychosocial perspective
73
Views Psychological disorders as originating from a combination of biological and psychological processes
Psychosocial Perspective
74
Integrates biological and psychosocial factors to predict the likelihood of a disorder.
Diathesis-Stress model
75
experiences excessive, distressing, and persistent fear or anxiety about a specific object or situation
Specific Phobia
76
Phobias according to Rachman can be acquired through three major pathways. What are these?
Classical conditioning
Vicarious learning such as modeling
Verbal transmission or information
77
Give 9 examples of Safety behaviors
avoiding eye contact
rehearsing sentences before speaking
Talking only briefly
and not talking about oneself
Assuming roles in social situations that minimize interaction with others
wearing bland, neutral clothes to avoid drawing attention to oneself
selecting a position to avoid scrutiny or contact with others (sitting in back of the room)
78
an inherited trait, and it is characterized by a consistent tendency to show fear and restraint when presented with unfamiliar people or situations.
Behavioral inhibition
79
is often characterized as fear of fear
Panic disorder
80
Fear of strangers
Xenophobia
81
fear of flying
Aerophobia
82
acrophobia
fear of heights
83
Fear of snakes
Ophidiophobia
84
Cynophobia
Fear of dogs
85
Hematophobia
Fear of blood
86
trypanophobia
injections
87
Fear of being buried alive
Taphophobia
88
characterized as persistent, unintentional, and unwanted thoughts and urges that are highly intrusive, unpleasant and distressing
obsession
89
ex. of obsessions
order and symmetry
concerns about germs and contamination
doubts
urges that are aggressive or lustful
90
compulsions
they are repetitive and ritualistic acts that are typically carried out primarily as means to minimize the distress that obsessions trigger or to reduce the likelihood of a feared event
91
ex of compulsions
Compulsions often include such behaviors as repeated and extensive hand washing, cleaning, checking
(e.g., that a door is locked), and ordering (e.g., lining up all the pencils in a particular way), and they
also include such mental acts as counting, praying, or reciting something to oneself
92
orbitofrontal cortex
a brain region that is believed to play a critical role in OCD, located in the frontal lobe involved in learning and decision making.
93
Conditioning and OCD
Classical conditioning
| Operant Conditioning
94
This disorder was once called shell shock and combat neurosis
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
95
PTSD development is influenced by
the interaction of psychosocial and biological factors
96
the comfort, advice, and assistance received from relatives, friends, and neighbors.
Social Support
97
What are the cognitive factors that maintain development and maintenance to PTSD?
disturbances in memory for the event
| Negative appraisals of the trauma and its aftermath
98
loss of interest in activities once enjoyed, often experience a decrease in drives such as hunger and sex, and frequently doubt personal worth
Depressive disorders
99
Differentiate depressive disorders from bipolar and related disorders?
Depression is main feature
| Mania is the defining feature
100
It is often referred to as the common cold of psychiatric disorders
Major depressive disorder
100
Experience depressed moods most of the day nearly every day for at least two years
Persistent depressive disorder (dysthymia)
101
What are the risk factors for suicide?
Brain chemistry - serotonin dysfunction (low levels of serotonin)
102
Give 5 examples of delusions
Paranoid Delusions
- false belief that other people or agencies are plotting to harm the person
Grandiose Delusions
- beliefs one holds special power, unique knowledge, or is extremely important
Somatic Delusion
- belief that something highly abnormal is happening to one's body
103
these reflect noticeable decreases and absences in certain behaviors, emotions, or drives
Negative Symptoms
104
Characterized by a lack of motivation to engage in self-initiated and meaningful activity, including the most basic tasks, such as bathing and grooming
Avolition
105
Refers to reduced speech output; patients do not say much
Alogia
106
It is social withdrawal and lack in engaging in social interactions (negative symptom)
Asociality
107
Refers to an inability to experience pleasure.
Anhedonia
108
4 negative symptoms
Avolition
Alogia
Asociality
Anhedonia
109
Causes of Schizophrenia
Dopamine hypothesis (overabundance of dopamine)
Enlarged ventricles associated with a loss of brain tissue.
Display a reduction in gray matter
Events during pregnancy
Marijuana use
110
What are the 3 clusters for personality disorders
Cluster A: Personality style that is odd or eccentric
- Paranoid, schizoid, schizotypal
Cluster B: are highly emotional, impulsive, overdramatic
- antisocial, histrionic, narcissistic
Cluster C: avoidant, dependent, obsessive-compulsive
- nervous and fearful
111
Differentiate between Paranoid, Schizoid, and Schizotypal
Paranoid - pervasive unjustifiable suspiciousness and mistrust of others
Schizoid - lacks interest to form relationships, indifferent to approval or criticism of others.
Schizotypal - exhibits eccentricities in thought, emotion, speech and behavior, unusual perpetual experiences.
112
What are the three major concepts for Antisocial personality disorder?
Disinhibition, Boldness and meanness
113
Causes of ADHD
Dopamine deficits
114
What signs of Autism spectrum disorder do you expect
a. Deficits in social interaction
b. deficits in communication
c. repetitive patterns of behavior or interests
115
Asperger's disorder
having an average or high intelligence and strong vocabulary but exhibiting impairments in social interaction and social communication
116
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