Quiz 5 Practice problems Flashcards
The antibiotics Penicillin G and Ampicillin are low molecular weight, acidic molecules. Like all small molecules, they will be removed from the blood into the initial filtrate in the renal corpuscle. However, they disappear from blood at a rate higher than can be accounted for by filtration due to the action of which cells?
Collecting tubule and collecting duct cells
Distal convoluted tubule cells
Mesangial cells
Podocytes
Proximal convoluted tubule cells
Thick ascending limb cells
PCTs can secrete organic acids and bases from the blood into the filtrate, which will result in rates of removal greater than that possible only by their filtration in the glomerulus
The blood filtration unit in the kidneys is formed by a collaboration between endothelial cells and what other cells?
Juxtaglomerular cells
Mesangial cells
Parietal cells
Podocytes
Proximal convoluted tubule cells
Podocytes also contribute to the filter unit of the glomerulus; specifically the filtration slits between the podocyte pedicles.
The majority of components present in the filtrate of kidney tubules arrive there from the blood primarily due to:
Active transport
Blood pressure
Diffusion
Osmotic pressure
Blood pressure provides the main driving force for production of initial filtrate from blood in the glomerular capillaries.
What situation favors the reabsorption of fluid from the filtrate in cortical kidney tubules back to the blood in peritubular capillaries?
Fenestrations of the endothelium of peritubular capillaries
High oncotic pressure of blood in peritubular capillaries
Leaks between tight junctions of peritubular capillaries
Robust transcytosis rates maintained by peritubular capillaries
The high oncotic pressure in the blood leaving via the efferent arterioles will automatically favor the flow of fluid from the filtrate back to the peritubular capillaries supplied by that arteriole.
D.
The PCT accomplishes about 65% of the recovery of fluid volume from the initial filtrate.
F
The thick ascending limb (TAL) is the site where Na,K-ATPase actively pumps Na+
from the filtrate into the medulla.
How does aldosterone stimulate sodium recovery from the terminal distal convoluted tubule and the collecting tubules and ducts?
It binds to and directly stimulates the Na,K-ATPase in tubule cells
It increases production of initial filtrate in the renal corpuscle
It opens apical sodium channels in tubule cells and stimulates production of Na,K-ATPase
It opens tight junctions between tubule cells
It promotes the fusion of cytoplasmic vesicles containing aquaporins with tubule cell membranes
Opens apical sodium channels…
Aldosterone has several actions that increase sodium recovery from the filtrate, including opening apical (luminal) sodium channels and increasing production of Na,K-ATPase.
The counter current exchange system operating in the kidney is most directly involved in what activity?
Adjusting the pH of the blood
Forming the initial filtrate
Maintaining the high salt concentration in the extracellular fluid of the medulla
Producing of high salt concentration in the extracellular fluid of the medulla
Regulating the rate of fluid flow through the nephron and collecting duct
Maintaining the high salt…
The countercurrent exchange system uses the geometry of parallel flows to supply blood to the medulla for nourishing cells without removing the high salt concentration of the interstitium. Some salt and water will exit with the blood, of course, but the bulk of the gradient is maintained.
If the [NaCl] of the fluid in a thick ascending limb entering the JGA (juxtaglomerular apparatus) is sensed by macula densa cells as being too high, a response is initiated that results in what change to a nearby structure?
The afferent arteriole constricts
The efferent arteriole constricts
The extraglomerular mesangial cells migrate into the capsule
The JG cells release renin
The podocytes contract
Afferent arteriole
What would be indicated by the absence of sharp-edged, fusiform vesicles in the cytoplasm of surface cells of the urothelium of the urinary bladder?
High levels of ADH in the blood
High levels of aldosterone in the blood
High levels of CCK in the blood
The bladder is empty
The bladder is full
bladder is full
The absence of sharp edged vesicles in the cytoplasm indicates that the bladder is full: the excess plasma membrane stored in these vesicles has been added to the surface, allowing it to expand.
The blood that supplies the counter current exchange system of the renal medulla comes most directly from what vessels?
Arcuate arteries
Cortical efferent arterioles
Juxtamedullary efferent arterioles
Interlobar arteries
Segmental arteries
Juxtamedullary efferent arterioles
The efferent arterioles of juxtamedullary renal corpuscles give rise to the vasa recta, which supply the medulla with blood via a countercurrent system.
H
D.
The proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) cells actively remove proteins that enter the initial by endocytosis. Numerous endocytic vesicles are formed at the base of the short microvilli that line the apical surfaces of the PCT cells.
An increase in the concentration of ADH in the blood will result in what rapid change in the kidney?
Afferent arterioles differentially constrict
Efferent arterioles differentially constrict
Collecting duct cells become less permeable to water
Collecting duct cells become more permeable to water
Renin release is decreased
Renin release is increased
Collecting Duct cells become more permeable to water
Antidiuretic hormone does what its name states: it acts “against” diuresis, which is an increased production of urine. When ADH binds to receptors on collecting tubules and ducts, vesicles containing aquaporins move from the cytoplasm to fuse with the plasma membrane and increase water flow across the cells. Especially in the medulla, the movement of water will be from the filtrate towards the interstitium due to the high salt concentration produced by the loop of Henle. This flow of water out of the filtrate decreases the volume of urine produced: anti-diuresis. More importantly, it increases the amount of water in the body.
What is the main driving force for glomerular filtration?
Hydrostatic pressure of the capillary.