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Cardiac Physiology > Quiz 5 - Arterial and Venous Systems, Capillaries, Body fluid compartments > Flashcards

Quiz 5 - Arterial and Venous Systems, Capillaries, Body fluid compartments Flashcards

1
Q

What tissues make up the wall of an artery?

A

Endothelium, Elastic tissue, Smooth muscle, Fibrous tissue.

The Elastic tissue and smooth muscle is greater than a vein

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2
Q

What are the 3 different tissue layers in the wall of an artery?

A

Intima - inner layer
Media - smooth muscle
Adventitia - outer layer

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3
Q

What tissues make up the wall of an arteriole?

A

Endothelium and smooth muscle only

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4
Q

What tissues make up the wall of a vein?

A

Endothelium, Elastic tissue, smooth muscle, fibrous tissue.

Same layers as an artery just not as much elastic tissue or smooth muscle

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5
Q

What is the primary function of the arterial system?

A

To distribute blood to the capillary system

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6
Q

What part of the vascular system regulates the flow of blood to the various capillary beds?

A

arterioles

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7
Q

Where is the lowest pressure in the vascular system as blood travels from the aorta back to the right atrium?

A

Superior Vena Cava going into the RA

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8
Q

What is pulse pressure?

A

Sys BP - Dias BP

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9
Q

What formula can be used to estimate mean arterial pressure?

A

DBP + 1/3 (SBP-DBP)

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10
Q

What are some of the changes in the arterial waveform as blood travels distally to the extremities?

A
  • The high-frequency components of the pulse, such as the incisura, are damped out and soon disappear
  • The systolic portions of the pressure wave become narrowed and elevated
  • A hump may appear on the diastolic portion of the pressure wave
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11
Q

In a healthy individual, would you expect a higher or lower systolic blood pressure reading in the foot as compared to the aorta?

A

Higher

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12
Q

How does the arterial system convert pulsatile bloodflow to continuous bloodflow at the level of the capillaries? What is the advantage of continuous blood flow at the capillary level?

A

A hydraulic filter system created by the elastic conduits of the aorta/arteries and the high resistance of the arterioles change blood from pulsatile –> continuous flow.
* Advantage is that it minizes the work of the heart

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13
Q

Does the heart have to work harder to pump blood through rigid vessels?

A

yes

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14
Q

What are some of the factors that affect pulse pressure?

A

Increased preload and inotropy along with decreased afterload and HR Lead to Increased Pulse pressure
* Decreased aortic compliance and age related arteriosclerosis/HTN will also lead to increased pulse pressure

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15
Q

Why do our arteries become stiffer as we get older?

A

Due to loss of elastic tissue

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16
Q

What are the primary functions of the veins?

A

Acts as a reservoir for CV system and pump to help propel blood to heart

17
Q

What factors regulate CVP?

A
  • heart ability to pump blood out of the RA and RV to lungs

* Blood flow from the peripheral veins to the RA (venous return)

18
Q

What factors increase CVP?

A 
Decrease CO
Increased Total blood volume
Venous constriction
Gravity (standing to supine)
Arterial dilation
Resp Activity (increased)
Skeletal muscle pump
19
Q

When a person is standing where would you find the highest venous pressures in the body? Where would you find the lowest venous pressures in the body?

A

Highest - feet

Lowest - Head

20
Q

What is a major risk of performing neurosurgery in the sitting position?

A

Negative pressures in head can cause air to be sucked into the system when veins are cut.

21
Q

How does respiration affect venous return?

A
  • Spontaneous Resp: decrease intrathoracic pressure results in decreased RA pressure which enhances venous reture
  • Mechanical Vent: increase intra-thoracic pressure causes increased RA pressure which decreases venous return
  • Valsalva maneuver: causes large increase in intra-thoracic pressure which impedes venous return to RA
22
Q

How much of the total blood volume is normally found in the venous system?

A

70%

23
Q

Where are some of the major venous blood reservoirs in the body?

A

spleen, liver, large abd veins, venous plexus. Heart and lungs also contribute although they are not considered part of the venous system.

24
Q

Why are the arterioles called the “stopcocks” of the circulation?

A

have precapillary sphincters that can clamp down or open up circulation to capillaries

25
Q

What are some of the characteristics of the capillaries that make them ideal for nutrient and fluid exchange with the surrounding tissues?

A

Thin walled, large cross-sectional area which gives them the greatest surface area for exchange

26
Q

Do the walls of capillaries contain smooth muscle?

A

No smooth muscle and are incapable of active constriction

27
Q

Why can capillaries withstand high intravascular pressures?

A

Because they are very small and small walled…I believe it is due to the large cross sectional area.

28
Q

What are some of the mechanisms of exchange across the capillary endothelium?

A
  • Diffusion - O2, CO2, lipid soluble substances
  • Bulk flow through pores - H2O, electrolytes, small molecules
  • Vesicular transport - proteins
29
Q

Is the permeability of the capillary endothelium the same in all the tissues of the body?

A

No, depends on density and porosity

30
Q

What are the 2 major body fluid compartments?

A

Intracellular and Extracellular

31
Q

Approximately what percentage of body weight is made up of total body water?

A

~ 60%

32
Q

What percentage makes up each of the 2 major body fluid compartments?

A

ICF ~ 40%

ECF ~ 20%

33
Q

If you gave a person 1 liter of intravenous normal saline (0.9% NaCl) how would it distribute over the various fluid compartments?

A

Most will be intravascular and extracellular and take a small portion out of the intracellular

34
Q

If you gave a person 1 liter of intravenous 0.5% dextrose how would it distribute over the various fluid compartments?

A

Most will go intracellular and small amounts would stay in the Intravascular and extracellular compartments

Cardiac Physiology (12 decks)

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