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Cardiac Physiology > neurohumoral control > Flashcards

neurohumoral control Flashcards

1
Q

Which sympathetic nerve receptor predominantly causes vasoconstriction?

A

alpha

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2
Q

Which sympathetic nerve receptor predominantly causes increased contractility?

A

beta 1

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3
Q

Which sympathetic nerve receptor predominantly causes bronchodilation?

A

beta 2

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4
Q

Chronotrophy

A

HR

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5
Q

inotropy

A

contractility

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6
Q

dromotropy

A

conduction velocity

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7
Q

lusitropy

A

relaxation

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8
Q

What is the “second messenger” that is involved with sympathetic stimulation of a cardiac muscle cell?

A

cyclic AMP

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9
Q

Which catecholamine does the adrenal gland predominantly release with sympathetic stimulation?

A

Mostly epinephrine (80%), lesser amount norepinephrine (20%)

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10
Q

What is the Baroreceptor Reflex

A

Sensor of change in BP, increases or decreases HR due to change. Located in carotid sinus and aortic arch

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11
Q

Where are the receptors for the baroreceptor reflex located?

A

Located in Carotid SINUS and Aortic Arch

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12
Q

How does the Baroreceptor Reflex help with blood pressure regulation?

A

Helps ↓ daily variation in blood pressure
Helps with postural changes in BP
Responds rapidly to changing pressure

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13
Q

During what surgery does Baroreceptor Reflex activation frequently cause hemodynamic changes?

A

Carotid endarectomy

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14
Q

What is the Bainbridge Reflex?

A

Infusion of ↑ VOLUME causes ↑ HR due to activation of atrial stretch receptors

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15
Q

Where are the receptors for bainbridge reflex located?

A

Vena cava – right atrial junction

Pulmonary vein – left atrial junction

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16
Q

In addition to receptor activation what also contributes to the heart rate changes seen with the Bainbridge Reflex?

A

Stretch of heart and stretch of SA node

17
Q

The Baroreceptor Reflex responds to changes in arterial blood pressure or to changes in blood volume?

A

pressure

18
Q

The Bainbridge Reflex responds to changes in arterial blood pressure or to changes in blood volume?

A

volume

19
Q

What are some of the effects of Atrial Stretch Receptor activation?

A

↓ Volume by ↑ Urine output and ↓ BP

↑HR (Bainbridge)

20
Q

What is the Bezold-Jarisch Reflex?

A

strong contraction of an undefiled ventricle => ↓HR, BP, and SVR

21
Q

What is the CNS ischemic response?

A

Atrial pressure elevation in response to cerebral ischemia

22
Q

What is the Cushing Response?

A

Increased ICP causes increased BP until blood flows once again in the vessels of the brain

23
Q

What is Cushing’s Triad?

A

Irregular respirations (caused by impaired brainstem function), bradycardia, and widening pulse pressure (caused by systolic hypertension).

24
Q

Under what circumstances can Peripheral Chemoreceptors cause hemodynamic changes

A

When SBP< 80mmHg => ↓PaO2, ↑PaCO2, ↓pH => excites vasomotor center in medulla => ↑ SVR and MAP

25
Q

What is the Diving Reflex?

A

the body’s physiological response to submersion in cold water and includes selectively shutting down parts of the body in order to conserve energy for survival.

26
Q

Vasopressin is released from which part of the brain? What are the effects of vasopressin on blood pressure? What are the effects of vasopressin on the kidney?

A
  1. Vasopressin is released from the hypothalamus. Increases BP. Greatly increases water reabsorption from the renal tubules back into the blood and therefore helps to control body fluid volume. (antidiuretic hormone)
27
Q

What is the stimulus for release of Atrial Natriuretic Peptide?

A

ANP is released by the atrial walls of the heart when they are stretched

28
Q

What are the effects of ANP on blood pressure?

A

The ANP has a direct effect on the kidneys to increase greatly their excretion of salt and water. Therefore, ANP plays a natural role to help prevent extreme congestive systems during cardiac failure. Causes Decreased BP

29
Q

What converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin I?

A

renin

30
Q

What converts angiotensin I to angiotensin II?

A
  1. Angiotension-converting enzyme (ACE). Located in the lungs
31
Q

What are the INDIRECT effects of hypoxia on the circulatory system?

A

SNS activation. Increased HR, Increased CO, increased contractility.

32
Q

What are the DIRECT effects of hypoxia

A

Depressed myocardial contractility

33
Q

What are the INDIRECT effects of hypercarbia on the circulatory system

A

SNS activation. Increased HR, Increased CO, increased contractility. \

34
Q

what are the direct effects of hypercarbia

A

depressed myocardial contractility

Cardiac Physiology (12 decks)

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