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MAMS COT > Quiz 5 > Flashcards

Quiz 5 Flashcards

1
Q

5 stages of lung development

A

1) Embryonic
2) Pseudoglandular
3) Canalicular
4) Saccular
4) Alveolar

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2
Q

Embryonic lung development stage

A

3-7 weeks
- 1-3 branches, the vasculature begins to develop alongside

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3
Q

Pseudoglandular stage of lung development

A

5-17 weeks
- vasculature further develops in the mesenchymal space
- surrounded by visceral pleura

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4
Q

Canalicular stage of lung development

A

16-26 weeks
- branching down to bronchioles
- blood-gas barrier development (alveolar cells)
- lungs and vasculature getting close (most mesenchymal space is gone)

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5
Q

Saccular stage of lung development

A

24-38 weeks
- growth stage, production of surfactant
- development of true alveolar sacs
- endothelial specialization into gas-exchange cells

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6
Q

Alveolar stage of lung development

A

36 wks - 18 mo
- further growth
- ability to gas exchange at a high level

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7
Q

What is the limit for preemies?

A

21 weeks, canalicular stage
- inability to oxygenate blood and create surfactant

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8
Q

3 salivary glands

A

1) Parotid
2) Submandibular
3) Sublingual

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9
Q

Parotid gland

A

100% serous secretions

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10
Q

Submandibular

A

90% serous, 10% mucus

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11
Q

Sublingual gland

A

50/50

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12
Q

Where are serous demilunes found?

A

In mixed seroumucous glands
- due to mucus cells swelling, forcing serous cells to bulge towards BM

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13
Q

Striated duct

A

simple columnar epithelium with basal striations
- mitochondria lined up against basal striations
- good spot for ion transporters
- modify luminal content

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14
Q

Glandular duct sequence

A

Acini
secretory duct
intercalated duct
striated duct
excretory duct

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15
Q

Are minor salivary glands mucus or serous?

A

100% mucus
- in lining epithelium

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16
Q

Myoepithelial cells

A

Help to squeeze the duct and excrete product

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17
Q

Importance of excretory duct lumen

A

Site of storage and replication of gut viruses

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18
Q

Pancreas development

A
  • ventral and dorsal bud
  • ventral bud rotates to combine with dorsal bud
  • ventral also gallbladder and liver
  • contains tissue resident macrophages
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19
Q

2 pancreatic ducts

A

1) Duct of Santorini
2) Duct of Wirsung

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20
Q

Duct of Santorini

A

Comes from dorsal bud

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21
Q

Duct of Wirsung

A

Comes from ventral bud, also called uncinate (hooked) process
- combines with common bile duct from liver

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22
Q

Exocrine pancreas

A

Excrete zymogen granules to duodenum
- contains ductal cells, centroacinar cells, secretory acini

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23
Q

Pancreatic duct sequence

A

secretory acini
intercalated (interlobular) ducts
interlobular ducts
pancreatic duct (excretory duct)

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24
Q

Pancreatic Stellate cell

A

Exists subjacent to acinar basement membrane

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25
Q

Centroacinar cells

A

Bicarbonate secretion

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26
Q

Intercalated ducts in pancrease

A

Bicarbonate adjustment

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27
Q

Significant of capillaries in an endocrine gland

A

Serve to take product away into body
- ie. from islet of langerhans

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28
Q

Islets of Langerhans

A

Endocrine portion of pancreas
- undergo EMT to joint CT from trunk cells
- grow in low-O2 regions
- secrete basally
- contain alpha, beta and delta cells

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29
Q

alpha cells secrete

A

Glucagon

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30
Q

beta cells secrete

A

Insulin

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31
Q

delta cells secrete

A

Somatostation
- inhibits pancreatic secretions

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32
Q

2 lineages from pancreatic progenitor cells

A

1) Tip cells -> secretory acini
2) Trunk cells -> elaborate into ducts

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33
Q

Zollinger-Ellison syndrome

A

Gastrinoma (tumor) in islets, begins to produce Gastrin

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34
Q

Mammary glands evolved from

A

Sweat glands

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35
Q

Mammary gland duct sequence

A

Secretory Alveoli (active)/terminal ductules (inactive)
Intralobular ducts
Interlobular ducts
Lactiferous ducts
Lactiferous sinuses

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36
Q

Where are mammary stem cells found

A

scattered across the breast

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37
Q

Ductal tip cells

A

Precursors to mammary gland alveolar cells

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38
Q

Myoepithelial cells

A

contractile cells under nervous influence

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39
Q

Mammary stromal tissues

A

Contains CT and adipose tissue

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40
Q

Colostrum

A

First produced by mammary glands, then becomes milk

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41
Q

How are lipids and breast milk secreted from cells

A

Apocrine secretion
- portion of cell is pinched off

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42
Q

Proteins, carbs, serous products mode of secretion

A

Merocrine
- vesicles fuse with membrane and then are released

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43
Q

Antibody mode of cell secretion

A

Transcytosis

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44
Q

Vitamins, Salts, Hormones mode of secretion

A

Active transport

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45
Q

3 types of primitive kidneys and their locations

A

1) Pronephros - cervical
2) Mesonephros - segmentally along spine
3) Metanephros - within pelvis

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46
Q

Mesonephric (Wolffian) duct

A

Duct created via MET that directly drains pronephric glomeruli into peritoneal cavity

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47
Q

Formation of adult kidney

A
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48
Q

Mesonephros

A

Forms after degeneration of pronephros
- cranial-caudal development allows for production of more glomeruli

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49
Q

Metanephros

A

Ureteric bud branches off of mesonephric duct
- branching morphogenesis elaborates branches further
- metanephric cap undergoes MET to form Bowmans capsule and rest of tubules (DCT, PCT, loop of henle)

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50
Q

Cloaca

A

remnant connection between yolk sac and endoderm lumen
- connects with caudal end of meonephric duct
- splits into rectum and urinary/reproductive orifices
- separated by urorectal septum

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51
Q

renal vasulogenesis

A

Capillaries (glomerulus) punch into tubule to form Bowmans capsule

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52
Q

3 steps of nephrogenesis

A

1) Ureteric buds
2) Metanephric development (multiple branching events)
3) development at tips

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53
Q

Serous gland

A

secretes water-based substance

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54
Q

Mucus gland

A

secretes glycoprotein-like substance (mucus)

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55
Q

Do acinar glands have a lumen?

A

NO

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56
Q

Sites of hematopoiesis

A

1) Yolk sac
2) Liver and Spleen
3) Bone marrow

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57
Q

Yolk sac hematopoiesis

A

Formation of hematopoietic islands
- 3-4th week of gestation, peaks in 2nd month

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58
Q

Liver and spleen hematopoiesis

A

Begins in 5th week
- peaks at 5-6 mo gestation

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59
Q

Bone marrow hematopoiesis

A

Start of 5th month of gestation
- goes thru adulthood

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60
Q

Best spot for bone marrow biopsy

A

Iliac bone, far away from CNS

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61
Q

Yellow marrow

A

contains mostly adipocytes

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62
Q

Largest site of neutrophil sequestration

A

Postcapillary lung venules
- 50% of all PMNs are marginated
- released in response to stress, epinephrine

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63
Q

Lymphocyte sequestration

A

Stored in secondary lymphatic organs
- Thymus, BALT, MALT

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64
Q

Vasculogenesis definition

A

Creation of a vessel out of CT
- MET from extra embryonic mesoderm to form vessels
- accompanied by creation of blood islands

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65
Q

2 models of vasculogenesis and hematopoiesis

A

1) All come from mesoderm
2) Hemogenic endothelium differentiates into:
- further hemogenic endothelium
- HSC

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66
Q

Angiogenesis

A

Growth of existing vessels
ex. tip cells are nucleation site to direct stalk cells to form a lumen

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67
Q

Type of vessels in vascular sinus of bone marrow

A

Large marrow sinusoidal capillaries

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68
Q

Stroma consists of

A

Adipose tissue
Fibroblasts
CT
Endothelium

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69
Q

Is storm or parenchyma functional

A

Stroma is structural, parenchyma is functional

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70
Q

Contribution of storm to hematopoiesis

A

All marrow stroll cells are active in regulating, supporting and controlling hematopoiesis

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71
Q

Parenchyma consists of

A

Developing blood cells (hematopoietic islands)

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72
Q

Two theories of HSC progenitor differentiation

A

1) HSC to CLP/CMP
2) Energy well theory

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73
Q

HSC to CLP/CMP theory

A

1) CLP (lymphocytes
2) CMP (everything else)
- CFU-Eo: eosinophils
- CFU-B: basophils
- CFU-GM
- CFU-Megakaryocyte
- BFU-E -> CFU-E: erythrocytes

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74
Q

Which progenitors are sensitive to EPO

A

BFU-E and CFU-E

75
Q

Can precursors self-renew?

A

Nahhhh

76
Q

CSF (colony-stimulating factors)

A

Chemokine used to exert control of hemopoiesis
- Act on progenitor populations
- G-CSF: granulocyte lineage
- GM-GSF: granulocyte/monocyte lineage

77
Q

Sequence of RBC differentiation

A

BFU-E, CFU-E
Proerythroblast
Basophilic erythroblast
Polychromatphilic erythroblast
Orthochromatophillic erythroblast
Reticulocyte

78
Q

Does a polychromatophilic have mainly ribosomes or hemoglobin

A

Both lol
Basophilic erythroblast: mainly ribosomes
Polychromatic erythroblast: both
Orthochromatophilic erythroblast: mainly hemoglobin

79
Q

Where is EPO found

A

Cortical Interstitum

80
Q

How do Band cells enter the vasculature

A

Pierce endothelial cells (donut)

81
Q

Granule sequence

A

No granules
Primary azurophilic granules
Secondary specific granules

82
Q

Megakaryocytes

A

Proplatelet strings into platelet demarcation channels

83
Q

Endomitotic division

A

DNA replication without cytokinesis
- 2n2x, 2n3x, 2n6x

84
Q

Megakaryocyte growth naming

A

Megakaryoblasts (early) -> Megakaryocytes -> Promegakaryocytes (late)

  • nucleus complexity increases
85
Q

How long do platelets last in circulation

A

10 days

86
Q

Anemia vs Leukemia

A

Anemia: RBC
Leukemia: WBC

87
Q

Anemia

A

reduction in O2 carrying capacity of blood
- too few or too many RBC, too large/small, wrong shape

88
Q

1st letter in leukemia

A

A - acute, few mature circulating WBC
C - chronic, abnormal function

89
Q

2nd letter in leukemia

A

M - myelogenous, affect myeloid cells
L - lymphocytic, affect lymphatic cells

90
Q

3rd letter in leukemia

A

L - leukemia, abnormal proliferation of leukocytes

91
Q

Acute leukemia

A

Very few nature WBC
- marrow has immature non-differentiated quickly-dividing cells
- anemia and bleeding are common due to overcrowding

92
Q

Autologous stem cell transplant

A

Stem cells harvested before irradiation, then replaced
- chance of cancer recurrence

93
Q

Allogenic stem cell transplant

A

Cells of HLA-matched donor

94
Q

Vermilion Border

A

Transition between SSK and SSNK of lips

95
Q

Masticatory mucosa

A

Found on hard palate, gingiva (gums) and filiform papillae
- these are areas exposed to frictional and shearing forces

96
Q

Masticatory mucosa epithelium

A

SSK or Parakeratinized

97
Q

Lining mucosa epithelium

A

SSNK
- typically thicker than masticatory epithelium except under tongue (doesn’t experience as much friction)

98
Q

Lining mucosa

A

Found in remainder of oral cavity

99
Q

Why is the lining mucosa under the tongue thinner

A

More permeable, submucosa layer contains large blood and lymphatic vessels
- allows for rapid absorption of certain medications

100
Q

Specialized mucosa

A

Found where taste buds are, soft palate and pharynx

101
Q

Specialized mucosa epithelium

A

modified, elongated epithelial cells
- usually contains epithelium and lamina propria

102
Q

Periodontal Ligament

A

CT
- very vascularized
- lots of innervation

103
Q

Tongue

A

Composed largely of skeletal muscle
- dorsal epithelium consists of papillae

104
Q

tongue development

A

1) Oral part: 1st pharyngeal arch
2) Pharyngeal part: 3-4th pharyngeal arch

105
Q

What happens to the papillae on the posterior part of the tongue

A

Replaced by lingual tonsils (lymphatic tissue)

106
Q

4 types of papillae

A

1) Filliform
2) Fungiform
3) Circumvallate
4) Foliate

107
Q

Filliform papillae

A

Keratinized sheet-like projections that lack taste buds
- used to compress/break food

108
Q

Fungiform papillae

A

Most numerous paella containing taste buds
- chemoreceptors, used for taste

109
Q

Circumvallate papillae

A

10-20, large, back tongue, present on lateral surface facing moat
- von Ebner’s glands
- used for taste

110
Q

von Ebner’s glands

A

100% serous secretions to the bottom of moat

111
Q

Foliate

A

Leaf-like, lateral surface in dogs, not found in humans after infancy
- exist in posterolateral surface
- used for taste

112
Q

Pulp cavity

A

Innervated, vascularized CT

113
Q

Enamel

A

Avascular, hardest, most mineralized surface in the body (95%)
- produced from ameloblasts before eruption

114
Q

Amelogenin

A

Substitute for fibrillar collagen, allows for high mineral content

115
Q

Do ameloblasts exist after eruption?

A

Nah boiii

116
Q

Odontoblasts

A

Produce pre-dentin, present on inner surface facing pulp cavity

117
Q

Dentinal tubules

A

Created by odontoblasts, sense dentin damage and tell pulp nerves
- cold stimulus via special ion channel in odontoblast membrane

118
Q

Junctional epithelium

A

Prevents bacterial entry into adjacent soft tissues
- high rate of turnover
- old cells slough off into gingival sulcus
- low density of desmosomal connections

119
Q

Specialty of the junctional epithelium

A

2 basement membranes
1) External against gingival CT: modified to allow easy access for immune cells
2) Internal (apical BM): binds w/ tooth enamel (can reform quickly)

120
Q

Cementum

A

Produced by cement oblasts which become cementocytes in lacunae
- acellular near cervix
- 50% mineralization

121
Q

Sharpeys fibers

A

Consist of type 1 collagen
- connect PDL to cementum and surrounding bone (mandible or maxilla)

122
Q

Tooth development stages

A

1) dental lamina stage
2) cap stage
3) bell stage
4) root stage

123
Q

Dental lamina stage

A

Oral epithelium invaginates in specific spots on dental ridge
- subjacent ectomesenchymal tissues condenses (future pulp cavity)

124
Q

Cap stage

A

Creation of enamel organ
- inner and outer enamel epithelium
- stellate reticulum

125
Q

Inner enamel epithelium

A

basal portion of enamel organ sac

126
Q

outer enamel epithelium

A

remainder of sac lining

127
Q

Stellate reticulum

A

Cells on inside of the sac
- pull inner enamel epithelium into correct shape

128
Q

Bell stage

A

Inner enamel epithelium elongates to produce shape of anatomical crown
- dental lamina begins to degenerate
- dentin and enamel production begins

129
Q

Cervical loop

A

Point where inner and outer enamel epithelia meet

130
Q

Pattern of enamel and dentin creation

A

1) Ameloblasts induce formation of odontoblasts from ectomesenchyme
2) Odontoblasts begin to form dentin
3) Induces Ameloblasts to secrete enamel against dentin

131
Q

Ameloblast polarity

A

Reverse polarity, enamel is secreted from apical surface

132
Q

Reduced enamel epithelium

A

Formed once ameloblasts have finished secreting enamel
- protect tooth as it erupts

133
Q

Root stage

A

Formation of cementum and growth of roots, causing eruption
- degeneration of enamel organ

134
Q

Cementum

A

Product of ectomesenchyme
- covers surface of root

135
Q

Hertwig’s root sheath

A

Extension of inner enamel epithelium past cervical loop
- organizes dentin root formation

136
Q

Dental follicle

A

Cementum, PDL, alveolar bone

137
Q

4 basic teeth shapes

A

1) incisor
2) canine
3) pre-molar
4) molar

138
Q

How many deciduous and how many permanent teeth

A

20, 32

139
Q

Are the foregut, hindgut and midgut innervated by the vagus nerve?

A

Yes to foregut and midgut
No to hindgut

140
Q

Mesentery

A

double-fold of visceral peritoneum that suspends the intestines
- CT surrounded by mesothelium
- blood vessels, nerves, lymphatic vessels

141
Q

Omentum

A

Suspends the stomach

142
Q

Esophagus, duodenum, lower rectum, anal canal…serosa or adventitia?

A

Mostly adventitia

143
Q

Colon…serosa or adventitia?

A

varies

144
Q

Stomach, jejunum, ileum…serosa or adventitia?

A

Serosa

145
Q

Is the gut brain myelinated or unmyelinated?

A

Unmyelinated

146
Q

What is the gut brain derived from?

A

Neural Crest Cells

147
Q

Gut brain, para or sympathetic?

A

Postganglionic fibers of sympathetic division
- cell bodies and fibers of postganglionic parasympathetic
- local cell connection fibers

148
Q

What is located between OLL and ICL and what does it do?

A

Myenteric (Auerbach’s) plexus
- regulates peristalsis
- local contraction-relaxation reflex

149
Q

What is located in the submucosa and what does it do?

A

Submucosal plexus, regulates glandular secretions

150
Q

Enteroendocrine cells

A

Release NT’s in presence of chyme
- located in pits of villi
- delaminate during development to form pancreatic islets

151
Q

L cells

A

Type of enteroendocrine cell
- secrete GLP-1, found in ileum and large intestine

152
Q

Appearance of enteric nerve ganglia

A

Large, pyramidal, large euchromatic nucleus

153
Q

Interstitial cell of Canal

A

Intrinsic rhythm generators

154
Q

NCC migration in gut

A

Initially cranially and aurally, then migrate along gut tube until they overlap
- lack of overlap leads to paralysis and gut distention

155
Q

Esophagus epithelium

A

SSNK

156
Q

2 types of glands present in esophagus

A

1) Cardiac glands in lamina propria
2) Submucosal glands

157
Q

Esophageal cardiac glands

A

Secrete pH-neutral mucin
- in lamina propria
- distal towards stomach

158
Q

Submucosal glands (Esophageal glands proper)

A

most mucus, some serous
- stratified cuboidal duct epithelium

159
Q

Muscularis externa is different in esophagus how

A

Contains skeletal muscle

160
Q

Explain the 2 esophageal sphincters

A

1) Anatomical: upper thicker
2) Physiological: lower, more muscle tone

161
Q

Esophageal mucosa

A

SSNK with pyknotic nuclei on apical surface
- basophilic basal layer (very mitotic)

162
Q

Esophagogastric junction

A

Z line: change from SSNk to simple columnar epithelium

163
Q

Barretts esophagus

A

Metaplasia at Z-line
- SSNK becomes simple columnar
- dysplasia and possible esophageal adenocarcinoma

164
Q

Stomach mucosa

A

1) Cardiac glands
2) Gastric glands
3) Pylorus

165
Q

Stomach cardiac glands

A

Secrete mucus

166
Q

Gastric (principal, fundic) glands

A

Found in fundus and body

167
Q

Cells found in gastric glands, top to bottom

A

Surface mucus cell
Mucus neck cell
Stem cell
Parietal cell
Chief cell/G cell
stem cells somewhere

168
Q

Gastric stem cells

A

Found at neck

169
Q

Mucus neck cells

A

Secrete acidic fluid containing mucin

170
Q

Surface mucus cell

A

Secrete alkaline fluid containing mucin

171
Q

Parietal cells

A

Secrete intrinsic factor and HCl
- eosinophilic due to abundant mitochondria
- canaliculi with abundant microvilli, allowing fro many H+ and Cl- pumps

172
Q

Chief cells

A

Secrete pepsinogen and gastric lipase
- very basophilic bc lots of rough ER
- apical zymogen granules
- wedge shape

173
Q

G cell

A

Secrete Gastrin into blood basally

174
Q

Pyloric pits

A

Found at pyloric sphincter, long pits, short glands
- Mostly mucus cells, some enteroendocrine cells

175
Q

Rugae

A

Deep fold made of mucosa and submucosa

176
Q

How far do the pits go in the fundus and body of the stomach

A

Pits go all the way down to muscularis mucosae

177
Q

Peptic (gastric) ulcer

A

Acid and pepsin destroy mucosa to make fissure

178
Q

Pyloric sphincter

A

Thickening of ICL in muscularis externa

179
Q

Where are pits and where are crypts

A

Pits in stomach
Crypts in small/large intestine

180
Q

Sequence of cells above the dental papilla

A

Stellate reticulum
Stratum intermedium
Pre-ameloblasts
Dental Papilla

181
Q

Odontoclasts

A

Blood-borne macrophages which resorb deciduous teeth making them fall out

182
Q

Lingual

A

towards tongue

183
Q

Mesial

A

towards midline

MAMS COT (6 decks)

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