Quiz 4 Terms

Question 1

Sensory Memory

Answer 1

• coming from perception of the 5 senses

- VERY short term

Question 2

Short-term/Working Memory

Answer 2

• duration/capacity has no clear answer

- generally not retained beyond a few hours/days at most

Question 3

Long-term Memory

Answer 3

• old information getting pulled up to be used in the moment

- short term -> long term through the process of encoding

Question 4

Implicit vs. Explicit Memory

Answer 4

Implicit: another word for non-declarative, or knowing how
Explicit: another word for declarative, or knowing that

Question 5

Non-declarative vs. Declarative Memory

Answer 5

Non-declarative: knowing how - a person is able to complete a task by using this memory
Declarative - knowing that - a person is able to discuss or describe what they remember using language

Question 6

Unconscious vs. Conscious Memory

Answer 6

Unconscious - procedural, knowing how, non-declarative, implicit
Conscious - declarative, knowing that, explicit

Question 7

Knowing That vs. Knowing How

Answer 7

Knowing How:
- procedural knowledge
- ex. playing piano, driving
- can be declarative, but with added procedural element
Knowing That:
- discrete factual information
- ex. What is the capital of France?
- a set of principled or organized knowledge
- can be learned and forgotten or centrally important

Question 8

Double Dissociation

Answer 8

• a demonstration that two experimental manipulations (or two different neural regions) each have different effects on two dependent variables
• ex. Patient HM can complete learned physical tasks (non-declarative) but cannot explain what he learned (declarative) This provided evidence for multiple systems of memory

Question 9

Implicit Memory (What is it?)

Answer 9

• Procedural learning
• Involved in Learning a new skill
• priming and perceptual learning
• classical conditioning
• non-associative learning (reflexes)

Question 10

Implicit Memory (Neural Correlates)

Answer 10

• Procedural - striatum
• Priming and perceptual - neocortex
• Classical conditioning- amygdala and cerebellum

Question 11

Implicit Memory - age effects

Answer 11

• largely age-invariant

- procedural memory: motor skill retention is good in OA, particularly when skills are frequently used

Question 12

Metacognition

Answer 12

• the process of thinking about one’s own thinking, knowing about your own knowledge
• one’s perception of how much they think/know

Question 13

Metamemory (what is it?)

Answer 13

• the ability to know what you will remember in the future

Question 14

Metamemory (Neural correlates)

Answer 14

• takes place in the frontal lobes (responsible for metacognition)

Question 15

Metamemory (age effects)

Answer 15

• Judgement of learning: intact for OAs
• Feeling of knowing
  - semantic: intact
  - episodic: impaired bc it relies on the ability to partially retrieve the target rather than just be familiar with it
• OAs have difficulties adjusting memory strategies depending on task difficulty
• OAs expect memory decline, so they feel less control and effectiveness
• stereotype threat?

Question 16

Judgement of learning (age effects)

Answer 16

• a person’s capacity to predict their recall during learning on each trial
• can be made immediately after learning or after a short delay

Question 17

Feeling of knowing (age effects)

Answer 17

• a person’s capacity to predict their recognition of a non-recallable item

Question 18

Short-term/Working memory (age effects)

Answer 18

-

Question 19

Baddeley’s Working Memory Model

Answer 19

• storage
  
  • visuo-spatial sketch pad
  • phonological loop
• central executive control
• Short term storage
• executive control

Question 20

Short-term Storage

1. What is it?
2. Age effects

Answer 20

1. a temporary workspace to keep task-relevant information (simple span measures)
2. limited age-related impairments

Question 21

Executive control

1. What is it?
2. Age effects

Answer 21

1. manipulates the content of storage (complex span tasks)

2. more substantial age-related impairments

Question 22

Cross-sectional covariation

Answer 22

• examines shared variance between executive control/working memory and other measures of cognition and functional status
• covariation - examines shared variance between executive function and functional status

Question 23

Neurocognition

Answer 23

• defines the functional anatomical or biochemical bases of age-related decline in executive control/working memory
• neuropsychology
• neuroimaging
  
  • anatomical
  • functional

Question 24

Process analysis

Answer 24

• isolate specific processes affected by age
• ex. WCST
• identified the core processes that may affect multiple cognitive tasks
• may be too specific, can only identify age-related changes within the particular process

Question 25

Neuropsychology Research

Answer 25

• study of patient populations allows aging researchers to identify lesion patters that are most consistent with aging
• effects of aging are greatest on tasks that are also impacted in individuals with prefrontal lesions (Specifically, lateral PFC)

Question 26

Neuroimaging Research

Answer 26

• anatomical: utilize neuroanatomical or neurochemical measures (e.g. gray matter volume) to examine relation of particular regions with cognition
• declines in gray matter volume in prefrontal cortex are assoc. with impairments in tasks such as WCST and tower of hanoi
• Functional: examine activation patterns in older adults
• compensatory patterns

Question 27

Effects of working memory/executive function

Answer 27

• response inhibition
• task management
• context processing
• strategic control of episodic and prospective memory

Question 28

Prospective Memory

Answer 28

The ability of an individual to form and later realize intention that must be delayed over minutes, hours, or days.
2 components: prospective and retrospective

Question 29

Prospective component (age effects, neural correlates - N300)

Answer 29

Prospective - goal-directed, reminds one to remember info
Age effects - amplitude reduction in the difference between ERP for PM trials vs. ongoing activity trials.
reduction in activity in the extrastriate region of the cortex
Neural Correlates - occipital-parietal region of the scalp
N300- negative potential, encoding of intentions

Question 30

Retrospective component (age effects, neural correlates LPC)

Answer 30

Retrospective: explicit episodic memory, the actual information that needs to be recalled
Age effects - recovery of an intention from memory
delivery of an intention to awareness when a PM is encountered
Neural correlates - parietal region of the scalp (positive)
lateral frontal region of the scalp (negative)
LPC - modulation of ERP, similar to P3 and the old/new effect

Question 31

Intention formation (age effects, neural correlates - formation wave)

Answer 31

Influenced by realized vs. unrealized intention
Age effects -
neural correlates - frontal cortex
formation wave - slow wave, reflects the activity of a neural mechanism that supports elaborative processing on intention formation trials that facilitates the detection of the PM cue when it is encountered
- greater amplitude reflects how deeply memory was encoded

Question 32

Source memory component (age effects)

Answer 32

• individual must recall prior instances of making response

- related to recollection

Question 33

Errors of omission

linked to which component?

Answer 33

• a response appropriate to ongoing activity was made

- reflects failure of the prospective component

Question 34

Errors of confusion

linked to which component?

Answer 34

• inappropriate prospective response to the intention associated with the cue could not be retrieved when the PM cue was recognized
• reflects a failure of the retrospective component

Question 35

Errors of commission

linked to which component?

Answer 35

• response without a cue
• response to a cue when a response had already been made
• reflect source memory failure - greater with increased age

Question 36

Noticing-plus-search model

Answer 36

• both prospective and retrospective
• Noticing- automatic, helps detect PM cue. relatively immune to aging effects
• Search - more attention and control driven, gives meaning to PM cue, sensitive to the effects of aging
• Age-related declines in efficiency of retrospective component

Question 37

Automatic associative model

Answer 37

• potentially supported by the hippocampus
• intention directed to memory when a cue interacts a memory trace representing that intention
• decline in PM could be coming from age-related differences in executive processing efficiency (supported by PFC’s interaction with automatic associative process)