Quiz 4 Terms Flashcards
Sensory Memory
- coming from perception of the 5 senses
- VERY short term
Short-term/Working Memory
- duration/capacity has no clear answer
- generally not retained beyond a few hours/days at most
Long-term Memory
- old information getting pulled up to be used in the moment
- short term -> long term through the process of encoding
Implicit vs. Explicit Memory
Implicit: another word for non-declarative, or knowing how
Explicit: another word for declarative, or knowing that
Non-declarative vs. Declarative Memory
Non-declarative: knowing how - a person is able to complete a task by using this memory
Declarative - knowing that - a person is able to discuss or describe what they remember using language
Unconscious vs. Conscious Memory
Unconscious - procedural, knowing how, non-declarative, implicit
Conscious - declarative, knowing that, explicit
Knowing That vs. Knowing How
Knowing How:
- procedural knowledge
- ex. playing piano, driving
- can be declarative, but with added procedural element
Knowing That:
- discrete factual information
- ex. What is the capital of France?
- a set of principled or organized knowledge
- can be learned and forgotten or centrally important
Double Dissociation
- a demonstration that two experimental manipulations (or two different neural regions) each have different effects on two dependent variables
- ex. Patient HM can complete learned physical tasks (non-declarative) but cannot explain what he learned (declarative) This provided evidence for multiple systems of memory
Implicit Memory (What is it?)
- Procedural learning
- Involved in Learning a new skill
- priming and perceptual learning
- classical conditioning
- non-associative learning (reflexes)
Implicit Memory (Neural Correlates)
- Procedural - striatum
- Priming and perceptual - neocortex
- Classical conditioning- amygdala and cerebellum
Implicit Memory - age effects
- largely age-invariant
- procedural memory: motor skill retention is good in OA, particularly when skills are frequently used
Metacognition
- the process of thinking about one’s own thinking, knowing about your own knowledge
- one’s perception of how much they think/know
Metamemory (what is it?)
- the ability to know what you will remember in the future
Metamemory (Neural correlates)
- takes place in the frontal lobes (responsible for metacognition)
Metamemory (age effects)
- Judgement of learning: intact for OAs
- Feeling of knowing
- semantic: intact
- episodic: impaired bc it relies on the ability to partially retrieve the target rather than just be familiar with it - OAs have difficulties adjusting memory strategies depending on task difficulty
- OAs expect memory decline, so they feel less control and effectiveness
- stereotype threat?
Judgement of learning (age effects)
- a person’s capacity to predict their recall during learning on each trial
- can be made immediately after learning or after a short delay
Feeling of knowing (age effects)
- a person’s capacity to predict their recognition of a non-recallable item
Short-term/Working memory (age effects)
-
Baddeley’s Working Memory Model
- storage
- visuo-spatial sketch pad
- phonological loop
- central executive control
- Short term storage
- executive control
Short-term Storage
- What is it?
- Age effects
- a temporary workspace to keep task-relevant information (simple span measures)
- limited age-related impairments
Executive control
- What is it?
- Age effects
- manipulates the content of storage (complex span tasks)
2. more substantial age-related impairments
Cross-sectional covariation
- examines shared variance between executive control/working memory and other measures of cognition and functional status
- covariation - examines shared variance between executive function and functional status
Neurocognition
- defines the functional anatomical or biochemical bases of age-related decline in executive control/working memory
- neuropsychology
- neuroimaging
- anatomical
- functional
Process analysis
- isolate specific processes affected by age
- ex. WCST
- identified the core processes that may affect multiple cognitive tasks
- may be too specific, can only identify age-related changes within the particular process
Neuropsychology Research
- study of patient populations allows aging researchers to identify lesion patters that are most consistent with aging
- effects of aging are greatest on tasks that are also impacted in individuals with prefrontal lesions (Specifically, lateral PFC)
Neuroimaging Research
- anatomical: utilize neuroanatomical or neurochemical measures (e.g. gray matter volume) to examine relation of particular regions with cognition
- declines in gray matter volume in prefrontal cortex are assoc. with impairments in tasks such as WCST and tower of hanoi
- Functional: examine activation patterns in older adults
- compensatory patterns
Effects of working memory/executive function
- response inhibition
- task management
- context processing
- strategic control of episodic and prospective memory
Prospective Memory
The ability of an individual to form and later realize intention that must be delayed over minutes, hours, or days.
2 components: prospective and retrospective
Prospective component (age effects, neural correlates - N300)
Prospective - goal-directed, reminds one to remember info
Age effects - amplitude reduction in the difference between ERP for PM trials vs. ongoing activity trials.
reduction in activity in the extrastriate region of the cortex
Neural Correlates - occipital-parietal region of the scalp
N300- negative potential, encoding of intentions
Retrospective component (age effects, neural correlates LPC)
Retrospective: explicit episodic memory, the actual information that needs to be recalled
Age effects - recovery of an intention from memory
delivery of an intention to awareness when a PM is encountered
Neural correlates - parietal region of the scalp (positive)
lateral frontal region of the scalp (negative)
LPC - modulation of ERP, similar to P3 and the old/new effect
Intention formation (age effects, neural correlates - formation wave)
Influenced by realized vs. unrealized intention
Age effects -
neural correlates - frontal cortex
formation wave - slow wave, reflects the activity of a neural mechanism that supports elaborative processing on intention formation trials that facilitates the detection of the PM cue when it is encountered
- greater amplitude reflects how deeply memory was encoded
Source memory component (age effects)
- individual must recall prior instances of making response
- related to recollection
Errors of omission
linked to which component?
- a response appropriate to ongoing activity was made
- reflects failure of the prospective component
Errors of confusion
linked to which component?
- inappropriate prospective response to the intention associated with the cue could not be retrieved when the PM cue was recognized
- reflects a failure of the retrospective component
Errors of commission
linked to which component?
- response without a cue
- response to a cue when a response had already been made
- reflect source memory failure - greater with increased age
Noticing-plus-search model
- both prospective and retrospective
- Noticing- automatic, helps detect PM cue. relatively immune to aging effects
- Search - more attention and control driven, gives meaning to PM cue, sensitive to the effects of aging
- Age-related declines in efficiency of retrospective component
Automatic associative model
- potentially supported by the hippocampus
- intention directed to memory when a cue interacts a memory trace representing that intention
- decline in PM could be coming from age-related differences in executive processing efficiency (supported by PFC’s interaction with automatic associative process)
