Quiz 4 Flashcards
In which of the following cases would a result be considered statistically significant?
a) If the confidence interval does not contain 0 for either dichotomous or continuous data
b) If the confidence interval does not contain 1 for dichotomous data or 0 for continuous data.
c) If the p-value is 0.5
d) Both a + c
e) Both b + c
b) If the confidence interval does not contain 1 for dichotomous data or 0 for continuous data.
Q2 In a randomized controlled trial, the control group receives:
a) A placebo
b) Usual care
c) A comparison intervention
d) Any of the above
d) Any of the above
A study in which a group of participants is given an intervention and followed for a period of time without the use of a comparison groups is known as:
a) A randomized controlled trial
b) An uncontrolled study
c) A pseudo-randomised controlled trial
d) An n-of-1 trial
b) An uncontrolled study
Which type of randomization involves randomizing whole schools, hospitals or communities to either the intervention or the control group?
a) Simple randomization
b) Block randomization
c) Cluster randomization
d) Stratified randomization
c) Cluster randomization
A clinically significant effect is considered to be an increase in joint range of motion by 25 degrees. In which of the following situation would you, as a health professional, be most likely to consider that an intervention may produce a clinically significant effect?
a) The confidence interval spans from an increase of 10 degrees to an increase of 20 degrees
b) The confidence interval spans from an increase of 20 degrees to an increase of 30 degrees
c) The confidence interval spans from an increase of 30 degrees to an increase of 40 degrees
c) The confidence interval spans from an increase of 30 degrees to an increase of 40 degrees
When searching for evidence about the effectiveness of a particular intervention, what type of studies should you first search for?
a) Systematic reviews of prospective cohort studies
b) Prospective cohort studies
c) Systematic reviews of randomized control trials
d) Randomized controlled trials
c) Systematic reviews of randomized control trials
Where loss to follow-up in both the intervention and the control groups and the reasons for these losses are both known and similar between groups, it is less likely that bias will be problematic.
a) True
b) False
a) True
Which of the following methods are considered the most rigorous for participant allocation?
a) Alternately allocating participants to the intervention and control groups as they are enrolled in the study, and allocating participants sequentially by opening a sealed opaque envelope with either ‘control’ or ‘intervention’ listed inside.
b) Allocating participants sequentially by drawing a piece of paper out of a hat with either ‘control’ or ‘intervention’ written on it, and allocating participants sequentially by opening a sealed opaque envelope with either ‘control’ or ‘intervention’
c) Having the randomization sequence administered by someone who is ‘off-site’ or at a location away from where people are being enrolled into the trial, and alternately allocating participants to the intervention and control groups as they are enrolled
d) Allocating participants sequentially by opening a sealed opaque envelope with either ‘control’ or ‘intervention’ listed inside, and having the randomization sequence administered by someone who is ‘off-site’ or at a location away from where people are.
d) Allocating participants sequentially by opening a sealed opaque envelope with either ‘control’ or ‘intervention’ listed inside, and having the randomization sequence administered by someone who is ‘off-site’ or at a location away from where people are.
An intervention with a small number needed to treat is typically more effective
a) True
b) False
a) True
The principle that , in a randomized controlled trial, all participants should be analysed in the same group that they were randomized to, whether or not they received that particular treatment, is known as:
a) Initial-group analysis
b) Intention to treat analysis
c) Per protocol analysis
d) Available case analysis
b) Intention to treat analysis
If a study reports a change in the distance a patient could walk after an exercise intervention as its primary outcome measure, what type of data is being measure?
a) Continuous
b) Dichotomous
c) Categorical
d) Qualitative
a) Continuous
Considering dichotomous data from a randomized controlled trial, the size of an intervention effect can be presenting using:
a) The risk of probability of the event in the intervention group divided by that in the control group.
b) The variance of the outcome in the intervention group and control groups
c) The difference in means between the intervention and control groups
d) Change from baseline scores for intervention and control groups
a) The risk of probability of the event in the intervention group divided by that in the control group.
The absence of a control group means that bias can commonly occur in uncontrolled studies. One such bias occurs because results tend to move towards a mean the more they are measured. This type of bias is known as:
a) The Rosenthal effect
b) Natural progression
c) Maturation bias
d) Regression to the mean
d) Regression to the mean
The difference in event rates between the intervention and control groups in trials with dichotomous outcomes is also known as:
a) Relative risk reduction
b) Mean difference
c) Number needed to treat
d) Absolute risk reduction
d) Absolute risk reduction
