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Anatomy 2 Lab > Quiz 4&5 Respiratory Physiology > Flashcards

Quiz 4&5 Respiratory Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

Tidal volume (TV)

A

The amount of air inspired or expired during normal, quiet respiration

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2
Q

Inspiratory reserve volume (irv)

A

The amount of air which can be forcefully inspired above and be found that taken in during a normal inspiration

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3
Q

Expiratory reserve volume (erv)

A

The maximal amount of air which can be forcefully expired following a normal expiration

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4
Q

Residual volume (rv)

A

The amount of air which remains trapped in the lungs after a maximal expiratory effort

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5
Q

Total lung capacity (tlc)

A

The total amount of air the lungs can contain - the sum of all four volumes

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6
Q

Total lung capacity formula

A

=total volume + inspiratory reserve volume + expiratory reserve volume + residual volume

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7
Q

Vital capacity (vc)

A

The maximal amount air of that can be forcefully expired after a maximum inspiration

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8
Q

Vital capacity (vc) formula

A

=total volume plus inspiratory reserve volume plus expiratory reserve volume

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9
Q

Functional residual capacity (frc)

A

The amount of air remaining in the lungs after a normal expiration

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10
Q

Functional residual capacity (frc) formula

A

= residual volume plus expiratory reserve volume

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11
Q

Inspiratory capacity (ic)

A

The maximal amount of air which can be inspired after a normal expiration

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12
Q

Inspiratory capacity (ic) formula

A

= total volume plus inspiratory reserve volume

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13
Q

Normal adult male

A

Diagram on the first page

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14
Q

Spirometty

A

A pulmonary function test that is useful for evaluating changes in respiratory system, it can distinguish between restrictive and obstructive diseases

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15
Q

Restrictive diseases

A

Affect the lung capacity to expand

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16
Q

Obstructive pulmonary diseases

A

Cause the lungs to hyperinflate due to an increase in airway restriction

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17
Q

Spirometer

A

For measuring respiratory volumes

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18
Q

Respiratory minute volume (L/min)

A

Tells us the total amount of gas that flows into of out of the respiratory tract in 1 minute

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19
Q

Respiratory minute volume (L/min) formula

A

= tidal volume (mL) x respiratory rate (breaths/min)

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20
Q

Nomogram

A

For an predicting an individual’s vital capacity, probability of an event based on known relationships to best prescribe treatment and care

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21
Q

Heymer test of respiratory reserve

A

-a better index of respiratory reserve
-principal value in following volume changes caused either by disease or recovery from a disease

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22
Q

Decreased vital capacity

A

Individuals with left-sided heart
Individuals with paralytic polio

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23
Q

Poliomyelitis or polio

A

Virus that infects an individual’s spinal cord and causes paralysis

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24
Q

Breath-holding time

A

Gives an indication of individual’s functional respiratory reserve and efficiency of their respiratory system

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25
Q

The longer an individual’s breath holding

A

The more efficient their respiratory system is at maintaining their blood’s pH

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26
Q

Normal values for the Heymer test-male

A

50-70 seconds

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27
Q

Normal values for the Heymer test-female

A

50 -60 seconds

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28
Q

Variety of receptors, reflexes, and feedback processes

A

The concentration of O2 and co2 in the lungs and blood
Is regulated by
Serve to control our respiration patterns

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29
Q

Measuring tidal volume

A

Exhaling through a tube connected to a dry gas meter

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30
Q

Dry gas meter

A

Measures the volume of gas that passes through it and keeps a cumulative total

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31
Q

Calculating tidal volume

A

Dividing the total air exhaled by the #of breathes made over a collection period

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32
Q

Metabolic rate units

A

mL O2 consumed/min

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33
Q

Calculating metabolic rate

A

Difference between the percentage O2 in inhaled air and the percentage of O2 in exhaled air, then multiplying this percentage difference to the volume of air breathed during a measured time span

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34
Q

Inhaled air

A

20.95%

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35
Q

Exhaled air

A

Measured by the oxygen analyses

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36
Q

Measured time span

A

Measured by the dry gas meter

37
Q

The rate at which your cells consume oxygen

A

Must be matched by the rate of oxygen delivery

38
Q

The rate of oxygen consumption (VO2) is equal to (ventilation)

A
  1. The rate at which you obtain oxygenfrom the environment across the respiratory exchangesurface of the lungs
39
Q

The rate of oxygen consumption (VO2) is equal to (perfusion)

A

2.the rate at which oxygen is extractedfrom the blood going through the capillaries of the metabolizing cells

40
Q

Ventilation-perfusion coupling

A

Exchange between ventilation and perfusion

41
Q

Increasing ventilation

A

Increasing respiratory late and tidal volume

42
Q

Increasing perfusion

A

Increasing heart rate

43
Q

Calculating ventilation and perfusion

A

Measuring the flow (ml/min) of the medium air of blood) and multiplying them by the amount of oxygen that is extracted per ml of medium that passes the exchange surface

44
Q

Minute volume (VM)

A

Flow of air in respiratory system

45
Q

Cardiac output (CO)

A

Flow of air in the circulatory system

46
Q

The amount of oxygen extracted per ml of medium can be calculated from

A

The difference between amounts of oxygen per ml of medium entering and leaving the exchange surfaces

47
Q

In respiratory system

A

Concentrations of oxygen in the inspired air (CO2i) and the exhaled air (CO2e)

48
Q

In circulatory system

A

Concentrations of oxygen in the systemic arterial blood (CO2a) and systemic venous blood (CO2v)

49
Q

Rate of oxygen consumption (VO2) formula

A

= minute volume x (concentrations of oxygen in the inspired air - concentrations of oxygen in the exhaled air)= cardiac output x ( concentrations of oxygen in the systemic arterial blood - contentrations of oxygen in the systemic venous blood)

50
Q

Metabolic rate (VO2)

A

= minute volume x (concentrations of oxygen in the inspired air - concentrations of oxygen in the exhaled air)

51
Q

In most resting people

A

Arterial blood is 100% saturated with oxygen but mixed venous blood is 60% saturated

52
Q

Maximum oxygen content (arterial blood is 100% saturated)

A

Concentration of oxygen in systemic arterial blood (CO2a) =average hemoglobin concentration ( g Hb / 100ml blood) x 1.34 ml of O2/ g Hb

53
Q

Content of mixed venous blood at rest

A

Concentrations of oxygen in the systemic venous blood (CO2v)= 0.6 x Concentrations of oxygen in the systemic arterial blood

54
Q

Resting cardiac output formula

A

= rate of oxygen consumption/ con. Of oxygen in arterial blood - venous blood

55
Q

Resting stroke volume (Sv)

A

= cardiac output/ heart rate

56
Q

During this exercise
( breathing rate, tidal volume and oxygen consumption)

A

Oxygen content of venous blood falls

57
Q

Pulse pressure

A

Is proportional to stroke volume

58
Q

Stroke volume during exercise

A

Pulse pressure resting /pulse pressure exercising = stroke volume resting / stroke volume exercising

59
Q

Neural centers location

A

Medulla and pons

60
Q

Neural centers

A

Control increase or decrease
In the
Rhythm and rate of respiration

61
Q

Neural centers

A

Initiate the basic rhythm of simple activities
Can change the rate and depth of inspiration

62
Q

Blood ph levels

A

Affected by changes in
Oxygen of carbon dioxide concentrations in blood

63
Q

Carbonic acid- bicarbonate buffer system

A

Carbonic acid disassociates
Into bicarbonate and hydrogen ions
Hydrogen plus hemoglobin
Bicarbonates become alkaline buffers

64
Q

When carbon dioxide levels in blood increase

A

Increase of hydrogen
Decrease in ph(more acidic)

65
Q

When carbon dioxide levels in blood decrease

A

Decrease in hydrogen
Increase in ph (more alkaline)

66
Q

Increase the rate and depth of respiration

A

Rapid deep breathing
Reduction of carbon dioxide

67
Q

Reduction of carbon dioxide

A

Decrease in carbonic levels
Ph increases

68
Q

Decrease the rate and depth of respiration

A

Slow shallow breathing
Accumulation of carbon dioxide

69
Q

Accumulation of carbon dioxide

A

Increase of carbonic acid levels
Decrease in ph

70
Q

Cardiac output during exercise

A

= stroke volume x heart rate

71
Q

Increasing stroke volume

A

Increasing cardiac output
Increasing heart rate

72
Q

Respiratory rate decrease

A

Decrease in the frequency of inspirations

73
Q

Chemoreceptors

A

Stimulated by increased acidity of blood
Communicate with neural receptors in the brain

74
Q

Oxygen content of venous blood during exercise (CO2v)

A

=oxygen content of systemic arterial blood-( rate of oxygen consumption / cardiac output)

75
Q

Inhale deeply

A

Increase in tidal volume

76
Q

Breathe faster

A

Increase in respiratory rate

77
Q

Decrease in respiratory rate

A

Holding breath
Example: concentrating on a task
Also, reading silently

78
Q

Decrease in respiration

A

Tidal volume increases
Respiratory rate
Increases

79
Q

Breathing
Into a paper bag then rebreathing

A

Carbon dioxide will accumulate in blood
Increase in respiratory rate increase in tidal volume

80
Q

Hyperventilation

A

Occurs when an individual takes rapid and deep breaths that exceeds the body’s need to eliminate carbon dioxide

81
Q

Reduction in circulation

A

Causes feelings of dizziness OR faintness

82
Q

Concentration of carbon dioxide is too low

A

Decrease in respiratory rate
Decrease in tidal volume (slow shallow breathes)

83
Q

Apnea

A

Cessation of breathing
Occurs until carbon dioxide levels increase enough to meet metabolic demand

84
Q

Breathing into a paper bag

A

Helps with hyperventilating
Reduces the amount carbon dioxide that is eliminated from the body

85
Q

Hyperventilating involuntarily

A

Seen during anxiety attacks

86
Q

Hyperventilating

A

Respiratory rate increases tidal volume increase
Breathe in a paper bag to prevent dizziness and fainting

87
Q

Chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases (COPD) and asthma

A

Respiratory disorders
Affect breathing normally

88
Q

Chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases

A

Irreversibly decrease an individuals ability to force air out of lungs

89
Q

Asthma

A

The result of inflammation in the bronchioles reducing the amount of oxygen that can reach the alveoli
Reversible
There are symptom-free periods that follow each episode

Anatomy 2 Lab (2 decks)

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