Quiz 4

Question 1

What is vowel normalization?

Answer 1

Using methods/techniques to account for variability in speakers

Question 2

Normalization aims to make vowel comparisons ________ and _________

Answer 2

consistent; reliable

Question 3

What measure do we use to make vowel normalization?

Answer 3

Z-scores

Question 4

Name 4 goals of vowel normalizations

Answer 4

1. Take out physiological variation caused by MOUTH size.
2. Preserve sociolinguistic diffs in vowel QUALITY
3. Preserve PHON. distinctions among vowels
4. Model COGnitive processes in vowel normalization

Question 5

Name the 4 vowel normalization techniques?

Answer 5

1. Vowel-intrinsic method
2. Vowel-extrinsic method
3. Speaker intrinsic method
4. Speaker extrinsic method

Question 6

Vowel norm. - vowel intrinsic method (e.g.)

Answer 6

1. using info. from a SINGLE vowel token - 1 formant in 1 vowel
   - F frequency adjustments : adjusting F values based on average values for similar speakers

Question 7

Vowel norm. - vowel extrinsic method (e.g.)

Answer 7

1. Comparing F values across diff. vowels by the SAME individual - 1+ formants in 1+ vowels
   - Grand mean normalization : normalizing vowels using a GRAND mean calculated from all vowels spoken by the person

Question 8

Vowel norm. - speaker intrinsic method (e.g.)

Answer 8

normalize based on data from a single speaker’s vowels
- Individual speaker baseline : making a baseline for formant freqs. for a SINGLE speaker

Question 9

Vowel norm. - speaker extrinsic method (e.g.)

Answer 9

take data from a MULTIPLE speaker’s vowels
- Mean adjustment method : normalizing using mean values derived from a group of speakers

Question 10

Hawaiian is known for what kind of stops?

Answer 10

Voiceless

Question 11

The acoustic cues of stops

Answer 11

1. Closure duration
2. Prevoicing and aspiration
3. VOT
4. Formant transition

Question 12

Pressure becomes _______ in stops at what point?

Answer 12

bigger; Between a complete-closure of the airflow (velar port is closed) and when pressure grows and RELEASES the STOP

Question 13

________ vibrations, and ______ open vocal _____ are additional gestures that helps to produce different TYPES of stops

Answer 13

vocal fold; wide; folds

Question 14

What kinds of stop exist

Answer 14

voiced and voiceless

Question 15

Air pressure = _____

Answer 15

amplitude

Question 16

True or F : it IS useful to use absolute amplitude

Answer 16

F - relative amplitude is better to use

Question 17

VOT is longer in both __________ and ____________ stops

Answer 17

aspirated; voiceless

Question 18

T or F : VOT is NEGATIVE in voiced stops like [b, g]

Answer 18

T

Question 19

What is and what does a voiced bar do?

Answer 19

A voiced bar is at the BOTTOM of the spectrogram, representing pre-voicing, before the vowel, and is used to distinguish contrasts

Question 20

Vocal pulses in spectrograms =

Answer 20

full cycles

Question 21

Which set contains sounds that are all likely to have a negative VOT?
A. [b, d, g]
B. [p, b, m]
C. [p, t, k]

Answer 21

A. [b, d, g]

Question 22

What can formant transitions show us?

Answer 22

Give cues of PLACE of articulation

Question 23

Give examples of formant transitions

Answer 23

1. LOWERING of ALL Fs by bilabial stops
2. Dentals RAISE F2
3. Velars bring F2 and F3 nearer to eachother

Question 24

What is the ‘velar’ pinch

Answer 24

Shown in the spectrogram, velar sounds will ‘pinch’ F2 and F3 together (e.g. GAG)

Question 25

Which of the following scenarios requires vowel normalization? (Two correct answers.) A. A study comparing vowel formants from 10 native speakers of Nepali of whom 5 are old and 5 and young. B. Analyzing two speech samples from a 40-year old Japanese politician who spoke at two events 6 months apart. C. Analyzing the spectral properties of a UBC student speaker’s recorded speech in a quiet laboratory setting. D. A study that wants to compare formant frequencies of vowels produced by Korean, Hausa, and Zulu languages.

Answer 25

A. A study comparing vowel formants from 10 native speakers of Nepali of whom 5 are old and 5 and young. D. A study that wants to compare formant frequencies of vowels produced by Korean, Hausa, and Zulu languages.

Question 26

Which of the following are NOT true about vowel normalization methods? (Two correct answers.) A. Vowel-extrinsic methods use information from different vowels produced by the same individual. B. Vowel-intrinsic methods use information from multiple vowel tokens produced by the same individual. C. Speaker-intrinsic methods use information from a single speaker's vowels. D. Speaker-extrinsic methods use information from multiple speakers.

Answer 26

B. Vowel-intrinsic methods use information from multiple vowel tokens produced by the same individual.

Question 27

Which of the following categories of sounds will likely have positive VOT? (Two correct answers.) A. Voiceless aspirated stop B. Voiced unaspirated stop C. Voiced aspirated stop D. Voiceless unaspirated stop

Answer 27

A. Voiceless aspirated stop D. Voiceless unaspirated stop