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LING 333 Midterm Questions > Quiz 1 > Flashcards

Quiz 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Why was the Milgram Experiment (think nazis) a poor example of a study?

A
  1. Trained trauma for the participants and they weren’t given any reversing therapy
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2
Q

What is the point of the Research Ethics Board?

A

To make sure that every research experiment, for the sake of the participants, has certain basic ethical protocols

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3
Q

For REB : what does the delegated review do?

A

It means that the approval process is faster

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4
Q

John wants to investigate the use of keywords in the table of contents have changed over time. He plans to collect the table of contents from texts of different decades from Amazon Kindle books which provides the table of contents for free. Do you think John needs to apply for an institutional ethics approval?
A. Yes
B. No
C. Not sure

A

B. No - these are public files on a public application

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5
Q

In which of the following research scenarios would ethics review most likely be required?
A. Creating a linguistic database of publicly available news articles.
B. Observing children in daycares to investigate language acquisition milestones.
C. Analyzing sound patterns in Na’vi, a constructed language.
D. Transcribing podcast interviews of famous actors.

A

B. Observing children in daycares to investigate language acquisition milestones.

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6
Q

T or F : Linguistic subfields would not vary considerably in terms of the information they provide before obtaining consent.

A

F

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7
Q

Why do experimenters intentionally conceal information knowledge?

A

So that it doesn’t shake/affect the results negatively

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8
Q

T of F : depending on the situation, you don’t need to always debrief the information that may have been concealed (the experimenters, at times, can keep that to themselves)

A

F : ALWAYS debrief

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9
Q

Which of the following is NOT a procedure for a consent form :

  1. Voluntariness
  2. Compensation
  3. Assessment of risks
  4. All of the above
  5. None of the above
A
  1. None of the above
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10
Q

Power asymmetry - Consent

A

When a participant may feel the obligation to participate simply because a person of greater power is telling them to

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11
Q

A student is planning to research social inequalities and the oppression of marginalized groups. For data collection, they intend to travel to a country
where the oppression of women is so severe that physical harm against wives is culturally accepted. The student’s research will involve interviewing women about domestic abuse to better understand societal attitudes and structures, with the goal of advocating for social justice. They plan to
audio-record the interviews using their phone, with a translator present, and will obtain informed consent through a formal consent form.

Explain some ethical issues

A
  1. Translator miscommunications
  2. Bias
  3. Danger to community
  4. Lack of understanding of consent
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12
Q

What are a few examples of ‘giving back’ in experimental designs?

A
  1. For the continuation of studying a language, leaving trained people there
  2. Putting in more efforts for the revitalizing of a language (more resources)
  3. Direct compensation - money
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13
Q

Describe a few general ethical dilemmas in linguistic research

A
  1. What kind of data was collected
  2. What level of privacy sensitivity we are dealing with
  3. HOW to give back properly
  4. How consent forms are obtained
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14
Q

Why is sampling so important?

A

Helps us to get a general idea of the entire population if we sample from careful data points –> it needs to be representative though

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15
Q

The more ______ the sample is to the pop., the more _______ it is

A

similar; representative

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16
Q

Prob methods of sampling : simple random sampling (2 pros 1 con)

A
  1. everyone has an = chance
  2. best way to get a represen. result
  3. Costs more $
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17
Q

Prob methods of sampling : stratified random sampling (3 steps)

A
  1. Pop is divided intro stratas - groups of people put together because of common characteristics (sex, age, race, etc.)
  2. FROM each strata, random people are picked
  3. Data is collected from these individuals
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18
Q

T or F : In a strata, if chosen from a pop, EVERYONE is chosen

A

F -just the individual picked

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19
Q

Prob methods of sampling : systematic sample (2 steps)

A
  1. Pop is observed by a certain repetitive rule (every nth person)
  2. Data is collected from people on this rule
20
Q

Prob methods of sampling : cluster sampling (2 steps)

A
  1. Pop is divided into many clusters of people with similar characteristics (e.g. careers, physical appearance, etc.)
  2. SOME clusters are randomly sampled from the pop
  3. Data is ONLY collected from these selections
21
Q

T of F : In cluster sampling, only 1 person from the cluster is actually represented

A

F - the whole cluster

22
Q

A researcher is studying language use in a large multilingual city. To ensure representation from all neighborhoods, the city is first divided into distinct neighborhoods. The researcher then randomly selects 5 neighborhoods from the list and surveys all residents in those selected neighborhoods.
What type of probability sampling is being used in this study?

A. Simple Random Sampling
B. Cluster Sampling
C. Stratified Sampling
D. Systematic Sampling

A

B. Cluster Sampling - neighbourhoods = clusters, and strata only surveys SOME

23
Q

Which of the following is an example of non-probability sampling methods :

  1. Systemized sampling
  2. Convenience sampling
  3. Biased sampling
  4. Simple random sampling
A
  1. Convenience sampling
24
Q

Convenience sampling (1 pro listed, 2 cons)

A

Subjects are taken in from proximity and accessibility

  1. Quick
  2. Can bring in an unknown bias
  3. Less generalizable
25
Q

Purpose sampling

A

The type of sample that the RESEARCHER thinks will bring the most useful data for the purpose of the research.

26
Q

T or F : in purposive sampling, you have to meet certain qualifications before being able to participate in the experiment

A

T - the researcher needs specific characteristics

27
Q

Snowball sampling - explain + what is the other name?

A

Researcher will meet NEW recruits based off the recommendations of the other participants; chain referalls

28
Q

What is the issue with snowball sampling?

A

Can prove to have more sampling bias –> you may not be able to generalize the data at all

29
Q

A linguist is conducting a study on the language habits of bilingual individuals in a specific city. To gather participants, the researcher visits a local community center known for hosting events for bilingual speakers and asks anyone who is willing to participate in the study to join.
What type of non-probability sampling is being used in this study?
A. Purposive Sampling
B. Snowball Sampling
C. Quota Sampling
D. Convenience Sampling

A

D. Convenience Sampling

30
Q

NAME THE METHOD : You want to study an minority language which heavily restricts outsider access to the community. But you have access to some speakers who live nearby. You invite them and many of them voluntarily participate in your study.

A

Convenience

31
Q

NAME THE METHOD : A teacher puts students’ names in a hat and chooses without looking to get a sample of 3 students. What type of sample is this?

A

Simple random

32
Q

NAME THE METHOD : Suppose your study required to participants who have criminal history. What kind of sampling strategy would you prefer?

A

Purposive sampling - pre-detemrined characteristic

33
Q

NAME THE METHOD : A manager at a pizza shop wants to start visually checking finished pizzas, but she doesn’t have time to check every pizza. She decides to check a random pizza in the first 20 made each day, and then check every 20th pizza thereafter.

A

Systematic sampling?

34
Q

T or F : Only probability sampling strategies yield representative samples.

A

False - not a universally sound argument

35
Q

What good does the ethnographic approach do in linguistic sampling methods?

A

Helps to discover small technicalities or traits that reveal linguistic info that other methods can identify

36
Q

Dialectology - what kind of sampling is often used and how?

A

Looks at differences in dialects; uses GRID sampling; divides the selected area into blocks/grids then takes the SAME # of people from each area

37
Q

What does variationist sociolinguistics show in terms of sampling? Explain how.

  1. That all kinds of sampling will yield the same kind of result
  2. That using different kinds of sampling, depending on the situation, can yield more favorable results
  3. That only ethnography should be used extensively.
A
  1. That using different kinds of sampling, depending on the situation, can yield more favorable results
    - Sometimes they use random sampling, ethnography, stratified random sampling
38
Q

What is the MAIN kind of sampling used by LINGUISTIC researchers and why?

A

Convenience, it’s the easiest way

39
Q

T or F : No matter the situation, a sample size will ALWAYs be big

A

F - some experiments require to have smaller sizes

40
Q

What is the most obvious solution to get rid of a sampling error (think the more the merrier)

A

Having a representational sample size.

41
Q

You want to know if speech can vary between white collar and blue collar job holders and you also want to know if young and old job holder can vary in their speech. What kind of sample would be the best way to go?

Cluster sample
Stratified sample
Snowball sample
Random sample

A

Stratified sample

42
Q

Mary, a sociolinguist, is exploring language attitudes among speakers who use both a regional dialect and a standard language. She starts with a few known individuals who fit this criterion and asks them to suggest other speakers with similar language profiles. What sampling method is she using?

Random sampling
Snowball sampling
Convenience sampling
Systematic sampling

A

Snowball sampling

43
Q

John is investigating language change in a historically marginalized urban neighborhood. He plans to conduct interviews with elderly residents to analyze their language attitudes and how these may have shifted over time. Some of the participants may have limited familiarity with research procedures, and John intends to publish identifiable quotes from the interviews to highlight personal experiences and for establishing autheticity.

  1. The focus of the research is language change in a historically marginalized neighborhood.
  2. John plans to publish identifiable quotes from the interviews.
  3. The elderly participants who may not fully understand research procedures which causes informed consent issue.
  4. The method of data collection involves conducting interviews in participants’ homes.
A
  1. John plans to publish identifiable quotes from the interviews.
  2. The elderly participants who may not fully understand research procedures which causes informed consent issue.
44
Q

Which of the following studies most likely won’t require BREB (Behavioral Research Ethics Board) approval?

  1. A study that will analyze conflict resolution practices and procedures in 20 companies. The data will be obtained from communication officers appointed by the companies.
  2. A study that involves interviewing employees to gather their personal opinions on company policies.
  3. A study observing individuals in a public park, where no interventions or interactions are staged, and no identifiable information will be disseminated.
  4. A study collecting medical records of patients from a hospital database but planning to use only a small subset from there.
A
  1. A study that will analyze conflict resolution practices and procedures in 20 companies. The data will be obtained from communication officers appointed by the companies.
  2. A study observing individuals in a public park, where no interventions or interactions are staged, and no identifiable information will be disseminated.
45
Q

John is investigating vowel shift patterns (“caught” vs. “cot”) among urban versus rural speakers in the Midwest vs. the Northeast region(s) of the United States. Which sampling technique would be most effective to ensure a representative sample of all demographic groups involved in the research?

Stratified random sampling
Snowball sampling
Convenience sampling
Purposive sampling

A

Stratified random sampling

46
Q

Which of the following statements is true? (Select two)

A. Once BREB approval is granted, researchers can proceed without further review, even if the study design changes.
B. Making a change in the data collection method would require an amendment application to the BREB.
C. Research that exclusively uses publicly available information may be exempt from BREB approval.
D. Only studies that do not collect data from living humans require BREB approval.

A

B. Making a change in the data collection method would require an amendment application to the BREB.
C. Research that exclusively uses publicly available information may be exempt from BREB approval.

LING 333 Midterm Questions (5 decks)

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