Quiz 4 Flashcards by Clarissa Benjamin

Social comparison theory Festinger

We evaluate our abilities and beliefs by
comparing them with those of others
* E.g., siblings

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Upward social comparison

Superior others ex: athletes

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Downward social comparison

Inferior others ex: exam grade

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Attribution

cause for behavior

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Internal

Dispositional attributions

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External

Situational attributions

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Fundamental Attribution Error
(FAE)

attribute our own behavior to contextual factors (self-serving bias) ex: everyone is dumb but ME

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Conformity social influence

Peer/group influence, no pressure to change behavior

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Obedience social influence

leader/authority influence, change behavior due to pressure

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Milgram study

63% of participants gave xxx shock

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Higher Psychological distance b/w teacher &
experimenter

Less obedience

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Psychological distance between teacher and
learner

More obedience

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Higher moral stage

less obedience

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Greater authoritarianism

greater obedience

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Pluralistic ignorance

If nobody else is reacting, it must not be an issue

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Bystander effect

See someone in need of help but think others will do it

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Diffusion of responsibility

Recognize emergency, but feel someone else will take care
of it

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Enlightenment effect

Exposure to research can change real-world behavior

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Social loafing

People’s tendency to slack off in groups

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Prosocial

Helping others

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Altruism

Helping if for an unselfish reason

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Belief

Conclusion regarding factual evidence
* E.g., death penalty effectively deters people from committing
murder versus does not

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Attitude

Belief with an emotional component
* E.g., death penalty is morally wrong and thus should not be legal
(versus should be)

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Cognitive dissonance

An unpleasant state of tension
resulting from holding two
conflicting thoughts or beliefs.
Ex) Helping someone in need

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Threat to self-concept

Only certain conflicts between attitudes cause cognitive dissonance. * Inconsistency challenges self-concept

Self-perception theory

We acquire our attitudes by observing our behavior

Impression management theory

We don’t really change our attitudes in cognitive dissonance studies. We only tell experimenters that we have. * We do so because we don’t want to appear inconsistent

Central route

Focuses on informational content of the message ex; what a person says

Peripheral route

focuses on its surface aspects of the message or source ex: what the person looks like

Foot in the door

Start with a small request and move on to a larger one

Door in face

Start big then backs off

Low ball technique

Start with a low price, then "add-on" all desirable options

Stereotypes

Assumptions about a person

Prejudice

Holding negative views toward some group, negative attitudes

In-group bias

Favor people inside our group over people outside

Out-group homogeneity

Tendency to view all people outside our group as highly similar ex: all other football fans are dumb cus the gators are the best

Discrimination

Negative behaviors

Explicit prejudice

Unfounded neg beliefs that we're aware of

Implicit prejudice

Unfounded neg beliefs that we're less aware of

Personality

Predispositions to think/behave certain ways Traits ◦ Dimensions of personality ◦ Ex: agreeableness, extraversion

Nomothetic

Broad study of personality across all people

Idiographic

Studying a specific individual's personality

Causes of personality

Genetic factors, shared environmental, nonshared environmental factors

Psychic determinism

Cause & effect: nothing is spontaneous/random

Symbolic meaning

Derive deeper meaning from “surface level” actions

Unconscious motivation

Inaccessible, unconscious drives and motivations

basic instincts

Ego

Principal decision maker

Superego

Sense of morality

Repression

motivated forgetting of threatening memories

Denial

refusal to acknowledge some threatening current state

Projection

attribution of own negative qualities to others

Rationalization -

explaining away unreasonable thoughts or feelings

Regression –

returning to a younger and safer time

Reaction-formation –

reversing an experience (attraction into hate)

Displacement

directing a desire from one target to another

sublimation –

turning something unacceptable into a goal

Neo-Freudians

Less emphasis on sexuality, more on social drives

Conditions of worth

We accept ourselves only if we act in certain ways * Come from others first; then we internalize them

Factor analysis

Identify primary traits

Five traits Ocean

O- Openness to Experience ◦

Five traits C

Conscientiousness ◦

Five traits E

Extraversion ◦

Five traits A

Agreeableness ◦

Five traits N

Neuroticism

Empirical approach

Interest is whether the items distinguished between groups, not why or how ◦ Low face validity

Rational/theoretical approach

Begin with clear-cut conceptualization of a trait, then write items to assess

Projective hypothesis

When interpreting ambiguous stimuli, people will project aspects of their personality onto them

Rorschach Inkblot Test

People say what each inkblot means to them