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Psych quiz 1 Flashcards

1
Q

WEIRD

A

W- Western
E- Educated
I- Industrialized
R- Rich
D- Democratic

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2
Q

Naive Realism

A

We believe exactly what’s in front of us

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3
Q

Pseudoscience

A

Claims that seem scientific but aren’t

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4
Q

Emotional reasoning fallacy

A

Being strongly influenced by your emotions

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5
Q

Bandwagon Fallacy

A

Following a bunch of people just cus

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6
Q

Not me Fallacy

A

Thinking the crime does not apply to you or the people in your world

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7
Q

Either or fallacy

A

when someone thinks there is only two sides to a story

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8
Q

Appeal to Authority

A

Use of an expert’s opinion

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9
Q

Argument from Antiquity

A

An idea claimed to be right because it’s the way it was often done in the past

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10
Q

Structuralism

A

“What” type of questions

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11
Q

Functionalism

A

“Why” type of questions

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12
Q

Psychoanalysis

A

Focuses on unconscious processes

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13
Q

Behaviorism

A

general laws of learning that explain behavior

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14
Q

Cognitivism

A

reaction to behavior

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15
Q

System 1

A

Quick, autopilot on

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16
Q

System 2

A

slow, autopilot off

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17
Q

Internal validity

A

Does X causes Y

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18
Q

External validity

A

Is this the same in the real world

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19
Q

Naturalistic Observation

A

watching behavior in their real world

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20
Q

Hawthorne Effect

A

Knowing they are being watched changes their behaviors

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21
Q

Case Study

A

Studying one person or a group

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22
Q

Correlational Design

A

Seeing if two or more things are related

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23
Q

Experimental Design

A

Manipulate one variable and measure it’s effect on the other variable

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24
Q

Gaba

A

Inhibitory- Roles in learning, sleep, memory

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25
Q

Glutamate

A

Excitatory- Associated with improving memory and learning

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26
Q

Dopamine

A

Excitatory or Inhibitory- Motor functions

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27
Q

Acetylcholine

A

Mostly excitatory- enables muscle action

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28
Q

Serotonin

A

Inhibitory- Mood, hunger, pain

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29
Q

Endorphins

A

Inhibitory- Pain reduction

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30
Q

Agonists

A

Increase receptor activity

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31
Q

Antagonists

A

Decrease receptor activity

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32
Q

CNS

A

Process, interpret, stores info, issue orders

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33
Q

PNS

A

Transmits info to and from CNS

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34
Q

Left hemispheric

A

fine-tuned language skills, actions

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35
Q

Right hemispheric

A

coarse language skills, visuospatial skills

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36
Q

Frontal Lobe

A

Executive functioning

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37
Q

Parietal lobe

A

spatial perception

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38
Q

Occipital lobe

A

visual info

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39
Q

temporal lobe

A

memory, understanding

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40
Q

Pituitary gland

A

Oxytocin- associated with love

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41
Q

Adrenal gland

A

adrenaline, cortisol

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42
Q

Sensation

A

Detection of physical energy by our sense organs

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43
Q

Perception

A

Brain’s interpretation of raw sensory data

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44
Q

Transduction

A

The nervous system converts an external stimulus into electrical signals within neurons

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45
Q

Sensory adaption

A

Activation is highest when stimulus is first detected

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46
Q

Absolute threshold

A

Lowest level of a stimulus we can detect 50% of the time (feathers on skin)

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47
Q

Just Noticeable differences

A

The smallest amount of stimulus change we can detect

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48
Q

Weber’s Law

A

The stronger the stimulus the larger the JND will be

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49
Q

After images

A

Change in color perception

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50
Q

Sclera

A

white portion of the eye

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51
Q

Iris

A

colored portion that has muscles which control the pupil

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52
Q

Pupil

A

where light enters

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53
Q

Pinna

A

visible cartilage flap

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54
Q

Ear canal

A

Carries sounds waves to the ear drum

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55
Q

middle ear

A

transmit sound from ear drum to inner ear

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56
Q

Ossicles

A

hammer, anvil, stirrup

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57
Q

cochlea

A

converts vibration into neural activity

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58
Q

hair cells

A

convert sounds waves into action potentails

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59
Q

Place theory

A

Base=high pitch, top=low pitch, only accounts for high-pitched tones

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60
Q

frequency theory

A

neurons rate of firing reproduces the frequency of the sound, only accounts for very low pitches

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61
Q

Volley theory

A

set of neurons fire together at their max rate to produce higher pitches , medium range

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62
Q

Somatosensory system

A

Pressure, temp, injury, and nerve endings in the skin

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63
Q

Parallel processing

A

Attending to multiple senses at the same time

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64
Q

Bottom-up processing

A

features of the stimulus affect perception ex: facial features and personality predict real behavior

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65
Q

Top- down processing

A

beliefs, expectations, stereotypes ex: social class and race

66
Q

Perceptual constancy

A

Can perceive different stimuli as the same thing

67
Q

Face perception

A

recognize whole faces, not just parts of the face

68
Q

Visual perception ( monocular cues)

A

relative size, texture gradient, interpostion

69
Q

Visual perception ( binocular cues)

A

closing one eye can altere view

70
Q

Gate control theory

A

spinal nerves act as gates to let pain travel through to reach the brain — or close these gates and prevent pain messages from getting through at all

71
Q

circadian rhythms

A

cyclical processes that occur on 24 hour basis

72
Q

Stages 1-4 of sleep

A

Non-rem and fewer dreams

73
Q

Stage 5

A

Rem sleep and vivid dreams

74
Q

EEG

A

allows us to read brain waves

75
Q

Beta waves

76
Q

alpha waves

A

calm wakefulness

77
Q

theta waves

A

drowsiness/ light sleep

78
Q

delta waves

A

deep level of NREM

79
Q

Stage 1

A

Theta waves, hypnagogic imagery, myoclonic jerks

80
Q

stage 2

A

theta waves, sleep spindles, spends 65% of time in this stage

81
Q

Stages 3 and 4

A

delta waves, deep sleep, adults spend 25% of sleep here

82
Q

Stage 5

A

Rem sleep, brain activity similar to wakefulness

83
Q

NREM dreams

A

shorter, more thought-like, repetitive, daily task

84
Q

REM dreams

A

more dreams, emotional, illogical

85
Q

REM behavior disorder

A

Brain stem structures usually prevent movement during REM sleep
 A person may actually attempt to act out their REM dreams, without
necessarily being aware that they are doing so

86
Q

REM rebound

A

intense dreams or nightmares

87
Q

Dream protection theory (Freud)

A

Dreams meaningful, represent repressed desires

88
Q

Activation synthesis theory

A

dreams are not meaningful

89
Q

Neurocognitive theory

A

dreams meaningful, reflect cognitive abilities

90
Q

Insomnia

A

Difficulty going to, OR staying asleep, OR
waking too early

91
Q

Narcolepsy

A

Rapid and unexpected onset of sleep

92
Q

Cataplexy

A

Fully conscious, but can not control muscles

93
Q

Sleep apnea

A

blockage of airway, heavy snoring

94
Q

sleepwalking

A

performing “awake” behaviors while fully asleep

95
Q

Night terrors

A

Suddenly wake up and scream and then return to deep sleep

96
Q

Alcohol

A

Decrease functioning of CNS, depressants

97
Q

Benzos ex Valium

A

Depressant drug, sedative and hypnotic used for anxiety or insomnia

98
Q

Nicotine

A

Rev up CNS, stimulants

99
Q

Cocaine

A

most powerful stimulant, reinforcing effects

100
Q

Amphetamines (meth)

A

most commonly abused stimulants,

101
Q

Opiates (morphine, heroin, codeine)

A

Narcotics, Relieve pain, induce sleep, euphoria,

102
Q

LSD (acid)

A

psychedelics, serotonin, dopamine

103
Q

Marijuana

A

psychedelics, “mild hallucinogen”

104
Q

Classical Conditioning

A

the process in which an automatic, conditioned response is paired with specific stimuli.

104
Q

Habituation

A

Respond less strongly over time to repeated stimulus

104
Q

Sensitization

A

Respond MORE strongly over time

104
Q

Spontaneous recovery

A

Extinction -> time gap -> spontaneous recovery

105
Q

Renewal

A

extinction in different setting than acquisition -> return to original settings -> renewal

106
Q

Stimulus generalization

A

little albert thinks all white pets are bad when they were only tested on white rats

107
Q

Operant Conditioning

A

Changes in behavior in response to rewards and punishment

108
Q

Law of Effect

A

If a behavioral response to a stimulus
leads to a desirable effect, that
behavior is more likely to be repeated
in the future (to that stimulus)

109
Q

Positive reinforcement

A

Giving a desirable stimulus
 Ex) Bart knows he will be rewarded for good grades = studies and gets a
good grade = gets a present from his mom (rewarded stimulus

110
Q

Negative reinforcement

A

Taking away an undesired stimulus
 Ex) Homer never takes garbage out = bad smell = takes garbage out
(removes the unwanted stimulus)

111
Q

Positive punishment

A

Adding an undesirable stimulus
 Ex) Bart brings skateboard to school = write on chalkboard = discourages
bringing skateboard into school

112
Q

Negative punishment

A

Taking away a desirable stimulus
 Ex) When Bart brings his skateboard to school, the teacher takes it away
so he can no longer bring the skateboard to school

113
Q

Fixed ratio

A

1 pellet every 10 bar-presses

114
Q

Variable ratio

A

1 pellet every 5-15 bar-presses

115
Q

Fixed interval

A

1 pellet for the first bar press after 30 min pass

116
Q

Variable interval

A

1 pellet for the first bar press every 15-45 mins

117
Q

primary reinforcers

A

things that naturally increase the targe behavior

118
Q

Secondary reinforcers

A

neutral objects that become associated with the primary reinforcement

119
Q

SR theory

A

behavior is influenced by the consequences of one’s actions

120
Q

SOR theory

A

Based off external stimuli drive the state of internal organism

121
Q

Latent learning

A

learning that is not directly observable

122
Q

Observational learning

A

learning by watching other

123
Q

mirror neurons

A

fire when watching others perform certain actions as if we were doing it ourselves

124
Q

Insight learning

A

“Aha” moments

125
Q

Preparedness

A

Evolutionarily predisposed for fear of certain things

126
Q

Instinctive drift

A

You were born with this thought process

127
Q

Retroactive

A

Learning new information hampers recall of earlier information

128
Q

Proactive

A

old knowledge hampers ability to learn new information

129
Q

primacy effect

A

memory better for words at the beginning of a list than words in the middle

130
Q

Recency Effect

A

memory better for words at the end of the list than in the middle

131
Q

Explicit

A

remembering an experience

132
Q

Implicit

A

only knowing your bank PIN when at an ATM

133
Q

Context-dependent

A

Environment match

134
Q

State- dependent

A

Internal state matches such as drinking while studying

135
Q

Short term memory area

A

Hippocampus

136
Q

Long term memory area

A

Prefrontal cortex and amygdala

137
Q

Retrograde

A

Loss of part memories

138
Q

Anterograde

A

loss of ability to form new memories

139
Q

Flashbulb memories

A

emotional, highly detailed memories often inaccurate

140
Q

cryptomnesia

A

when we forget that one of our ideas did not come from us

141
Q

Cognitive misers

A

Sacrifice precision for speed/ efficiency

142
Q

Heuristics

A

Mental “shortcuts” or rules-of-thumb

143
Q

Cognitive biases

A

Default ways of thinking that make us systematically wrong

144
Q

Hindsight Bias

A

” I knew it all along”

145
Q

Heuristic

A

When you think something based off the info given

151
Q

Phonemes

A

Sounds we can vocally produce ex bat vs mat

151
Q

Functional fixedness

A

once we learn an object’s purpose, it harder for us to use it in other ways

151
Q

Morphemes

A

Smallest units with meaning in a language like re

152
Q

Syntax

A

Rules for constructing sentences

152
Q

Nativist

A

Born with some lang knowledge

153
Q

Social pragmatics

A

Social enviro structures lang learning

154
Q

General cognitive processing

A

Learn lang the same way we learn anything else

155
Q

Visual agnosia

A

an impairment in recognizing visually presented objects

Psych (3 decks)

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