Psych quiz 1 Flashcards
1
Q
WEIRD
A
W- Western
E- Educated
I- Industrialized
R- Rich
D- Democratic
2
Q
Naive Realism
A
We believe exactly what’s in front of us
3
Q
Pseudoscience
A
Claims that seem scientific but aren’t
4
Q
Emotional reasoning fallacy
A
Being strongly influenced by your emotions
5
Q
Bandwagon Fallacy
A
Following a bunch of people just cus
6
Q
Not me Fallacy
A
Thinking the crime does not apply to you or the people in your world
7
Q
Either or fallacy
A
when someone thinks there is only two sides to a story
8
Q
Appeal to Authority
A
Use of an expert’s opinion
9
Q
Argument from Antiquity
A
An idea claimed to be right because it’s the way it was often done in the past
10
Q
Structuralism
A
“What” type of questions
11
Q
Functionalism
A
“Why” type of questions
12
Q
Psychoanalysis
A
Focuses on unconscious processes
13
Q
Behaviorism
A
general laws of learning that explain behavior
14
Q
Cognitivism
A
reaction to behavior
15
Q
System 1
A
Quick, autopilot on
16
Q
System 2
A
slow, autopilot off
17
Q
Internal validity
A
Does X causes Y
18
Q
External validity
A
Is this the same in the real world
19
Q
Naturalistic Observation
A
watching behavior in their real world
20
Q
Hawthorne Effect
A
Knowing they are being watched changes their behaviors
21
Q
Case Study
A
Studying one person or a group
22
Q
Correlational Design
A
Seeing if two or more things are related
23
Q
Experimental Design
A
Manipulate one variable and measure it’s effect on the other variable
24
Q
Gaba
A
Inhibitory- Roles in learning, sleep, memory
25
Glutamate
Excitatory- Associated with improving memory and learning
26
Dopamine
Excitatory or Inhibitory- Motor functions
27
Acetylcholine
Mostly excitatory- enables muscle action
28
Serotonin
Inhibitory- Mood, hunger, pain
29
Endorphins
Inhibitory- Pain reduction
30
Agonists
Increase receptor activity
31
Antagonists
Decrease receptor activity
32
CNS
Process, interpret, stores info, issue orders
33
PNS
Transmits info to and from CNS
34
Left hemispheric
fine-tuned language skills, actions
35
Right hemispheric
coarse language skills, visuospatial skills
36
Frontal Lobe
Executive functioning
37
Parietal lobe
spatial perception
38
Occipital lobe
visual info
39
temporal lobe
memory, understanding
40
Pituitary gland
Oxytocin- associated with love
41
Adrenal gland
adrenaline, cortisol
42
Sensation
Detection of physical energy by our sense organs
43
Perception
Brain's interpretation of raw sensory data
44
Transduction
The nervous system converts an external stimulus into electrical signals within neurons
45
Sensory adaption
Activation is highest when stimulus is first detected
46
Absolute threshold
Lowest level of a stimulus we can detect 50% of the time (feathers on skin)
47
Just Noticeable differences
The smallest amount of stimulus change we can detect
48
Weber's Law
The stronger the stimulus the larger the JND will be
49
After images
Change in color perception
50
Sclera
white portion of the eye
51
Iris
colored portion that has muscles which control the pupil
52
Pupil
where light enters
53
Pinna
visible cartilage flap
54
Ear canal
Carries sounds waves to the ear drum
55
middle ear
transmit sound from ear drum to inner ear
56
Ossicles
hammer, anvil, stirrup
57
cochlea
converts vibration into neural activity
58
hair cells
convert sounds waves into action potentails
59
Place theory
Base=high pitch, top=low pitch, only accounts for high-pitched tones
60
frequency theory
neurons rate of firing reproduces the frequency of the sound, only accounts for very low pitches
61
Volley theory
set of neurons fire together at their max rate to produce higher pitches , medium range
62
Somatosensory system
Pressure, temp, injury, and nerve endings in the skin
63
Parallel processing
Attending to multiple senses at the same time
64
Bottom-up processing
features of the stimulus affect perception ex: facial features and personality predict real behavior
65
Top- down processing
beliefs, expectations, stereotypes ex: social class and race
66
Perceptual constancy
Can perceive different stimuli as the same thing
67
Face perception
recognize whole faces, not just parts of the face
68
Visual perception ( monocular cues)
relative size, texture gradient, interpostion
69
Visual perception ( binocular cues)
closing one eye can altere view
70
Gate control theory
spinal nerves act as gates to let pain travel through to reach the brain — or close these gates and prevent pain messages from getting through at all
71
circadian rhythms
cyclical processes that occur on 24 hour basis
72
Stages 1-4 of sleep
Non-rem and fewer dreams
73
Stage 5
Rem sleep and vivid dreams
74
EEG
allows us to read brain waves
75
Beta waves
awake
76
alpha waves
calm wakefulness
77
theta waves
drowsiness/ light sleep
78
delta waves
deep level of NREM
79
Stage 1
Theta waves, hypnagogic imagery, myoclonic jerks
80
stage 2
theta waves, sleep spindles, spends 65% of time in this stage
81
Stages 3 and 4
delta waves, deep sleep, adults spend 25% of sleep here
82
Stage 5
Rem sleep, brain activity similar to wakefulness
83
NREM dreams
shorter, more thought-like, repetitive, daily task
84
REM dreams
more dreams, emotional, illogical
85
REM behavior disorder
Brain stem structures usually prevent movement during REM sleep
A person may actually attempt to act out their REM dreams, without
necessarily being aware that they are doing so
86
REM rebound
intense dreams or nightmares
87
Dream protection theory (Freud)
Dreams meaningful, represent repressed desires
88
Activation synthesis theory
dreams are not meaningful
89
Neurocognitive theory
dreams meaningful, reflect cognitive abilities
90
Insomnia
Difficulty going to, OR staying asleep, OR
waking too early
91
Narcolepsy
Rapid and unexpected onset of sleep
92
Cataplexy
Fully conscious, but can not control muscles
93
Sleep apnea
blockage of airway, heavy snoring
94
sleepwalking
performing "awake" behaviors while fully asleep
95
Night terrors
Suddenly wake up and scream and then return to deep sleep
96
Alcohol
Decrease functioning of CNS, depressants
97
Benzos ex Valium
Depressant drug, sedative and hypnotic used for anxiety or insomnia
98
Nicotine
Rev up CNS, stimulants
99
Cocaine
most powerful stimulant, reinforcing effects
100
Amphetamines (meth)
most commonly abused stimulants,
101
Opiates (morphine, heroin, codeine)
Narcotics, Relieve pain, induce sleep, euphoria,
102
LSD (acid)
psychedelics, serotonin, dopamine
103
Marijuana
psychedelics, "mild hallucinogen"
104
Classical Conditioning
the process in which an automatic, conditioned response is paired with specific stimuli.
104
Habituation
Respond less strongly over time to repeated stimulus
104
Sensitization
Respond MORE strongly over time
104
Spontaneous recovery
Extinction -> time gap -> spontaneous recovery
105
Renewal
extinction in different setting than acquisition -> return to original settings -> renewal
106
Stimulus generalization
little albert thinks all white pets are bad when they were only tested on white rats
107
Operant Conditioning
Changes in behavior in response to rewards and punishment
108
Law of Effect
If a behavioral response to a stimulus
leads to a desirable effect, that
behavior is more likely to be repeated
in the future (to that stimulus)
109
Positive reinforcement
Giving a desirable stimulus
Ex) Bart knows he will be rewarded for good grades = studies and gets a
good grade = gets a present from his mom (rewarded stimulus
110
Negative reinforcement
Taking away an undesired stimulus
Ex) Homer never takes garbage out = bad smell = takes garbage out
(removes the unwanted stimulus)
111
Positive punishment
Adding an undesirable stimulus
Ex) Bart brings skateboard to school = write on chalkboard = discourages
bringing skateboard into school
112
Negative punishment
Taking away a desirable stimulus
Ex) When Bart brings his skateboard to school, the teacher takes it away
so he can no longer bring the skateboard to school
113
Fixed ratio
1 pellet every 10 bar-presses
114
Variable ratio
1 pellet every 5-15 bar-presses
115
Fixed interval
1 pellet for the first bar press after 30 min pass
116
Variable interval
1 pellet for the first bar press every 15-45 mins
117
primary reinforcers
things that naturally increase the targe behavior
118
Secondary reinforcers
neutral objects that become associated with the primary reinforcement
119
SR theory
behavior is influenced by the consequences of one's actions
120
SOR theory
Based off external stimuli drive the state of internal organism
121
Latent learning
learning that is not directly observable
122
Observational learning
learning by watching other
123
mirror neurons
fire when watching others perform certain actions as if we were doing it ourselves
124
Insight learning
"Aha" moments
125
Preparedness
Evolutionarily predisposed for fear of certain things
126
Instinctive drift
You were born with this thought process
127
Retroactive
Learning new information hampers recall of earlier information
128
Proactive
old knowledge hampers ability to learn new information
129
primacy effect
memory better for words at the beginning of a list than words in the middle
130
Recency Effect
memory better for words at the end of the list than in the middle
131
Explicit
remembering an experience
132
Implicit
only knowing your bank PIN when at an ATM
133
Context-dependent
Environment match
134
State- dependent
Internal state matches such as drinking while studying
135
Short term memory area
Hippocampus
136
Long term memory area
Prefrontal cortex and amygdala
137
Retrograde
Loss of part memories
138
Anterograde
loss of ability to form new memories
139
Flashbulb memories
emotional, highly detailed memories often inaccurate
140
cryptomnesia
when we forget that one of our ideas did not come from us
141
Cognitive misers
Sacrifice precision for speed/ efficiency
142
Heuristics
Mental "shortcuts" or rules-of-thumb
143
Cognitive biases
Default ways of thinking that make us systematically wrong
144
Hindsight Bias
" I knew it all along"
145
Heuristic
When you think something based off the info given
146
147
148
149
150
151
Phonemes
Sounds we can vocally produce ex bat vs mat
151
Functional fixedness
once we learn an object's purpose, it harder for us to use it in other ways
151
Morphemes
Smallest units with meaning in a language like re
152
Syntax
Rules for constructing sentences
152
Nativist
Born with some lang knowledge
153
Social pragmatics
Social enviro structures lang learning
154
General cognitive processing
Learn lang the same way we learn anything else
155
Visual agnosia
an impairment in recognizing visually presented objects
156
