Quiz 4

Question 1

normal distribution

Answer 1

Distribution of sample means

Question 2

Standard normal distribution

Answer 2

Specific type of normal distribution with a mean of 0 and a standard deviation of 1

Question 3

68-95-99% Rule

Answer 3

Approximately 68% of the data falls within one standard deviation of the mean, 95 within 2, and 99 within 3 in both directions

Question 4

Point of 65-95-99 rule

Answer 4

Constructing confidence intervals

Question 5

Confidence intervals

Answer 5

Range of values into which a population parameter is likely to fall for a given level of confidence.
For a 95% CI, add and subtract 1.96 (2 standard deviations of the mean)

ONLY express sampling error

Question 6

What do we get from testing the null hypothesis

Answer 6

A standard of evidence that must be met to reject it, which is expressed as alpha set to 0.5 (significance level)

Question 7

Significance level

Answer 7

Chance the evidence we observe would occur randomly if the null were true

Question 8

When is something statistically significant?

Answer 8

If it’s unlikely that the null is true

Question 9

Null Hypothesis Significance Testing

Answer 9

1: propose a research hypothesis
2: set the significance level (susally 0.05 percent)
3:Estimate parameters using sample data
4:Calculate CI or p-value
5: Reach a conclusion about null

Question 10

P-value

Answer 10

The smallest standard of evidence at which we would reject the null. At a 5% significance, we reject the null if p < 0.05

Question 11

Significance Testing with Confidence Intervals (steps)

Answer 11

1: Identify hypotheses
2: Set confidence level
3: Calculate CI
4: Is null within interval
5: Conclude

Question 12

CI formula

Answer 12

Sample mean +/- z * standard error

Question 13

Case Study Design

Answer 13

Involve either a single case or a small number of cases. Uses comparison to make inferences about relationships

Question 14

Method of difference

Answer 14

Reseachers select cases where the outcomes differ, compare cases, and conclude causal factors

Question 15

Method of agreement

Answer 15

Selecting cases with the same outcome and identity the things they have in common

Question 16

Least Likely case

Answer 16

Theory is least likely to apply

Question 17

Deviant case

Answer 17

Case that doesn’t conform to a theory or fit a normal pattern

Question 18

Process Tracing

Answer 18

Unpacks mechanism and engages in detailed empirical tracing. If an explanation is true, what specific process would lead to the outcome

Question 19

Types of Qualitative Methods

Answer 19

Interview Data
Document
Firsthand observations

Question 20

Collection Methods

Answer 20

-Measurement valid
-Reacticity
-Coverage
-Cost and Availability
-Ethical implications

Question 21

Fairfield and Garay Article summary

Answer 21

Puzzle: Existing theories can’t adequately account for unexpected development of social policy and tax increase targeting Latin American elites

Theory: electoral competition, organized business, and social movements all play a role in influencing policy

Method: process tracing, fieldwork, interview, newspaper analysis,

Findings:
- Mexico: electoral competition fuels social reform and tax initiatives
-Chile: electoral competition and social mobilization leads to progressive tax initiatives