Quiz 4 (13-16)

Question 1

Why build a prototype?

Answer 1

to not commit strongly to ideas in early stages, prototypes are fast to build for early feedback, can make multiple prototypes for a design decision

Question 2

Low fidelity prototype

Answer 2

omits details and uses cheaper materials

Question 3

High fidelity prototype

Answer 3

more like a finished product

Question 4

Look of a protoype

Answer 4

physical appearance

Question 5

feel of a prototype

Answer 5

physical method by which a user interacts with the prototype

Question 6

breadth of a prototype

Answer 6

% of features covered in a protoype

Question 7

depth of prototype

Answer 7

how deeply each feature is actually implemented

Question 8

Horizontal prototype

Answer 8

all breadth, little depth; many areas implemented but not deeply

Question 9

Vertical prototype

Answer 9

great depth, little breadth; one area deeply implemented but not all areas are

Question 10

Scenario prototype

Answer 10

intersection of horizontal and vertical

Question 11

ethics

Answer 11

intentional choices and the moral principles that guide them; rules that guide conduct

Question 12

naturalistic fallacy

Answer 12

mistake to infer moral claims purely on the basis of descriptive claims

Question 13

fiduciary duty

Answer 13

legal and ethical obligation that one party must act in the best interest of another party

Question 14

4 guiding ethical principles in the medical field

Answer 14

1. respect for autonomy (others right to make their own decisions)
2. beneficence (practice of doing good)
3. non-maleficence (not doing intentional harm)
4. justice or fairness (objectively resolve potential conflicts of interest)

Question 15

revenue

Answer 15

total amount of income before any expenses are taken out

Question 16

gross profit

Answer 16

revenue minus the cost of goods sold

Question 17

operating profit

Answer 17

gross profit minus all other fixed and variable expenses

Question 18

disposable products

Answer 18

used and then discarded; require high sales volume

Question 19

reusable products

Answer 19

multi use products with moderate lifespan but the cost is orders of magnitude smaller than capital equipment

Question 20

implantable products

Answer 20

great profit margins; high barrier to entry b/c of regulatory, IP requirements; risks due to liability issues

Question 21

capital equipment products

Answer 21

require customers to make a capital expenditure in order to obtain a technology they will use repeatedly
Ex: hospital equipment like MRI/CT

Question 22

Service business model

Answer 22

work performed by one group/person for the benefit of another

Question 23

fee per use

Answer 23

for innovations that sit at the intersection of products and services

Question 24

capitated business model

Answer 24

medical provider is given a set fee per patient

Question 25

initial prototype goal

Answer 25

provide additional data that enables the innovators to choose a final concept

Question 26

guidelines for effective prototyping

Answer 26

focus on the issues that will mitigate significant risks, recognize different prototypes may answer different questions, isolate the functional blocks, understand each functional block

Question 27

functional blocks

Answer 27

breaking down the prototypes by engineering disciplines

Question 28

early stage testing

Answer 28

user, bench, tissue and simulated use tests

Question 29

late stage testing

Answer 29

live animal and clinical trials tests

Question 30

final concept selection

Answer 30

exercise of risk mitigation; assess IP, regulatory, reimbursement and business models

Question 31

PUGH method

Answer 31

most widely used structured approach for final concept selection

Question 32

PUGH Method steps

Answer 32

identify design requirements, weight design requirements, confirm design concepts and choose baseline, score/rank concepts

Question 33

3 steps for developing R&D strategy

Answer 33

1. define high level milestones
2. identify and prioritize the specific technical challenges
3. create an early R&D plan that identifies work, testing, resources, and time