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GEOL 2155 > Quiz > Flashcards

Quiz Flashcards

1
Q

What are the challenges of terrestrial habits?

A 
Support
Locomotion
Feeding and Respiration
Sensory Systems
Water Balance
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2
Q

Tiktaalik

A

Late Devonian
Fins and scales of a fish, mobile neck, separate pectoral girdle of a tetrapod
Not a true terrestrial tetrapod
Had aquatic lifestyle and used fins to maneuver around

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3
Q

Early Tetrapod Locomotion

A

Limbs splayed out to the side
Axial flexion of vertebral incorporated into the stride (similar to salamanders)
Body was probably not elevated off substrate during stride
Girdles attach to vertebral column
Ribs become more robust
Increase range of limb motion

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4
Q

Traits of Late Devonian Tetrapods

A

Amphibious habits
Reliant on water for reproduction
Generalized predators
Evolution of tetrapod girdles and limbs

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5
Q

Adaptations for Terrestrial Plants

A

Rigid stem/stalk
Root system to act as anchor for taller structures
Leaves to aid in collection of sunlight for photosynthesis
Vascular tissues to distribute water and nutrients throughout the organism

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6
Q

What is the first land plant?

A

Cooksonia

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7
Q

What are some traits of Cooksonia?

A

No leavs, no flowers, no seeds, no roots
Reproduction via spores
Photosynthesis

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8
Q

When did Cooksonia appear?

A

428 mya

Silurian

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9
Q

Traits of Plants in Early Devonian

A

Small vascular and non-vascular plants

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10
Q

Traits of Plants in Late Carboniferous

A

Vegetation with trees >35 m tall

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11
Q

Evolution of Roots

A

Substantial rooting systems present by Late Devonian

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12
Q

Evolution of Leaves

A

Microphylls

Megaphylls

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13
Q

Microphylls

A

Small, single vascular strand

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14
Q

Megaphylls

A

Large, complex vascular networks

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15
Q

The Seed

A

Freed plants from needing water for reproduction
Product embryo
Nourish developing embryo

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16
Q

Arborescent Revolution

A

Earliest trees appear in the middle Devonian
Until the late Carboniferous, forests were dominated by 4 groups of spore producing trees, and 2 groups of early seed producing trees

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17
Q

Climate Change During Devonian-Carboniferous

A

Climate changed from warm, humid and ice-free to cooler, drier climates with glaciation in high latitude of southern hemisphere
Several glaciations
Glaciation = lower sea levels

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18
Q

Amniotic Egg

A

Semipermeable shell that allows gas exchange with atmosphere

Allows tetrapods to become fully terrestrial

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19
Q

Extraembryonic Membranes

A

Chorian
Ammion
Allantois

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20
Q

Chorian

A

Surrounds embryo and yolk sac

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21
Q

Ammion

A

Surrounds embryo with water

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22
Q

Allantois

A

Sac for respiration and waste storage

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23
Q

Phylogenetic Reconstruction

A

All amniotes share a common feature in that they have closed the otic notch

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24
Q

What are the earliest amniotes?

A

Hylonomus and Paleothyris

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25
Q

Four groups of Amniotes

A

Anapsids
Aynapsids
Diapsids
Euryopsids

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26
Q

Anapsids Creatures

A

Turtles and early amniotes

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27
Q

Synapsids Creatures

A

Mammals and mammal like reptiles

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28
Q

Diapsids Creatures

A

Reptiles (birds, lizards, dinosaurs, crocodilians)

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29
Q

Euryopsids Creatures

A

Several convergent marine retile groups (Plesiosaurs and Ichthyosaurs)

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30
Q

Anapsids Skull

A

Lack of postorbital fenestra

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31
Q

Diapsids Skull

A

Two postorbital fenestrae framed by the parietal, postorbital, squamosal, jugal and sometimes the quadratojugal
Diversified during late Permian

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32
Q

Euryapsids Skull

A

Single postorbital fenestra bordered by the parietal, postorbital and squamosal

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33
Q

Synapsids Skull

A

Single postorbital fenestra framed by the squamosal, postorbital and jugal

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34
Q

Cynodonts

A

Show mammal like features

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35
Q

What are the Mammal Like Features that Cynodonts Have?

A 
Double occipital condyle
Secondary palate
Increase in jaw muscle mass
Limbs rotated under body
Dentary makes up more than 3/4 of the lower jaw
Well-developed heterodonty
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36
Q

Secondary Palate

A

Separates nasal region from oral region

Two parts: hard (up front) and soft (at back)

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37
Q

General Early Synapsid Trends

A

More upright posture
Reduction of girdle elements
Elongation of limbs
Specialization of dental battery

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38
Q

When is the Permo-Triassic Boundary?

A

252.17 mya

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39
Q

How many extinctions were there around the Permo-Triassic Boundary?

A

2 extinctions, about 5 million years apart

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40
Q

Causes of the P/T Extinction

A

Extraterrestrial

Terrestrial - Physical and Biological

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41
Q

Extraterrestrial Causes

A

Bolide impacts

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42
Q

Physical Terrestrial Causes

A

Volcanism
Climate Change
Sea Level Change/Anoxia

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43
Q

Biological Terrestrial Causes

A

Spread disease or predators

Evolution (new plant types)

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44
Q

Volcanism

A

Siberian Traps eruptions, starting before and continuing after

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45
Q

Mantle Plume

A

Upwelling of abnormally hot rock within the Earth’s mantle
Heads of mantle plumes can partially melt when they reach shallow depths
Often invoked as the cause of volcanic centers

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46
Q

Effects of Large Scale Volcanism

A

Massive input of greenhouse gases
Released aerosols could combine with H2O in atmosphere to form acid rain
Burning of large amounts of coal
These effects could lead to global warming, which may have shut down the ocean currents and lead to ocean anoxia

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47
Q

Ocean Anoxia

A

Cause is unclear, but black shales indicate the ocean was probably stratified during the P/T extinction event
No Oxygen, even on continental shelves

48
Q

Triassic Rebound

A

Recovery from P/T extinction results in restructuring of ecosystems
New marine vertebrates appear
Synapsids give way to diapsids as dominant terrestrial group

49
Q

Marine Reptiles

A

Icthyosaurs

First of the Mesozoic marine reptiles to appear

50
Q

Ichthyosaurs

A

Euryapsid skulls

First appear in Triassic, extinct by late Cretaceous

51
Q

Early Triassic Archosaurs

A

Evolved to occupy large predator niches left open by extinction of synapsid groups

52
Q

What are the two lineages of Archosaurs?

A

Crocodilians

Pterosaurs, Dinosaurs, Birds

53
Q

What is an Archosaur?

A 
Diapsid
Antorbital fenestra
Lateral mandibular fenestra
Laterally compressed teeth
Fourth trochanter on femur
54
Q

Antorbital Fenestra

A

Opening in the side of the skull between the eye socket and the nostril (houses a sinus)

55
Q

Groups within Archosauria

A

Crocodilians have a crurotarsal ankle joint

Ornithodira have a simplified mesotarsal ankle

56
Q

Crurotarsal Ankle Joint

A

Peg-in-socket joint between the astragalus and acalcaneum

57
Q

Mesotarsal Ankle

A

Restricted motion requires more upright stance

58
Q

Sarcosuches

A

Mid Cretaceous
Elongate snout
Continuous lines of osteoderms from neck to tail
Ambush predator

59
Q

Pterosaurs

A

Late Triassic-End Cretaceous
4th digit supports wing membrane
Sternum expanded to support flight muscles
Capable of powered flight

60
Q

Diversity of Pterosaurs in Jurassic

A

Rhamphorhynchus

Pterodactylus

61
Q

Diversity of Pterosaurs in Cretaceous

A

Pterodaustro
Peranodon
Quetzalcoatlus

62
Q

First Dinosaurs

A

Late Triassic

63
Q

What makes a Dinosaur?

A

Open acetabulum
Three vertebrae in the sacrum
Inward bend to femoral head

64
Q

Dinosaur Orders

A

Differentiated by hip Sturcture

65
Q

Types of Hip Structures

A

Saurischia

Ornighischia

66
Q

Saurischia

A

Lizard hipped

Sauropods and theropods (and birds)

67
Q

Ornithischia

A 
Bird hipped
Stegosaurs
Ankylosaurs
Hadrosaurs
Pachycephalosaurs
Ceratopsians
68
Q

Paleobiography

A

The distriubution of ancient orgamisms around the world

69
Q

What factors play into the geographic distribution of Dinosaurs?

A

Temperature
Resource availability
Geographic barriers

70
Q

Where are dinosaurs found?

A

Every Continent

71
Q

When did dinosaurs rise to dominance?

A

End-Trassic extinction

72
Q

What allowed for dinosaurs on all land masses?

A

Arrangement of Pangaea

73
Q

What caused great diversification of dinosaurs in Cretaceous?

A

Break up of Pangaea into Laurasian and Gondwanan

74
Q

Sauropodomorpha

A

Heads small relative to body
Elogante necks
Tall, phyllodont teeth
Bipedal

75
Q

Sauropoda

A

Obligate quadrapeds
Trend towards large size, necks and smaller heads
Peak diversity in Jurassic
Largest terrestrial animals of all time

76
Q

Evolutionary Trends of Sauropods

A

Loss of ancesntral suarischiaan carnivorous diet
Gigantism
Shift from bipedalsim to obligate quadrupedalism

77
Q

Theropods

A 
Beast foot
Three toes contact with substrate
Mostly bipedal conrivores
Range in sizes
Serrated teeth
78
Q

Evolutionary Trends of Theropods

A

Modification of fore limbs (reduce or enlarge)
Maintain bipedalism
Gigantism and miniaturization

79
Q

Evolution of Flight

A

Earliest birds from Late Jurassic

Poorly developed flight muscles indicate gliding

80
Q

Archaeopteryx

A

One of the most famous fossils

Blend of bid and dinosaur features

81
Q

Evolution of Birds

A

Archaeopteryx recognized as intermediate between birds and dinosaurs
100 derived characteristics shared between theropods and birds

82
Q

Evolution of Flight in Birds

A

Cursorial

Arboreal

83
Q

Cursorial

A

Flight adapted from cursorial hunting habits

84
Q

Arboreal

A

Flight adapted from gliding from trees

85
Q

What way does the hip point in Ornithischia?

A

Points backwards

86
Q

What way does the hip point in Saurischia?

A

Points forwards

87
Q

What are the two groups of Ornnithischia?

A

Threophora

Cerapoda

88
Q

Threophora

A

Shield berars
Armored quadrupeds
Rows of dermal armor along length of body
Fore limbs shorter that hind limbs

89
Q

Stegosauridae

A

Laurasian distribution
Osteoderms develop into plates and spikes
Plates used for body heat regulation

90
Q

Anklyosauridae

A

Global distribution except for Africa
Osteoderms from large, flat scutes and plates, sometimes spines
Two Groups

91
Q

What are the two groups of Anklyosauridae?

A

Nodosaurs

Anklosaurs

92
Q

Nodosaurs

A

Lack tail club, shoulder spines

93
Q

Anklyosaurs

A

Tail clubs

94
Q

Ornithopoda

A 
Bird foot - three toed
Fascultatively quadrupedal
Most diverse group of ornithischians
Global distribution, diversity concentrated on Laurasian continents
Iguanodons and Hadrosaurs
95
Q

Iguanodon

A

Modified thumbs into spides

96
Q

Hadrosaurs

A

Extremely diverse
Specialized dentition
Cranial crests
First group to show post natal care

97
Q

Marginocephalia

A

Fringed heads - pachycephalosaurs and ceratopsians

98
Q

Pacycephalosaurs

A

Thick headed
Laurasian
Relatively small, bipedal

99
Q

Ceratopsians

A

Horned faces
NA, Europe and Asia
Beak like structure, had grinding teeth
Early taxa were bipedal, majority were larger and quadrupedal
Wide variety of ornamentations and frills

100
Q

Dinosaurs

A

Late Triassic - Present
Enormus diversity
Global distribution
Terrestrial

101
Q

Plesiosauria

A

Two Families
Heavily reinforced limbs and girdles
Are Euryapsids, not dinosaurs

102
Q

What are the two families of Plesiosauria?

A

Plesiosauridae

Pilosauridae

103
Q

Plesiosauridae

A

30 Cervical Vertebrae

Small skulls, conical, interlocking teeth

104
Q

Pilosauridae

A

Enormous skulls
Up to 12m in length
Neck shorter plesiosaurids, but still have large number of cervical vertebrae

105
Q

Mosasaurs

A

Origin coincides with the extinction of ichthyosaurs
Evolved from terrestrial lizards
Carnivorous
Related to modern monitor lizards

106
Q

What went extinct at the K-T boundary?

A 
Plants
Marine Invertebrate extinction
Crocodylians
Pterosaurs and Birds
Non-Avian Dinosaurs
Mammals
107
Q

Extinction of Plants

A

Major extinction of species

No major families go extinct

108
Q

Extinction of Marine Invertebrates

A 
All large ammonoids and belemnites
Bivales
>60% Corals
All Plesiosaurs and mosasours
Few bony fish
All turtles survive
109
Q

Extinction of Crocodylians

A

Five of the families went extinct

All strictly terrestrial taxa went extinct

110
Q

Extinction of Pterosaurs and Birds

A

All remaining pterosaurs go extinct, had been declining in diversity
Most birds survived

111
Q

Extinction of Non-Avian Dinosaurs

A

All go extinct

112
Q

Who survives the K-T boundary?

A

Mammals

113
Q

Possible causes of K-T boundary extinction

A 
Disease
Sea Level Change
Climate Change
Volcanism
Asteroid Impact
114
Q

What is the most likely cause of extinction?

A

Asteroid impact as no other possibilities are abrupt enough

115
Q

What are the several events that caused the extinction?

A

Impact
IR Pulse
Nuclear Winter

GEOL 2155 (3 decks)

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