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1
Q

What are the challenges of terrestrial habits?

A 
Support
Locomotion
Feeding and Respiration
Sensory Systems
Water Balance
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2
Q

Tiktaalik

A

Late Devonian
Fins and scales of a fish, mobile neck, separate pectoral girdle of a tetrapod
Not a true terrestrial tetrapod
Had aquatic lifestyle and used fins to maneuver around

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3
Q

Early Tetrapod Locomotion

A

Limbs splayed out to the side
Axial flexion of vertebral incorporated into the stride (similar to salamanders)
Body was probably not elevated off substrate during stride
Girdles attach to vertebral column
Ribs become more robust
Increase range of limb motion

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4
Q

Traits of Late Devonian Tetrapods

A

Amphibious habits
Reliant on water for reproduction
Generalized predators
Evolution of tetrapod girdles and limbs

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5
Q

Adaptations for Terrestrial Plants

A

Rigid stem/stalk
Root system to act as anchor for taller structures
Leaves to aid in collection of sunlight for photosynthesis
Vascular tissues to distribute water and nutrients throughout the organism

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6
Q

What is the first land plant?

A

Cooksonia

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7
Q

What are some traits of Cooksonia?

A

No leavs, no flowers, no seeds, no roots
Reproduction via spores
Photosynthesis

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8
Q

When did Cooksonia appear?

A

428 mya

Silurian

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9
Q

Traits of Plants in Early Devonian

A

Small vascular and non-vascular plants

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10
Q

Traits of Plants in Late Carboniferous

A

Vegetation with trees >35 m tall

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11
Q

Evolution of Roots

A

Substantial rooting systems present by Late Devonian

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12
Q

Evolution of Leaves

A

Microphylls

Megaphylls

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13
Q

Microphylls

A

Small, single vascular strand

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14
Q

Megaphylls

A

Large, complex vascular networks

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15
Q

The Seed

A

Freed plants from needing water for reproduction
Product embryo
Nourish developing embryo

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16
Q

Arborescent Revolution

A

Earliest trees appear in the middle Devonian
Until the late Carboniferous, forests were dominated by 4 groups of spore producing trees, and 2 groups of early seed producing trees

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17
Q

Climate Change During Devonian-Carboniferous

A

Climate changed from warm, humid and ice-free to cooler, drier climates with glaciation in high latitude of southern hemisphere
Several glaciations
Glaciation = lower sea levels

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18
Q

Amniotic Egg

A

Semipermeable shell that allows gas exchange with atmosphere

Allows tetrapods to become fully terrestrial

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19
Q

Extraembryonic Membranes

A

Chorian
Ammion
Allantois

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20
Q

Chorian

A

Surrounds embryo and yolk sac

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21
Q

Ammion

A

Surrounds embryo with water

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22
Q

Allantois

A

Sac for respiration and waste storage

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23
Q

Phylogenetic Reconstruction

A

All amniotes share a common feature in that they have closed the otic notch

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24
Q

What are the earliest amniotes?

A

Hylonomus and Paleothyris

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25
Four groups of Amniotes
Anapsids Aynapsids Diapsids Euryopsids
26
Anapsids Creatures
Turtles and early amniotes
27
Synapsids Creatures
Mammals and mammal like reptiles
28
Diapsids Creatures
Reptiles (birds, lizards, dinosaurs, crocodilians)
29
Euryopsids Creatures
Several convergent marine retile groups (Plesiosaurs and Ichthyosaurs)
30
Anapsids Skull
Lack of postorbital fenestra
31
Diapsids Skull
Two postorbital fenestrae framed by the parietal, postorbital, squamosal, jugal and sometimes the quadratojugal Diversified during late Permian
32
Euryapsids Skull
Single postorbital fenestra bordered by the parietal, postorbital and squamosal
33
Synapsids Skull
Single postorbital fenestra framed by the squamosal, postorbital and jugal
34
Cynodonts
Show mammal like features
35
What are the Mammal Like Features that Cynodonts Have?
``` Double occipital condyle Secondary palate Increase in jaw muscle mass Limbs rotated under body Dentary makes up more than 3/4 of the lower jaw Well-developed heterodonty ```
36
Secondary Palate
Separates nasal region from oral region | Two parts: hard (up front) and soft (at back)
37
General Early Synapsid Trends
More upright posture Reduction of girdle elements Elongation of limbs Specialization of dental battery
38
When is the Permo-Triassic Boundary?
252.17 mya
39
How many extinctions were there around the Permo-Triassic Boundary?
2 extinctions, about 5 million years apart
40
Causes of the P/T Extinction
Extraterrestrial | Terrestrial - Physical and Biological
41
Extraterrestrial Causes
Bolide impacts
42
Physical Terrestrial Causes
Volcanism Climate Change Sea Level Change/Anoxia
43
Biological Terrestrial Causes
Spread disease or predators | Evolution (new plant types)
44
Volcanism
Siberian Traps eruptions, starting before and continuing after
45
Mantle Plume
Upwelling of abnormally hot rock within the Earth's mantle Heads of mantle plumes can partially melt when they reach shallow depths Often invoked as the cause of volcanic centers
46
Effects of Large Scale Volcanism
Massive input of greenhouse gases Released aerosols could combine with H2O in atmosphere to form acid rain Burning of large amounts of coal These effects could lead to global warming, which may have shut down the ocean currents and lead to ocean anoxia
47
Ocean Anoxia
Cause is unclear, but black shales indicate the ocean was probably stratified during the P/T extinction event No Oxygen, even on continental shelves
48
Triassic Rebound
Recovery from P/T extinction results in restructuring of ecosystems New marine vertebrates appear Synapsids give way to diapsids as dominant terrestrial group
49
Marine Reptiles
Icthyosaurs | First of the Mesozoic marine reptiles to appear
50
Ichthyosaurs
Euryapsid skulls | First appear in Triassic, extinct by late Cretaceous
51
Early Triassic Archosaurs
Evolved to occupy large predator niches left open by extinction of synapsid groups
52
What are the two lineages of Archosaurs?
Crocodilians | Pterosaurs, Dinosaurs, Birds
53
What is an Archosaur?
``` Diapsid Antorbital fenestra Lateral mandibular fenestra Laterally compressed teeth Fourth trochanter on femur ```
54
Antorbital Fenestra
Opening in the side of the skull between the eye socket and the nostril (houses a sinus)
55
Groups within Archosauria
Crocodilians have a crurotarsal ankle joint | Ornithodira have a simplified mesotarsal ankle
56
Crurotarsal Ankle Joint
Peg-in-socket joint between the astragalus and acalcaneum
57
Mesotarsal Ankle
Restricted motion requires more upright stance
58
Sarcosuches
Mid Cretaceous Elongate snout Continuous lines of osteoderms from neck to tail Ambush predator
59
Pterosaurs
Late Triassic-End Cretaceous 4th digit supports wing membrane Sternum expanded to support flight muscles Capable of powered flight
60
Diversity of Pterosaurs in Jurassic
Rhamphorhynchus | Pterodactylus
61
Diversity of Pterosaurs in Cretaceous
Pterodaustro Peranodon Quetzalcoatlus
62
First Dinosaurs
Late Triassic
63
What makes a Dinosaur?
Open acetabulum Three vertebrae in the sacrum Inward bend to femoral head
64
Dinosaur Orders
Differentiated by hip Sturcture
65
Types of Hip Structures
Saurischia | Ornighischia
66
Saurischia
Lizard hipped | Sauropods and theropods (and birds)
67
Ornithischia
``` Bird hipped Stegosaurs Ankylosaurs Hadrosaurs Pachycephalosaurs Ceratopsians ```
68
Paleobiography
The distriubution of ancient orgamisms around the world
69
What factors play into the geographic distribution of Dinosaurs?
Temperature Resource availability Geographic barriers
70
Where are dinosaurs found?
Every Continent
71
When did dinosaurs rise to dominance?
End-Trassic extinction
72
What allowed for dinosaurs on all land masses?
Arrangement of Pangaea
73
What caused great diversification of dinosaurs in Cretaceous?
Break up of Pangaea into Laurasian and Gondwanan
74
Sauropodomorpha
Heads small relative to body Elogante necks Tall, phyllodont teeth Bipedal
75
Sauropoda
Obligate quadrapeds Trend towards large size, necks and smaller heads Peak diversity in Jurassic Largest terrestrial animals of all time
76
Evolutionary Trends of Sauropods
Loss of ancesntral suarischiaan carnivorous diet Gigantism Shift from bipedalsim to obligate quadrupedalism
77
Theropods
``` Beast foot Three toes contact with substrate Mostly bipedal conrivores Range in sizes Serrated teeth ```
78
Evolutionary Trends of Theropods
Modification of fore limbs (reduce or enlarge) Maintain bipedalism Gigantism and miniaturization
79
Evolution of Flight
Earliest birds from Late Jurassic | Poorly developed flight muscles indicate gliding
80
Archaeopteryx
One of the most famous fossils | Blend of bid and dinosaur features
81
Evolution of Birds
Archaeopteryx recognized as intermediate between birds and dinosaurs 100 derived characteristics shared between theropods and birds
82
Evolution of Flight in Birds
Cursorial | Arboreal
83
Cursorial
Flight adapted from cursorial hunting habits
84
Arboreal
Flight adapted from gliding from trees
85
What way does the hip point in Ornithischia?
Points backwards
86
What way does the hip point in Saurischia?
Points forwards
87
What are the two groups of Ornnithischia?
Threophora | Cerapoda
88
Threophora
Shield berars Armored quadrupeds Rows of dermal armor along length of body Fore limbs shorter that hind limbs
89
Stegosauridae
Laurasian distribution Osteoderms develop into plates and spikes Plates used for body heat regulation
90
Anklyosauridae
Global distribution except for Africa Osteoderms from large, flat scutes and plates, sometimes spines Two Groups
91
What are the two groups of Anklyosauridae?
Nodosaurs | Anklosaurs
92
Nodosaurs
Lack tail club, shoulder spines
93
Anklyosaurs
Tail clubs
94
Ornithopoda
``` Bird foot - three toed Fascultatively quadrupedal Most diverse group of ornithischians Global distribution, diversity concentrated on Laurasian continents Iguanodons and Hadrosaurs ```
95
Iguanodon
Modified thumbs into spides
96
Hadrosaurs
Extremely diverse Specialized dentition Cranial crests First group to show post natal care
97
Marginocephalia
Fringed heads - pachycephalosaurs and ceratopsians
98
Pacycephalosaurs
Thick headed Laurasian Relatively small, bipedal
99
Ceratopsians
Horned faces NA, Europe and Asia Beak like structure, had grinding teeth Early taxa were bipedal, majority were larger and quadrupedal Wide variety of ornamentations and frills
100
Dinosaurs
Late Triassic - Present Enormus diversity Global distribution Terrestrial
101
Plesiosauria
Two Families Heavily reinforced limbs and girdles Are Euryapsids, not dinosaurs
102
What are the two families of Plesiosauria?
Plesiosauridae | Pilosauridae
103
Plesiosauridae
30 Cervical Vertebrae | Small skulls, conical, interlocking teeth
104
Pilosauridae
Enormous skulls Up to 12m in length Neck shorter plesiosaurids, but still have large number of cervical vertebrae
105
Mosasaurs
Origin coincides with the extinction of ichthyosaurs Evolved from terrestrial lizards Carnivorous Related to modern monitor lizards
106
What went extinct at the K-T boundary?
``` Plants Marine Invertebrate extinction Crocodylians Pterosaurs and Birds Non-Avian Dinosaurs Mammals ```
107
Extinction of Plants
Major extinction of species | No major families go extinct
108
Extinction of Marine Invertebrates
``` All large ammonoids and belemnites Bivales >60% Corals All Plesiosaurs and mosasours Few bony fish All turtles survive ```
109
Extinction of Crocodylians
Five of the families went extinct | All strictly terrestrial taxa went extinct
110
Extinction of Pterosaurs and Birds
All remaining pterosaurs go extinct, had been declining in diversity Most birds survived
111
Extinction of Non-Avian Dinosaurs
All go extinct
112
Who survives the K-T boundary?
Mammals
113
Possible causes of K-T boundary extinction
``` Disease Sea Level Change Climate Change Volcanism Asteroid Impact ```
114
What is the most likely cause of extinction?
Asteroid impact as no other possibilities are abrupt enough
115
What are the several events that caused the extinction?
Impact IR Pulse Nuclear Winter

GEOL 2155 (3 decks)

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