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GEOL 2155 > Mid Term #2 > Flashcards

Mid Term #2 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the different types of fossils found during the Precambrian?

A

Unicellular, and are rarely preserved

Hard to differentiate between species

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2
Q

Precambrian Subdivisions

A

Hadean (4.6-3.8 Ga)
Archean (3.8-2.5 Ga)
Proterozoic (2.5 Ga - 542 mya)

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3
Q

Orogenic Events

A

Result in the formation of metamorphic rocks under extreme pressure and heat

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4
Q

Evidence for Formation of Oceans

A

Pillow Basalts in Isua formation (greenland)

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5
Q

Isua Formation

A

Greenland

Oldest evidence of life due to high carbon 12 content

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6
Q

How do you measure isotope ratios?

A

Mass spectrometry

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7
Q

Mass spectronomy

A

Transform sample into a gas (digested in acid, vaporize with laser)
Pass down tube filled with inert gas (He)
Deflect with magnet
Collect and count different ions at other end

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8
Q

Where are the oldest stromatolites?

A

Warawoona Group

Western Australia

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9
Q

Fig Tree Formation

A

Stromatolites
Prokayotes
Pristane and Phytane (products of decomposition of chlorophyll)

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10
Q

Where does the understanding of ancient atmosphere come from?

A

Geochemistry of rocks and minerals

Certain minerals are stable in anaerobic conditions but not in the presence of Oxygen

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11
Q

Atmosphere of Archaen

A

Very limited amount of oxygen (compared to now)

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12
Q

Archaen rocks Geochemistry

A

Contained weathered mineral grains, so erosion was taking place (some sort of atmosphere present)

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13
Q

Banded Iron Formation composition

A

Iron-oxide minerals (hematite and magnetite)

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14
Q

Banded Iron Formation interpretation

A

Rusting of ocean

Precipitate minerals out of ocean due to reaction of Fe with O2

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15
Q

Red Beds

A

Terrestrial deposits
Formed when iron oxide minerals are exposed to O2
First occurs same time decrease in BIF

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16
Q

Precambrian Atmosphere

A

Primarily anoxic until 2.5-2.0 Ga, see change in geochemistry of rocks

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17
Q

Early Proterozoic Fossils

A

Gunflint Chert

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18
Q

Gunflint Chert

A 
Ontario (2.1 Ga)
Stromatolites
Light Carbon
Pristane and Phytane
Increase in diversity of Prokaryotes
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19
Q

Pristane and Phytane

A

Stable products from decomposition of chlorophyll

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20
Q

Appearance of Eukaryotes

A

First appear 1.8 Ga
Require O2 for metabolism
Some reproduce sexually (increased variability)

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21
Q

Eukaryotes

A

Primarily distinguished by their size

Prokaryotes usually 10-60 micro milimeters

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22
Q

Metaphytes

A

Macroscopic Fossils

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23
Q

Macroscopic Fossils

A

Algae

First occurrence 1.25 Ga

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24
Q

Algae

A

Eukaryotic
Photosynthetic
No complex organs/tissues (not plants)

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25
Q

Bitter Spring Formation

A 
Central Australia
Most diverse Proerozoic microfossil assemblage
Cyanobacteria
Bacteria
Algae?
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26
Q

Ediacaran Fauna

A

Multicellular eukaryotes burst onto scene 580 mya

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27
Q

First Hard Parts

A

Tommotian Fauna
Small shelly fauna
545-520 mya

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28
Q

Tommotian Fauna

A

High abundance, relatively low diversity

Early Cambrian

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29
Q

Why did animals develop Hard Parts?

A

Response to predators
Increase in size
Locomotion

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30
Q

Charles Doolittle Walcott (1850-1927)

A

Excavated >60,000 specimens from Walcott quarry

Named more than 100 of the 170 known species

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31
Q

The Burgess Shale

A

Marine shale
Middle Cambrian Age (505 mya)
Access by 11 km hike
UNESCO world heritage site (1984)

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32
Q

Depositional Setting of Burgess Shale

A

Fine-grained calareous mudstones (low energy/ below wave base)
Thought to be at base of steep drop off
Storm deposits

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33
Q

Preservation at Burgess Shale

A

Excellent

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34
Q

Preservation Requirements

A

Stagnation or incomplete recycling
Rapid burial
Rapid diagenesis (chemical alteration/conversion

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35
Q

Algae of Burgess Shale

A

Marpolia

Yuknessia

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36
Q

Marpolia

A

Filamentous strands, no evidence of hold-fast

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37
Q

Yuknessia

A

Long, unbranched fronds, from central hold-fast

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38
Q

Sponges of Burgess Shale

A

Vauxia

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39
Q

Vauxia

A

Named after Walcott’s thrid wife, Mary Vaux

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40
Q

Worms of Burgess Shale

A

Priapulids

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41
Q

Onychophora

A

Velvet Worms

Aysheaia

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42
Q

Trilobites of Burgess Shale

A

Olenoides

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43
Q

Olenoides

A

Benthic

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44
Q

Arthropods of Burgess Shale

A 
Sidneyia
Alalcomenaeus
Yohoia
Burgessia
Marrella
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45
Q

Sidneyia

A

Up to 13 cm long
Benthic
Fed on small trilobites

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46
Q

Alalcomenaeus

A

Stalked eyes
Probably pelagic
Up to 6 cm

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47
Q

Yohoia

A

2 cm long
Benthic scavenger/predator
Articulated cranial ‘appendages’

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48
Q

Burgessia

A 
Extremely common
Very small (1 cm max)
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49
Q

Marrella

A 
Stem Arthropod
Most common taxa
Up to 26 body segments, each with a pair of legs
Legs used for walking and breathing
Benthic scavenger
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50
Q

Chordata of Burgess Shale

A

Pikaia

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51
Q

Pikaia

A

Classification not universally accepted

Presence of antennae and an external cuticle is problematic

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52
Q

Oddities of Burgess Shale

A

Hallucigenia
Opabinia
Wiwaxia
Anomalocaris

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53
Q

Hallucigenia

A

Up to 3 cm long

Not sure which end is the head, or how the organism moved or ate

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54
Q

Opabinia

A

Five eyes: Ventral, posterior facing mouth, proboscis

Possible pelagic, but a bottom feeder

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55
Q

Wiwaxia

A 
Bilaterally symmetrical
Covered in small sclerites
Up to 5 cm long
No sign of eyes or tentacles
Unknown method of movement
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56
Q

Anomalocaris

A 
Name means abnormal shrimp
First 'super-predator'
Up to 2 m long
Compound eyes on stalks
Mouth consisted of 32 overlapping plates in a ring that could crush prey (NO JAWS)
Two large arms extended anteriorly
Fan shaped tail, stabilizing shape
Swam using dorso-ventral body undulations
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57
Q

Significance of Burgess Shale

A

One of the best early windows into Cambrian ecosystem
Demonstrates body plans, life habits, and phyla
One of the few sites to preserve soft tissue

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58
Q

Difficulty in the Burgess Shale

A

It’s only one locality

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59
Q

Chengjiang Fauna Geologic Setting

A

Mudstones from Qiongzhusi Formation

Represent a shallow sea with a muddy bottom

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60
Q

Depositional Environment of Chengjiang Fauna

A

Shallow water ,200 m

Close to terrestrial sediment input - affected by tide

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61
Q

Preservation of Chengjiang Fauna

A

Chemical and environmental conditions that allow for exceptional preservation
Three Dimensional fossils
Soft Tissue preserved

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62
Q

Faunal Composition of Chengjiang Fauna

A

Similar taxa to Burgess Shale: Sponges, Arthropods, Anomalocaris, Hallucigenia

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63
Q

Fana of Chengjiang Fauna

A

Myllokunmingia

Haikouichthys

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64
Q

Myllokunmingia

A

3 cm long
Chordate
Angathans

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65
Q

Chordate

A

Notochord
Pharyhngeal gills
V-shaped myomeres

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66
Q

Haikouichthys

A

3 cm long
Chordate
Cartilage in cranial region - Vertebrate
Intestines and gonads

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67
Q

Agnathas

A

Jawless fish

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68
Q

Hagfish and Lampreys

A

Last remaining agnathans

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69
Q

Implications of Chengjiang Fauna

A

Chardates and vertebrates had evolved, and were diversifying by 522 mya

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70
Q

What is an Invertebrate

A

Member of Kingdom Animalia - Eukaryotic and Heterotrophic

Lacks a vertebral column and skull - no cartilage or bone

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71
Q

Invertebrate Phylums

A

Porifera
Cnidaria
Echinodermata
Arthropoda

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72
Q

Porifera

A

Sponges

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73
Q

Cnidaria

A

Corals and Jellyfish

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74
Q

Echinodermata

A

Starfish, Sea Urchins, Sand Dollars, Crinoids and Sea Cucumbers

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75
Q

Arthropoda

A

Insects, Crustaceans, Centipedes, Millipedes and Chelicerates

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76
Q

Fossil Sponges

A

Tend to be preserved as piles of siliceous spicules

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77
Q

Fossil Coral

A

Calcium carbonate skeleton preserves

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78
Q

Fossil Echinoderms

A

Relatively rare

Preserved as series of calcareous plates

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79
Q

Fossil Arthropods

A

Record is better for those groups with harder exoskeletons (trilobites)

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80
Q

What is a Trilobite?

A

Joined exoskeleton composed of chitin

Function of appendages vary by body region

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81
Q

Trilobite Anatomy

A

Dorsal surface divided lengthwise into an axial and two peural lobes
Single pair of antennae
Compound eyes

82
Q

Tagmata

A

Group of arthropod segments with similar function

83
Q

Trilobite Tagmata

A

Cephalon, thorax and pygidium

84
Q

Trilobite Life Habits

A

Exclusively marine
Varied feeding habits: predators, scavengers, deposit feeders
Primarily benthic, although Proetida was pelagic

85
Q

Trilobite Ontogeny

A

Molts

86
Q

Fossil Molluscs

A

Outstanding fossil record due to presence of calcium carbonate shells

87
Q

Mantle of Molluscs

A

2 folds of skin
Secretes shell
Mantle cavity contains gills

88
Q

Shell

A

3 Layers

89
Q

Layers of Shell

A

Periostracum
Prismatic
Nacreous

90
Q

Periostracum

A

Thin organic layer between the shell proper nad the environment
Composed of protein conchiolin

91
Q

Prismatic Layer

A

Columnar crystals of calcium carbonate

Form in the extrapallial space, between periostracum and mantle

92
Q

Nacreous Layer

A

Planar crystals of Calcium carbonate

Formed directly from the underlying mantle

93
Q

Shell Growth

A

Periostracum and prismatic layer grow from the edge of the existing shell

94
Q

Feeding Anatomy

A

Radula: tongue like organ

Eat by boring, grazing or harpooning

95
Q

Polyplacophora (Chitons)

A

7-8 dorsal plates (shell valves)
Radula reinforced with magnetite
Stratigraphic range at least late Cambrian to recent

96
Q

Gastropods

A 
Diverse and disparate
Specialized radula
With or without shell
Developed circulatory and nervous system
Opeculum
97
Q

Opeculum

A

Trap door, pull soft parts into shell and closes off for protection

98
Q

Class Cephalopoda

A

Marine predators/scavengers
Foot: Jet propulsion
3 subclasses

99
Q

3 Subclasses of Cephalopoda

A

Nautiloidea
Coleoidea
Ammonoidea

100
Q

Nautiloidea

A

2 pairs of gills, no suckers

101
Q

Coleoidea

A

Squid and octopus

102
Q

Ammonoidea

A

Extinct

103
Q

Locomotion of Cephalopoda

A

Funnel, derived from foot, water propelled out via muscular contraction of mantle cavity
Lateral fins: stabilizers

104
Q

Types of Sutures

A 
Orthoceratitic
Agoniatitc
Goniatitic
Ceratitic
Ammonitic
105
Q

Orthoceratitic

A

Completely lack lobes and saddles, or gently rounded lobes and saddles
Cambrian to recent

106
Q

Agoniatitic

A

Simple lobes and saddles

Early-Mid Devonian

107
Q

Goniatitic

A

More pronounced and numerous lobes and saddles (8)
Late Devonian-Permian
Rare in Triassic and Cretaceous

108
Q

Ceratitic

A

Tips of most lobes are subdivided to give a saw-toothed appearance
Rare in Carboniferous, Permian and Cretaceous
Common during Triassic

109
Q

Ammonitic

A

Complex subdivided lobes and saddles
Common during Jurassic and Cretaceous
Also found during Permian and Triassic

110
Q

Goniatites Characteristic of …

A

Paleozoic

111
Q

Ceratites Characteristic of …

A

Triassic

112
Q

Ammonites Characteristic of …

A

Jurassic -Cretaceous

113
Q

Bone

A

Composed primarily of Calcium phosphate

Intramembranous or endochondral

114
Q

What purposes do bone serve?

A

Support
Protection
Movement
Mineral Storage

115
Q

Types of Bone Cells

A

Osteoblast
Osteoclast
Osteocyte

116
Q

Osteoblast

A

Production of new bone

117
Q

Osteoclast

A

Remove/dissolve existing bone

118
Q

Osteocyte

A

Maintains existing bone

119
Q

Types of Bone Growth

A

Endochondral

Intramembranous

120
Q

Endochondral Bone Growth

A

Cartilaginous precursor is remodeled by bone cells (called ossification)
Long bones are endochondral - limbs, ribs
Determinate in mammals and birds
Indeterminate in fish, amphibians, turtles and lizards

121
Q

Intramembranous Bone Growth

A

Bone grows directly from precursor cells

Includes: Dermal Bone and Sesamoid bones

122
Q

Dermal Bone

A

Many bones of the skull, pectoral girdle and any bones formed in the skin

123
Q

Sesamoid Bone

A

Associated with areas of mechanical stress: patella, pisiform)

124
Q

What is an agnathan?

A

A Vertebrate that does not have Jaws

125
Q

What are Jaws?

A

Cartilagenous or bony structures derived from gill arches that are often used to support teeth

126
Q

Earliest Vertebrates

A

Haikouichthys

127
Q

Earliest Agnathans

A

Conodonts

128
Q

Conodonts

A 
Large eyes
5 cm long
Tooth elements show evidence of microwear
Similar in appearance to lamprey
Evolve rapidly
Cambrian - Triassic
Global marine distribution
129
Q

Ostracoderms

A

All jawless vertebrates with external body plates

130
Q

First Ostracoderms

A

Astraspids and Arandaspids

Ordovician

131
Q

Astraspids and Arandaspids

A 
20 cm long
Mobile tail covered in bony plates
Cranial shiels composed of plates
Mouth containes bony plates
Presence of lateral line system
132
Q

Lateral Line System

A

Sensory system found in many aquatic vertebrates
Series of sensory cells that link to the central nervous system
Provide spatial awareness via vibrations in surrounding water

133
Q

Later Ostracoderms

A

Hereostracans
Anaspids
Thelodonts

134
Q

Hererostracans

A

Diversify during Silurian and Devonian

Differentiated from astraspids and arandaspids by possession of only a single branchial opening on each side

135
Q

What are Heterostracans United by?

A

Single broad dorsal head shield
Single broad ventral head shield
Numerous smaller plates linking the two

136
Q

Anaspids

A

Silurian and Devonian
Verterbral column bends ventrally in caudal fin
Ventral fin folds

137
Q

Thelodonts

A

Isolated scales during Ordovician
Abundant scales and body fossils during Silurian and Devonian
Diverse scale morphologies

138
Q

What are Bony Shields United By?

A

Large head shield that covers gills dorsally

Ventrally located branchial openings

139
Q

Bony Shields

A

Ordovician - Devonian

Wide variety of head ornamentation and shield morphologies

140
Q

Early Agnathan Diversity

A

Originate in Cambrian
Diversify during Ordovician
Peak diversity during Silurian and Devonian
Decline during Carboniferous

141
Q

Early Agnathan Life Habits

A

Active swimmers

Body shape suggests most were living close to he bottom as grazers and predators

142
Q

Early Agnathans Evolutionary Trends

A

Reduction of cranial and body plates
Development of pectoral and accessory fins
Increase tail surface area
Increase in size

143
Q

The Devonian and Agnathans

A

Still diverse but have been supereseeded by gnathostomes
Jawed fish take oker in terms of diversity and abundance
Agnathans occupy peripheral niches since the Carboniferous

144
Q

Why are Jaws Important?

A

Breakdown of food

Prey capture

145
Q

The Evolution of Jaws

A

Derived from ancestral brachial gill arches

146
Q

1st Arch

A

Mandibular arch

Composed of Palatoquadrate adn Meckel’s Cartilage

147
Q

2nd Arch

A

Hyoid Arch

Most prominent element is the Hyomandibula

148
Q

Evolution of Jaws Theory

A

Mandibular arch from a single anterior ancestral gill arch (Serial)
Mandibular arch from several ancestral gill arches (Composite)

149
Q

Other Names for Palatoquadrate

A

Quadrate in reptiles

Incus in mammals

150
Q

Other Names for Meckel’s cartilage

A

Articular in reptiles

Malleus in mammals

151
Q

Other Names for Hyomandibula

A

Columella in reptiles

Stapes in mammals

152
Q

Types of Jaw Suspension

A

Amphistylic
Hyostylic
Autostylic

153
Q

Amphistylic

A

Palatoquadrate attached to neurocranium both anteriorly and posteriorly

154
Q

Neurocranium

A

Portion of the skull enclosing/supporting the brain (braincase)
Common in early gnathostomes

155
Q

Hyostylic

A

Palatoquadrate contacts the neurocranium anteriorly, but the jaw is suspended entirely by the hyomandibular arch
Allows the palatoquadrate to rotate forward upon opening of jaw
Common among modern sharks

156
Q

Autostylic

A

Palatoquadrate fused to neurocranium
Excludes hyomandibular arch from jaw suspension
Found in Chimaerid sharks, lungfish and tetrapods

157
Q

Placoderms

A

Armour plated monsters
Silurian - Devonian
Have bony plates that cover the cranial and branchial regions
Lack teeth

158
Q

How do Placoderms differ from jawless fish?

A

Cranial and trunk plates are mobile, nuchal gap

159
Q

Early Jawed Fish

A

Acanthodians

160
Q

Acanthodians

A

Akanthos
Silurian-Permian
Predominant feature is spines along edges of most fins

161
Q

Earliest Gnathostome

A

Guiyu oneiros

162
Q

Guiyu Oneiros

A

Silurion of China

163
Q

Acathodians

A

Large head with light bony plates
Body covered in small scales composed of bone and dentine
Most have teeth

164
Q

Evolution of Teeth

A

Thought to be derived from scales surouned oral region

165
Q

Chrondrichthyans

A

Cartilaginous fishes
Primarily known from teeth and spines
Have hereocercal tails

166
Q

Who developed the tooth whorl?

A

Early Chondrichthyans

167
Q

Gnathostomes in order of First Appearance

A

Acanthodians
Placoderms
Chondrichthyans

168
Q

Gnathostomes in order of their Hypothesized Occurence

A

Placoderms
Chondrichthyans
Acanthodians

169
Q

Osteichthyans

A

Fishes with bony internal structure

170
Q

Who did Osteichthyans evlove from?

A

Possibly Acanthodians

171
Q

When did Osteichthyans first appear?

A

Silurian

Diversify during Devonian

172
Q

What are the two groups of Osteichthyans?

A

Actinopterygians

Sarcopterygians

173
Q

Actinopterygians

A

Ray-finned Fishes
Fins supported by series of bony rays
Majority of extant fishes

174
Q

Basal Actinopterygians

A

Cheirolepis

175
Q

Cheirolepis

A 
Mid-Devonian
25 cm long
Heterocercal tail
Small overlapping scales that have a pega nad socket articulation
Large gape
176
Q

How did Cheirolepsis move?

A

Lateral undulation

177
Q

How were Cheirolepis’s teeth arranged?

A

Irregular on maxilla, premaxilla and Dentary

178
Q

What are Neopterygians?

A

Subgroup of Actinopterygians

179
Q

When do Neopterygians appear?

A

Permian

Diversify during mexozoic and cenozoic

180
Q

What is characteristic of Neopterygians?

A

Homocercal tails, thinner, more flexible scales

181
Q

Basal Netopterygians Jaws

A

Maxilla is hinged anteriorly, allowing for lateral expansion

This creates a suction by expanding the volume of the oral cavity

182
Q

What are Teleosts?

A

Advanced Neopterygians

183
Q

Teleost Jaws

A

Hinged premaxilla that swings forward

184
Q

When do Teleosts appear?

A

Jurassic

185
Q

Sarcopterygians

A

Lobe-finned fishes

Articulated bony elements support the fin

186
Q

When did Sarcoterygians first appear?

A

Silurian

187
Q

What are the two extant groups of Sarcoterygians?

A

Lungfish

Coelacanths

188
Q

What are tetrapods descended from?

A

Sarcopterygians

189
Q

Lungfishes

A

Diverse during Devonian
Known for vast number of bones in skull
Some could drag themselves over land using fins

190
Q

Aestivate

A

Seal itself in a mucus cocoon and reduce its metabolism while awaiting the return of water

191
Q

What taxa can aestivate?

A

African lungfish

192
Q

When did coelacanths first appear?

A

Mid-Devonian

193
Q

What challenges did taxa have when leaving the water?

A 
Support
Locomotion
Feeding
Respiration
Sensory System
Water Balance
194
Q

Support

A

Skeletal adaptations to fight gravity

195
Q

What skeletal adaptations were created?

A

Limbs and girdles

196
Q

Locomotion

A

Development of the terrestrial limb system
Limbs must develop new range of motion
Joints must become mobile

197
Q

Feeding

A

Develop the quadrate articular jaw joining

198
Q

Respiration

A

Early tetrapod probably relied on buccal pumping for air exchange

199
Q

Buccal Pumping

A

Suck air into throat and essentially swallow it

200
Q

Sensory Systems

A

Lateral line system no longer useful

Development of auditory apparatus

201
Q

Water Balance

A

Desiccation would have been a problem
Early tetrapods lived close to water
Wate would have been a necessity for reproduction

GEOL 2155 (3 decks)

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