Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

NURS 419 > Quiz #3: Schizophrenia > Flashcards

Quiz #3: Schizophrenia Flashcards

1
Q

Psychosis

A

Refers to the mental state of not being in touch with reality. Person does not realize that others are not experiencing the same things and wonders why others are not reacting in same way.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Schizophrenia

A
  • Serious and persistent neurobiological involvement
  • Can severely impair the lives of individuals, their families, and communities
  • Is one form of psychotic disorders
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Other forms of Schizophrenia

A
  • Schizophreniform disorder
  • Schizhoaffective disorder
  • Delusional disorder
  • Brief psychotic disorder
  • Shared psychotic disorder
  • Substance-induced psychotic disorder
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Etiology of Schizophrenia

A

Occurs when multiple inherited gene abnormalities combine with nongenetic factors (e.g., viral infections, birth injuries, environmental stressors, prenatal malnutrition), altering the structures of the brain, affecting the brain’s neurotransmitter systems, and/or injuring the brain directly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Assessment of Schizophrenia: Positive Symptoms

A

Presence of something that is not normally present (e.g., hallucinations, delusions, bizarre behavior, paranoid, abnormal movements)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Assessment of Schizophrenia: Negative Symptoms

A

Absence of something that should be present (e.g., interest in hygiene, motivation, ability to experience pleasure)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Assessment of Schizophrenia: Cognitive Symptoms

A

Often subtle changes in memory, attention, or thinking

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Assessment of Schizophrenia: Affective Symptoms

A

Symptoms involving emotions and their expression

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Positive Symptoms of Schizophrenia: Alteration in Thoughts

A
  1. Delusions
  2. False, fixed belief, cannot be corrected by reasoning. (Grandiose, religious, nihilistic, somatic, paranoid)
  3. Concrete thinking (impaired ability to think abstractly)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Grandiose

A

fantastical belief that one is famous, omnipotent, wealthy, or otherwise very powerful (usually supernatural or sci-fi theme)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Nihilistic Belief

A

believe that nothing is real, including themselves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Somatic thinking

A

thinks body is diseased in some way (infested with parasites)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Schizophrenia: Alterations in Speech

A
  1. Associative looseness (interrupted and disjointed, illogical)
  2. Clang associations (words based on sound than meaning)
  3. Word salad (jumbled words)
  4. Neologisms (made up words, have meaning for client)
  5. Echolalia (repeating of another’s words)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Schizophrenia: Other disorders of thoughts or speech include

A
  • Religiosity
  • Magical Thinking
  • Paranoia
  • Circumstantiality
  • Tangentiality
  • Cognitive Retardation
  • Alogia
  • Rapid pressured speech
  • Flights of Ideas
  • Thought blocking
  • Thought insertion
  • Thought deletion
  • Illogical or bizarre thinking
  • Inability to maintain attention
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Religiosity

A

Preoccupation of religious themes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Magical thinking

A

Thoughts or actions can control others

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Circumstantiality

A

Unnecessary details in conversation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Tangentiality

A

Going around the bush, leaving the main topic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Cognitive retardation

A

Slow pace of thinking

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Alogia

A

Poverty of speech, lack of comments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Though blocking

A

Abrupt stopping

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Thought insertion

A

Ones thought is not ones own and has been inserted

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Thought deletion

A

Ones thought is taken

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Depersonalization

A

One’s thoughts/feelings seem unreal or not to belong to oneself

25
Q

Derealization

A

External world seems unreal or change

26
Q

Hallucinations

A

(No external stimuli)

  • Auditory
  • Command
  • Visual
  • Olfactory
  • Tactile
  • Command Hallucination
27
Q

Positive Symptoms of Schizophrenia: Alterations in Behavior

A
  • Motor agitation
  • Echopraxia
  • Meaningless repetition or imitation of the movements of others
  • Echolalia (Involuntary parrotlike repitition (echoing) of a word or phrase just spoken by another person; Especially seen in catatonia)
  • Impaired impulse control
  • Gesturing or posturing – assuming unuasual posture or position
  • Boundary impairment
28
Q

Negative Symptoms of Schizophrenia

A
  1. Affect (blank, blunted, inappropriate bizarre)
  2. Alogia (poverty of speech)
  3. Avolition
  4. Anhedonia
  5. Attentional deficit
29
Q

Avolition

A

Decreased motivation to perform self-directed purposeful activities

30
Q

Anhedonia

A

Inability to feel pleasure

31
Q

Cognitive Symptoms of Schizophrenia: Person will have difficulty with

A
  • Attention
  • Memory
  • Information processing
  • Cognitive flexibility
  • Executive functions (decision making, judgement, planning and problem solving)
32
Q

Cognitive flexibility

A

Concrete, rather than abstract thinking, characterizes schizophrenia (especially during acute episode)

33
Q

Executive functions

A

Lack of insight is one of the greatest problems – patients generally don’t believe that they are ill or different in any way

34
Q

Affective symptoms include

A
  • Dysphoria
  • Suicidal
  • Hopelessness
35
Q

Assessment Guidelines for Schizophrenia

A
  1. Any medical problems
  2. Abuse of or dependence on alcohol or drugs
  3. Risk to self or others
  4. Command hallucinations
  5. Delusions
  6. Suicide risk
  7. Ability to ensure self-safety
  8. Medications
  9. Mental status examination
  10. Patient’s insight into illness
  11. Family’s knowledge of patient’s illness and symptoms
36
Q

Nursing Diagnosis for Positive Symptoms of Schizophrenia

A
  • Disturbed sensory perception
  • Risk for self-directed or other-directed violence
  • Impaired verbal communication
37
Q

Nursing Diagnosis for Negative Symptoms of Schizophrenia

A
  • Social isolation

* Chronic low self-esteem

38
Q

Schizophrenia Outcomes: Acute

A

Patient safety and stabilization

39
Q

Outcomes: Stabilization

A
  • Help patient understand the illness and treatment
  • Become stabilized on medications
  • Control or cope with symptoms
40
Q

Outcomes of Schizophrenia: Maintenance

A
  • Maintaining achievement
  • Adhering to treatment Preventing relapse
  • Achieving independence and satisfactory quality of life
41
Q

Schizophrenia: Patient Safety

A
  • Patients may accidentally harm themselves because of impaired judgment or as a response to their hallucinations or delusions
  • Patients often have difficulty distinguishing between people who are trying to help them and those who they believe want to harm them
  • Patients should not feel threatened, belittled, anxious, ignored, rejected, or controlled by staff
  • Should resist touching patient during acute phase
42
Q

Communication Techniques: Delusions

A
  • Requires developing trust. (More readily accomplished through nonverbal communication; approach with calmness and empathy)
  • Once trust is established, use clear, direct and simple statements.
  • With insight into the illness and symptoms, the patient can differentiate experiences with delusions from those that are reality based.
  • Do not reinforce the delusion.
  • Do not attempt to prove the person is wrong
  • Listen to the delusion and identify emotional components of the delusion (underlying feelings rather than the illogical nature of the delusion)
  • Observe for evidence of concrete thinking (is patient taking you literally)
  • Promote the patient’s ability to reality test
  • Promote distraction to stop focusing on the delusion
43
Q

Managing Delusions (in laymen terms)

A
  • Do not try and understand the content of delusions – they are delusions!
  • Do not reinforce the delusions or ask a lot of questions about the content of the delusions
  • Do not try and make the patient see that their delusions are wrong – to them, their delusion is real!
  • You can listen to them and identify the underlying feelings
  • You can question them about the feelings… “You sound angry” or “You sound sad”
  • Determine if the patient can still tell reality from delusions
  • If not, the patient may potentially make a decision based on delusions and not based on reality
  • Still to need to assess safety! Is the patient responding to the delusions? Ex: Mass murders responding to the “devil”; post-partum psychosis
  • Redirect the conversation, especially if the delusion is upsetting the patient
44
Q

Goal of Communication Techniques for Hallucinations

A
  • Goal is to help them increase awareness of these symptoms so they can distinguish between the world of psychosis and the world of reality experienced by others with schizophrenia
  • Goal is facilitative communication
45
Q

Communication Techniques: Hallucinations

A
  • Nurses need to be able to talk to the person about their hallucinations
  • Honest, genuineness, and openness are the foundation for effective communication during hallucinations
  • Establish a trusting interpersonal relationship
  • Assess for hallucinations
  • Identify whether drugs or alcohol have been used
  • If asked, point out simply that you are not experiencing the same stimuli
  • Help the patient describe and compare current and past hallucinations
    • Determine the impact of the patient’s symptoms on ADLs
46
Q

Assessing Hallucinations:

A
  • Assess for cues of hallucinating, such as “tracking”
  • “Do you ever see or hear things that others do not see or hear?”
  • May need to give examples
  • “What are you hearing?”
  • “What are you seeing?”
  • Assess if they are command hallucinations
  • These tell the patient to take some specific action, such as to kill oneself or harm another (remember, safety is always priority!)
47
Q

Psychopharmacology: Typical Antipsychotics

A
  • 1st generation
  • Predominantly are dopamine antagonists
  • Targets positive symptoms
48
Q

Side effects of typical antipsychotics to treat Schizophrenia

A
  • Extrapyramidal Symptoms (EPS)
  • Tardive Dyskinesia
  • Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome
  • Weight gain, sexual dysfunction, endocrine disturbances
49
Q

Schizophrenia Psychopharmacology: Atypical Antipsychotics (2nd generation)

A
  • Blocking effects at the dopamine and serotonin postsynaptic receptors
  • Targets positive and negative symptoms
  • First-line
  • Minimal risk of EPS
50
Q

Side effects of atypical antipsychotics used to treat schizophrenia

A
  • Metabolic Syndrome (weight gain, diabetes, dyslipidemia)

* Sedation

51
Q

Atypical Antipsychotics include

A
  • Arpiprazole (Abilify)
  • Clozapine (Clozaril)
  • Lurasidone (Latuda)
  • Olanzapine (Zyprexa)
  • Paliperidone (Invega)
  • Risperidone (Risperdal)
  • Quetiapine (Seroquel)
  • Ziprasidone (Geodon)
52
Q

Typical Antipsychotics include

A
  • Chlorpromazine *(Thorazine)
  • Loxapine (Loxitane)
  • Molindone (Moban)
  • Perphenazine (Trilafon)
  • Thiothixene (Navene)
  • Fluphenazine (Proloxin)*
  • Haloperidol (Haldol)*
53
Q

Extrapyramidal Symptoms include

A
  • Parkinsonism
  • Akathisia
  • Dystonia
  • Tardive Dyskinesia (late, bad movement)
  • Restlessness
  • Sudden and painful muscle stiffness
  • Others
54
Q

Treating EPS

A
  • May reduce dosage of antipsychotic initially
  • Anticholinergics: Benztropine (Cogentin)* - Most common!
  • Antihistamine: Diphenhydramine (Benadryl)
  • Dopamine Agonist: Amantadine (Symmetrel)
  • Benzodiazepines: Diazepam (Valium), Lorazepam (Ativan), Clonazepam (Klonopin)
55
Q

Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome

A

Potentially lethal side effect of antipsychotic medication that requires emergency treatment

56
Q

Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome: Symptoms

A
  • Hyperthermia*
  • Muscle Rigidity
  • Tremors
  • Altered consciousness
  • Tachycardia*
  • Hypertension*
  • Incontinence
57
Q

Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome: Treatment

A
  • Can lead to death if untreated
  • Consult provider immediately
  • Stop antipsychotics
  • Treat hyperthermia aggressively (cooling techniques)
  • Will probably require ICU support
58
Q

Other treatments for schizophrenia (aside from medications)

A
  • Cognitive Behavioral Therapy: Effective and helps with social skills training, life goals, etc.
  • Family education: Key to preventing relapse, which is unfortunately common in patients with schizophrenia
  • Life skills training
  • Physical activity should be encouraged
  • Smoking cessation: Smoking can affect the dosing
  • Healthy diet

NURS 419 (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions