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Geography 120 > Quiz 3 Flash Cards > Flashcards

Quiz 3 Flash Cards

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1
Q

Plates “converge”; come together. If the two plates are of equal density, they will push up against each other. If not, they will sink.

A

Convergent plate boundary

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2
Q

Atoms arranged in regular, repeating structures.

A

Crystalline

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3
Q

Less dense, plastic (can change shape/flow under stress), plastic part contains small % of molten rock.

A

Upper mantle

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3
Q

Fine-grained, breaks along parallel lines, completely altered from preexisting rocks.

A

Schist

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4
Q

A segment of the lithosphere; the fractured surface.

A

Lithospheric plates

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5
Q

These plates move in response to the plastic flow in the hot asthenosphere.

A

Lithospheric/tectonic plates

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6
Q

Contact plane between Earth’s crust and the mantle below it; density discontinuity.

A

Moho

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7
Q

Composed primarily of minerals, though can also contain other materials such as coal or volcanic glass.

A

Rocks

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8
Q

[Type of igneous rock- Intrusive vs. Extrusive]

If it penetrates all the way to the surface and spills out as lava or ash.

A

Extrusive igneous rocks

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9
Q

Form from chemical solution or from organic deposition

A

Nonclastic

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9
Q

A boundary along which two plates are sliding past each other.

A

Transform plate boundary

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10
Q

A magma pipe led to a chamber that grew, dome-like, pushing the overlying strata into a gentle bulge without destroying them.

A

Laccolith

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11
Q

The layering of sedimentary rocks.

A

Stratification

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12
Q

[Type of igneous rock- Intrusive vs. Extrusive]

If upward thrust ceases before it reaches the surface.

A

Intrusive igneous rocks

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12
Q

Rock formation; the process of compression, compaction, and cementation whereby a sediment is transformed into a sedimentary rock.

A

Lithification

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12
Q

The creation of new lithospheric material and its continuous movement away from its source.

A

Seafloor spreading

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13
Q

Has silica 3D structure, but contains aluminum and other elements. Less resistant to weathering than quartz.

A

Feldspars

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14
Q

Simple structure, 3D framework containing only silicon and oxygen.

A

Quartz

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14
Q

Often occurs within larger horizontal strata; sedimentary rocks are layered.

A

Cross-bedding

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16
Q

Upper mantle below lithosphere; hot rock is plastic.

A

Asthenosphere

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17
Q

Volcanic island chain formed where two oceanic plates are converging. One plate will subduct the other; form deep trenches.

A

Island arc

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18
Q

Outer layers/shells peel away, leaving the lower layers exposed. Caused by the release of confining pressure.

A

Exfoliation

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19
Q

Massive body of intrusive rock that has melted and assimilated many of the existing rock structures it has invaded.

A

Batholith

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21
Q

Liquid, less pressure, melting-pint temp lower.

A

Outer core

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21
Q

Banded appearance of certain metamorphic rocks; bands formed by minerals realigned into parallel strips during metamorphism.

A

Foliation

22
Q

Grains are sand-sized; often are quartz grains.

A

Sandstone

23
Q

Metamorphic rock from sandstone; hard rock, resists weathering.

A

Quartzite

24
Q

Can form from accumulation of marine shell fragments on a beach or on the ocean floor; or can form from the respiration and photosynthesis of marine organisms in which calcium carbonate is crystalized from seawater.

Finely textured, resistant to erosion.

A

Limestone

25
Q

Similar to the batholith, but smaller.

A

Stock

27
Q

Naturally occurring inorganic element or compound having a definite chemical composition, physical properties, and crystalline structure.

A

Mineral

27
Q

Sedimentary rocks made from particles of other rocks

A

Clastic

28
Q

A composite rock made of gravels, pebbles, and sometimes even boulders. Coarsest grained sedimentary rock.

A

Conglomerate

29
Q

Large, stable, flat expanses of cold metamorphic and igneous rocks.

A

Continental shields

30
Q

Contain silicon and oxygen; crust made up of 75% of it.

A

Silicate minerals

31
Q

Finest grained clastic sedimentary rock type. Compacted mud, made from tiny clay particles.

A

Shale

32
Q

Pulses of energy generated by earthquakes that can pass through the entire Earth.

A

Seismic waves

33
Q

A long, steep valley formed when two parallel rifts form in the Earth’s crust and the land between them sinks.

A

Rift valley

35
Q

Magma that cuts vertically across existing layers and forms a barrier wall.

A

Dike

36
Q

Magma wells up; pushes/”diverges”/spreads the plates away, forms rift valley.

A

Divergent plate boundary

38
Q

Vertical difference between the highest and lowest elevations in a given area.

A

Relief – Mountains are high relief, plains are low relief.

39
Q

Less dense continental plate overrides denser oceanic plate, forces it downward.

A

Subduction

41
Q

Light-colored, coarse-grained, formed as a felsic intrusive rock.

A

Granite

42
Q

Rock: High-density, dark-colored, lower content of silica (ex: basalt)

A

Mafic rocks

44
Q

Contains basic building block of one carbon and three oxygens.

A

Carbonate minerals

45
Q

Rock: low-density, silica, light-colored (ex: granite)

A

Felsic rocks

46
Q

The tendency of rocks to develop parallel sets of fractures without any obvious movement along the plane of separation.

A

Jointing

47
Q

Series of linear mountain chains, zones of high relief.

A

Orogenic belts

48
Q

Cycle of transformation that affects all rocks and involves all parts of the crust.

A

Rock cycle

49
Q

Forms when existing rocks are modified by heat or pressure or both.

A

Metamorphic rocks

50
Q

The crust and uppermost mantle.

A

Lithosphere

51
Q

When magma rises and intrudes into the crust, rocks in the zone near the batholith or dike will be affected.

A

Contact metamorphism

52
Q

Contact between the eroded strata and the strata of resumed deposition.

A

Unconformity

53
Q

Foliated metamorphic rock, derived from granite.

A

Gneiss

54
Q

Forms from the deposition, compression, and cementation of rock and mineral fragments.

A

Sedimentary rocks

55
Q

Forms from the cooling and solidification of magma (molten rock)

A

Igenous rocks

56
Q

Dropped zone at the point where the plates are moving apart.

A

Rift

57
Q

Magma that reaches Earth’s surface

A

Lava

58
Q

Magma inserts itself as a thin layer between strata of existing rocks without disturbing older layers.

A

Sill

59
Q

Solid, composed of iron, magnesium, and silicon.

A

Lower mantle

60
Q

Solid, high pressure, iron and nickel.

A

Inner core

Geography 120 (8 decks)

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