Quiz 3 (Continued)

Question 1

Mineral

Answer 1

Naturally occurring crystalline solid.

Question 2

Rock

Answer 2

An aggregate of one or more minerals.

Question 3

Lava

Answer 3

Magma (molten material) on earth’s surface

Question 4

Where do pyroclastic rocks/tuff/ash form?

Answer 4

Where magma explodes violently into atmosphere and falls back to ground

Question 5

Felsic composition vs Mafic composition?

Answer 5

Felsic: Lighter in color

Mafic: Darker in color

Question 6

Extrusive vs. intrusive?

Answer 6

Extrusive: Volcanic. Aphanitic texture (small crystals, glassy, rapid cooling)

Intrusive: plutonic. Phaneritic texture (large crystals due to slow cooling)

Question 7

What type of rock do we see most?

Answer 7

Sedimentary (75%) they’re at the top

Igneous (25%) in bedrock (mostly)

Question 8

Compaction

Answer 8

Tighter packing of sedimentary grains causing weak lithification and a decrease in void space (holes), usually from weight of overlying sediment

Question 9

Cementation

Answer 9

Process by which clastic sediment is lithified by precipitation of mineral cement, such as calcite cement, among the grains of the sediment

Question 10

Pathways common with sedimentary rocks

Answer 10

Erosion

Deposition

Compaction

Cementation

Lithification

Question 11

Classic sedimentary rocks

Answer 11

Composed of minerals and rock fragments that are:

  - incompletely weathered or I weathered (immature sediments)
  - relatively stable with respect to weathering (mature sediments)

Classified based on:

  - clast size (clay-silt-sand-pebble) and shape (roundness)
  - mineral and/or lithic clast type

Question 12

Types of channels?

Answer 12

Straight

Meandering

Braided

Question 13

Sheetflow (overland flow)?

Answer 13

Surface water that flows unconfined over the land

Question 14

Stream/river

Answer 14

Flowing water confined to a channel

Question 15

Runoff?

Answer 15

Movement of land water to oceans

Sheetflow and streamflow together.

Question 16

A small, medium, and large river move at same flow rate. Which one have highest discharge?

Answer 16

Biggest one.

Question 17

Bar

Answer 17

An elevated region of sediment (such as sand or gravel) that has been deposited by the flow.

Question 18

How fast can rivers change shape?

Answer 18

Many times throughout one person’s life. Doesn’t take millions of years.

Question 19

Sources of energy for hydrologic cycle?

Answer 19

Sun

Gravity

Question 20

Sublimation

Freezing

Melting

Answer 20

Solid to gas

Liquid to solid

Solid to liquid

Question 21

What are the effects of climate change?

Answer 21

Change in precipitation

Influences plants and animals that live in freshwater lakes and rivers, altering their habitat and possibly bringing life-threatening stress and disease

Challenges for flood control and river

Question 22

What can we do about floods?

Answer 22

1) engineering approach to control flooding
2) regulatory approach designed to decrease vulnerability to flooding
3) preparedness by predicting and forecasting flood times and locations
4) education of the public

Question 23

Flood watch

Answer 23

High flow or overflow of water from river is possible in given time period.

Can apply to heavy runoff or drainage of water into low-lying areas

Generally issued for flooding that’s expected to occur at least 6 hours after heavy rains have ended

Don’t have to leave but get prepared

Question 24

Flood warning

Answer 24

Occurring or is imminent in warning area

Question 25

Flash flood watch

Answer 25

Flash flooding is possible in or close to watch area

Generally issued for flooding that’s expected to occur within 6 hours after heavy rains ended

Question 26

Flash flood warning

Answer 26

Is actually occur in or is imminent in warning area

Can be issued as result of torrential rains, fam failure, or ice jam

Question 27

Coastal flood watch

Answer 27

Possibility exists for the inundation of land areas along coast within next 12-36 hours

Question 28

Coastal flood warning

Answer 28

Land areas along coast are expected to become, or are, inundated by water above typical tide action

Question 29

Channelization advantages and disadvantages

Answer 29

A: make stream more suitable for navigation

Restrict water to certain area of stream’s natural bottom lands so bulk of such lands can be made available for agriculture

Flood control

D: loss of wetlands

Straightening causes streams to flow more rapidly, which can cause increase in soil erosion

Can also increase flooding downstream from channelized area with net effect

Question 30

Type of weather pattern associated with heavy rain in Vegas

Answer 30

Warm humid air meets cool air