QUIZ 3 Flashcards
What is binding?
concealment of a group allocation from one or more individuals involved in a clinical research study; commonly used in a RCT
prevents bias
Boolean operator
AND, OR, and NOT- used to expand or delimit a search
Borrowing
from other fields
o Medicine, psych, physiology, education, etc
o But keep the focus on nursing
BSN role in research
Improves nursing care
o Nursing research is a systematic inquiry designed to generate trustworthy evidence about issues that are important to nurses and the patients
o Nursing research is science-based research: finding data related to nursing care
characteristics of true experiment design research
intervention, control group (does not receive intervention), randomization (everything is random, everyone has an equal chance), experimental group (get the intervention)
o Only considered a true experiment if people are randomly assigned different treatments
classes of sampling design
nonprobability
probability
probability sampling
Only viable method of obtaining representative samples
All elements in a population have an equal chance of being selected
types of probability sampling
stratified random
systematic
stratified random
The random selection of study participants from two or more strata of the population independently.
o Population is first divided into two or more strata, from which elements are randomly selected
o Aim is to enhance representativeness.
systematic
The selection of sample members such that every #th person or element in a sampling frame is chosen.
o The population is divided by the size of the desired sample to obtain the sampling interval (the fixed distance between selected cases).
o Systematic sampling done in this manner is essentially the same as simple random sampling and is often convenient
nonprobability sampling
rarely representative of the population
types of nonprobability sampling
convenience
quota
consecutive
purposive
convenience sampling
Selection of the most readily available persons as participants
o BIAS
quota sampling
A nonrandom sampling method in which “quotas” for certain subgroups, based on sample characteristics, are established to increase the representativeness of the sample
o Researchers identify population strata and figure out how many people are needed from each stratum
o Quota sampling is similar to convenience sampling: Participants are a convenience sample from each stratum
consecutive sampling
Recruitment of all people from an accessible population over a specific time interval or for a specified sample size
o Best possible choice when there is “rolling enrollment” into an accessible population
purposive sampling
Using researchers’ knowledge about the population to handpick sample members
o Leads to bias but useful approach when researchers want a sample of experts
Cross-sectional time dimension
o Data collected at one point in time
o Retrospective studies are usually cross-sectional time dimension
o Less persuasive than longitudinal
o Economical
o Can’t infer changes over time
discussion section of report
Ties entire report together
§ Includes:
· Findings
· Implications for nursing
· Recommendations for future research
external validity
The degree to which study results can be generalized to settings or groups other than the one studied.
o Important concept: replication
facial validity
Refers to whether the instrument looks like it is measuring the target construct.
o Not considered good evidence of validity
o Helpful for a measure to have face validity if other types of validity have also been demonstrated
goals of ebp (intergration of)
Best research evidence
§ Clinical expertise
§ Patient values and needs- health promotion, illness prevention, manage of acute and chronic illnesses, rehabilitation
§ Cost effective care
goals of ebp accountable to society
High-quality and cost-effective care
§ Care provided by nurses must constantly be looked at
§ You must keep up with new knowledge
grounded theory types
Develops middle range theories
o Identify main problem and offer resolution
o Constant comparison is used: procedure to develop and refine theoretical relevant concepts and categories
o New data collected compared ongoing to previous data collected
o In-depth interviews & participant interviews for data collection
o Constructivist grounded theory: the data collected and analyzed are acknowledged to be constructed from shared experiences and relationships between researcher and participant
approximate sample size
20-30 people
importance of research
Validates knowledge
o Refines knowledge
o Generates knowledge
intuition
Gut feeling; Insite that can’t be explained logically
Longitudinal design challenges
Collecting data multiple times over a certain length of time
o Useful to study changes over time
o Helpful to establish sequence of events
o Must decide data points and time intervals between
o Challenge is attrition
major parts of the research report
title and abstract intro method section results discussion references
nature of qualitative studies
Investigating a phenomena using rich narrative material.
o Goal: Develop rich understanding of phenomena
o Almost always nonexperimental
o Do not conceptualize as having dependent and independent variables
o Blinding rarely used
o Typically, do not compare groups
PICO components and identification in a questio
P- patient population/disease
o I- intervention
o C- comparison
o O- Outcomes
primary sources
Written by person who generated ideas/conducted the research
o PREFERRED source
primary sources can be
§ Qualitative, quantitative, or mixed method research articles
§ Systematic review
§ Clinical practice guideline
Probability sampling characteristics
Involves random selection of elements from a population.
o Each element in the population has an equal, independent chance of being selected
Qualitative methodology types
ethnography phenomenology grounded theory historical case studies narrative analysis critical theory feminist research Participatory action research
ethnography
Description and interpretation of culture & cultural behavior
§ Extensive fieldwork (time consuming)
§ Purpose: seek to learn from rather than study
§ -emic & -etic perspectives
info sought rhoguh ethnography
Cultural behavior
§ Cultural artifacts
§ Cultural speech
phenomenology
Main data source is in-depth conversations
§ Key themes
2 main types of phenomenology
descriptive
interpretive
descriptive
Depicts “things” as people experience them:
§ Eclectic design
§ In-depth collection of qualitative data
§ No traditional qualitative roots
§ Content analysis for data interpretation
interpretive
Rely on in depth interviews
· May augment understandings
§ Lived experience and interpretive process
§ Goals:
· To enter another’s word & discover the understandings.
grounded theory
Develops middle range theories
§ Identify main problem and offer resolution
§ Constant comparison is used
· New data collected compared ongoing to previous data collected
§ In-depth interviews & participant interviews for data collection
historical
Systematic collection & critical evaluation of data related to past events/occurrences
§ Usually interpretive-describe what, how, & why
§ Primarily relies on written records:
case studies
Single or Small number of entities with in-depth review
§ Understand the “why” rather than the “what”
§ Strength/Weakness
narrative analysis
The story is the form of inquiry and understanding
critical theory
Critique of society
§ Envisions new possibilities
§ Action oriented
§ Inspire change
feminist research
Similar to critical theory
§ Focuses specifically on gender domination/discrimination
§ Goal: facilitate change to end women’s unequal social positions
Participatory action research
Production of knowledge can influence power
· Also focuses on action, empowerment, and raising awareness
quantitative methodology types
experimental
quasi-experimental
correlational
descriptive
experimental
Randomized Controlled Trials (RCT)
· “True Experiment”
· Level 1 (pg 23 Fig 2.1)
· Gold standard
· Test the effects of an intervention AND random groups assigned
correlational
§ Level III
§ Examine relationship between variables
§ Non-experimental study
§ Correlations can be detected through statistical analyses
§ Does not prove causation
descriptive
Level III
§ Observe, describe, document situation
Quasi-experimental research design characteristics
- Has an intervention
- Lacks randomization
- less control than true experimental designs
- samples not randomly assigned
types of quasi-experimental
nonequivalent control groups
time series design
nonequivalent control groups
same as pretest-posttest but lacks randomization (weaker)
time series design
looking at extended periods of time
randomized control trials characteristics
intervention
control
randomization
reasoning
logical reasoning process
2 types of reasoning
deductive
inductive
deductive reasoning
quantitive, looks at facts rules and definitions
inductive reasoning
qualitative, uses patterns and behaviors to arrive at a conclusion
reliability
Consistency of measurement technique/associated with the methods
§ Correlation coefficient (r)= how the degree of realibility is expressed
§ Reliability coefficients normally range from 0-1.0 (>0.8 is desired)
§ Cronbach’s alpha coefficient=most common measure of realibility
research hypothesis
predict the existence of a relationship
o Predicted answers to research questions
o State the expected relationship between the IV and DV
o Offer direction
o Suggest explanations
o Promotes critical thinking
directional, nondirectional, null
Research question – identify independent and dependent variables
Questions researcher wants to answer
o Independent (cause)
o Dependent/Outcome variable (effect)
secondary sources
Summarizes or quotes from primary source
o Only use source if cannot locate primary
Social desirability response set bias
A tendency to misrepresent attitudes or traits by giving answers that are consistent with prevailing social views
Steps of Descriptive Qualitative Research
bracketing
intuiting
analyzing
describing
bracketing
Identifying preconceived ideas (beliefs & opinions)
May use reflexive journal to bracket
intuiting
Remain open to new meanings
analyzing
Make sense of new meanings
describing
Come to full understanding and define the phenomenon
temporal ambiguity
2 variables and you’re not sure which one is the cause and which on is the effect
transferability
The extent to which qualitative findings have applicability in other settings or groups
Truncation symbol
Use of a asterisk *- this expands a search term to include all forms of the root
