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NUR 209 > Midterm > Flashcards

Midterm Flashcards

1
Q

abstract

A 
Brief description of the study, located at the beginning of the report 
o Concise summary of the study
o Usually less than 300 words
o Should provide the following:
§ Research problem
§ Results / findings
§ Main conclusions
§ Recommendations
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2
Q

best source of evidence

A

Disciplined Research

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3
Q

bias

A

Any influence that distorts the results of a study and undermines validity

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4
Q

Bivariate descriptive statistics

A

Statistical analysis of two variables to assess the empirical relationship between them

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5
Q

median

A

Order numbers from least to greatest and find the number that sits in the middle

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6
Q

Consecutive sampling

A

Recruitment of all people from an accessible population over a specific time interval or for a specified sample size

Best possible choice when there is “rolling enrollment” into an accessible population

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7
Q

convenience sampling

A

Selection of the most readily available persons as participants in a study

BIAS!

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8
Q

credibility

A

Criterion for evaluating integrity and trustworthiness in qualitative studies, referring to confidence in the truth of the data; analogous to internal validity in quantitative research

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9
Q

critical theory

A

§ Critique of society
§ Envisions new possibilities
§ Action-oriented
§ Inspire change

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10
Q

data saturation

A

Involves sampling until NO new information is obtained and redundancy is achieved
Participants are insightful- saturation achieved with a small sample
A larger sample is needed with maximum variation sampling

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11
Q

debriefing

A

Communication with study participants after participation is complete regarding aspects of the study

Explaining the study purpose more fully

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12
Q

Descriptive statistics

A

Statistics used to describe and summarize data
Parameters: Characteristics of a population
3 Characteristics:
§ Shape of distribution of values
§ Central tendency
§ Variability

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13
Q

Frequency distribution positive skew

A

Asymmetrical, the peak is off center, and one tail is other than the other.
When one tail points to the RIGHT the distribution has a positive skew.

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14
Q

inference

A

In research, a conclusion is drawn from the study evidence, taking into account the methods used to generate that evidence

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15
Q

Johns Hopkins Nursing Evidence-Based Practice Evidence Level and Quality Guide

A

.

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16
Q

Levels of measurement

A

nominal
ordinal
interval
ratio

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17
Q

direct

A

§ Measurement of concrete items
§ Focus is on accuracy and precision of measurement method and process
§ Weight, height, BP, Respirations
§ Demographics variables: age, gender, diagnosis, income, education

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18
Q

indirect

A

§ Captures elements of abstract concept (not concrete)
§ Coping, anxiety, pain, stree, depression
§ Can not directly measure but can capture certain elements of the measurement
§ Ex: Pain: FACES scale, observation, physiological measurement (BP, pulse, etc…)

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19
Q

nominal

A

Lowest level

§ Organized in categories

§ Cannot be compared

§ Exclusive

§ Ex: gender, ethnicity, marital status, diagnosis

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20
Q

ordinal

A

§ Organized in categories
§ Can be compared (ranked)
§ Rank higher or lower/better or worse
§ Exclusive: has to fit into the categories
§ Unequal intervals
§ Ex: mild, moderate, severe pain OR…no exercise, some exercise, heavy exercise

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21
Q

interval

A

§ Equal numerical distances between intervals
§ Exclusive
§ Continuum value
§ LACKS A ZERO POINT!
§ If the temp was 0 that just means its cold not that there isn’t a temperature

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22
Q

ratio

A 
§ Highest level 
§ Exclusive 
§ Ordered 
§ Equally spaced interval 
§ Continuum value 
§ DOES HAVE ABSOLUTE ZERO 
§ Ex. Weight, height, volume
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23
Q

Measures of central tendency

A

Common form of statistical analysis used to describe what is typical
o Mode- # that occurs most frequently (used with nominal data)
o Median- point that divides the scores in half (used with ordinal data)
o Mean- the sum of all values divided by the # of participants (used with interval or nominal data)

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24
Q

member check

A

Method of validating the credibility of qualitative data through debriefings and discussions with informants

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25
Q

outliers

A

extremes when comparing with other numbers/subject

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26
Q

PICO question – identify components

A

P- Person population/disease

I-intervention

C-comparison

O-outcomes

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27
Q

Prolonged engagement

A

In qualitative research, the investment of sufficient time during data collection to have an in depth understanding of the phenomenon under study, thereby enhancing credibility

Tests for misinformation

o Ensures saturation of important categories

o Important for building trust with informants

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28
Q

purposive sampling

A

Nonprobability sampling method using researchers’ knowledge about the population to handpick sample members
Can lead to bias

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29
Q

Qualitative sampling methods

A

Convenience, Snowball, Purposive, Theoretical

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30
Q

snowball

A

Think network

Asking informants to make referrals

Restrictive to small network

Lower quality in sample

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31
Q

Quasi-experimental design advantages

A

More practical for a natural setting

o Useful for people who are not always willing to be randomized

§ Has generalizability of the results

32
Q

quasi characteristics

A

Has intervention

Lacks randomization

33
Q

Research findings

A

are meant to reflect “truth in the real world”

o Inference involves drawing conclusions based on limited information and using logical reasoning

v valid to the extent that the researchers have made good decisions in selecting proxies and have controlled sources of bias

34
Q

Research hypothesis

A

o predict the existence of a relationship
o Predicted answers to research questions
o State the expected relationship between the IV and DV
o Offer direction
o Suggest explanations
o Promotes critical thinking

35
Q

Research problem statement elements

A

1.) Problem identification

o 2.) Background

o 3.) Scope of problem

o 4.) Consequences of the problem

o 5.) Knowledge gaps

o 6.) Proposed solution

36
Q

Retrospective design

A

Outcome (effect) observed is linked to potential cause from the past

37
Q

Sample size

A

number of people who participate in a study

Important factor in the power of the analysis and in statistical conclusion validity in quantitative research

20-30 people

38
Q

Semi structured interviews

A

Open-ended interview in which the researcher is guided by a list of specific topics to cover

39
Q

Simple random sampling

A

Basic probability sampling involving the selection of sample members from a sampling frame at random

Most basic probability sampling

No guarantee of a representative sample

40
Q

Statistical test

A

An analytic tool that estimates the probability that obtained results from a sample reflect true population values

41
Q

cross-sectional time dimension

A

A study designed in which data is collected at one point in time

42
Q

longitudinal time dimension

A

a study designed to collect data at more than one point in time.
challenge=attrition

43
Q

type 2 error

A

Error created by accepting the null hypothesis when it is false
The researcher concludes that no relationship exists when in fact it does- a false negative

44
Q

Types of measurement

A

Direct-Measurement of concrete items

§ Weight, height

o Indirect-Captures elements of abstract concept

§ Coping, anxiety

45
Q

Types of nonprobability sampling

A

Convenience
Consecutive
Purposive
quota

46
Q

quota sampling

A

A nonrandom sampling method in which “quotas” for certain subgroups, based on sample characteristics, are established to increase the representativeness of the sample

Researchers identify population strata and figure out how many people are needed from each stratum

Quota sampling is similar to convenience sampling: Participants are a convenience sample from each stratum

47
Q

Types of qualitative research

A 
ethnography
grounded theory
case studies
narrative analyses
critical theory
feminist
Participatory action research
Phenomenology
historical
48
Q

ethnography

A

Description and interpretation of culture & cultural behavior

49
Q

grounded

A

Develops middle range theories
§ Identify the main problem and offer a resolution
§ Constant comparison is used

50
Q

historical

A

Systematic collection & critical evaluation of data related to past events/occurrences

51
Q

case studies

A

Single or Small number of entities with in-depth review

§ Understand the “why” rather than the “what”

52
Q

Narrative analyses

A

The story is the form of inquiry and understanding

53
Q

feminist research

A

Similar to critical theory

§ Focuses specifically on gender domination/discrimination

54
Q

Participatory action research

A

Production of knowledge can influence power

Also focuses on action, empowerment, and raising awareness

55
Q

Types of quantitative research

A

Experimental

Quasi-experimental

Correlational

Descriptive

56
Q

experimental

A

Randomized Controlled Trials (RCT)

· “True Experiment”

· Level 1 (pg 23 Fig 2.1)

· Gold standard

· Test the effects of an intervention AND random groups assigned

57
Q

correlational

A

Level III
Examine the relationship between variables
Non-experimental study
Correlations can be detected through statistical analyses
Does not prove causation

58
Q

descriptive

A

§ Level III

§ Observe, describe, document situation

59
Q

PHD

A

§ Major role in conducting independent research and contributing to the empirical knowledge generated in a selected area of study.
§ Obtain initial funding for research.
§ Coordinate research teams of BSN, MSN, and DNP nurses.

60
Q

DNP

A

Critically appraise studies and develop and refine protocols and policies for practice.
§ Participate in evidence-based guideline development.
§ Implement, evaluate, and revise as needed protocols, polices, and evidence-based guidelines in practice. `

61
Q

MSN

A

§ Critically appraise and synthesize studies to develop and review protocols for practice.
§ Implement best research evidence in practice.
§ Collaborate in research projects and provide clinical expertise for research.

62
Q

BSN

A

§ Locate and critically appraise studies, evidence-based guidelines, protocols, and policies with assistance.
§ Use best research evidence in practice with guidance.
§ Assist with problem identification and data collection.

63
Q

Bivariate descriptive statistics types

A 
cross tabulation
correlation
Correlation coefficient
Positive relationship
negative relationship
pearsons r
spearmans rho
64
Q

cross tabulation

A

frequencies of two variables are analyzed against each other

65
Q

correlation

A

association between variables

66
Q

correlation coefficient

A

describes intensity and direction of a relationship

§ correlation coefficient range from −1.00 through .00 to +1.00

67
Q

positive relationship

A
  • relationship between two variables in which high values on one variable tend to be associated with high values on the other
68
Q

negative relationship

A

variables are inversely related, higher values on one variable are associated with lower values in the second

69
Q

pearsons r

A

most widely used correlation statistic

§ computed with continuous measures

§ Need to have interval or ratio level variables

70
Q

spearmans rho

A

correlations between variables measured on an ordinal scale

71
Q

P

A

population

§ Age

§ Gender

§ Ethnicity

§ With certain disorder (diabetes)

72
Q

I

A

interventions

§ Exposure to disease

§ Risk behavior

73
Q

C

A

-comparison

§ No disease

§ Placebo or no intervention or therapy

§ Absence of risk factor

74
Q

O

A

-outcome

§ Risk of disease

§ Accuracy of diagnosis

§ Rate of occurrence of adverse outcome

75
Q

theoretical sampling

A

Used in grounded theory
§ Based on the development of the theory
§ the selection of sample members based on emerging findings to ensure adequate representation of important theoretical categories

76
Q

types of knowing

A

Traditions = customs

o Authority = expertise

o Borrowing = other fields

o Trial and Error = unsure how to approach

o Personal Experience = gaining knowledge

o Role Modeling =Imitating

o Intuition = gut feeling

o Reasoning = critical thinking/logic

77
Q

Phenomenology sampling

A

Main data source is in-depth conversations
▪ Key themes

two types: descriptive and interpreative

NUR 209 (3 decks)

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