quiz #3 Flashcards
Superior facets on the lateral masses of C1 articulate with the occipital condyles of the skull. Hint: it is synovial condyloid joint!
Atlanto-Occipital joint
What are the movements of the Atlanto-Occipital joint?
flexion of the head on neck
extension of head on neck
The articular facet of C1 articulates with the _____ anteriorly of C2.
Hint: C1 rotates on it and it is a synovial pivot joint
Atlanto-Axial joint or Dens
it allows for 70 degrees of rotation
What does the transverse ligament of the atlas do?
it holds the dens of C2 against the anterior arch of C1
Bands travel from the transverse ligament superiorly to the occipital bone and inferiorly to the body of C2
Cruciate/Cruciform ligament
Attaches the dens to the lateral margins of foramen magnum and prevents excessive rotation
Alar Ligaments
Attaches the dens to anterior margin of foramen magnum
Apical Ligament
This ligament travels/ is anchored to the posterior aspect of the vertebral bodies and IVD’s from sacrum to C2.
It checks hyperflexion of the spine and prevents posterior protrusion of the IVD.
Posterior Longitudinal Ligament
The most superior part is the tectorial membrane which attaches onto the occiput and has posterolateral protrusion.
Posterior Longitudinal Ligament
Travels and is anchored to the anterior aspect o the vertebral bodies and IVD’s from sacrum to occiput.
Checks hyperextension of the spine and stabilizes the intervertebral joints
Anterior Longitudinal ligament
factors affecting ROM
Size and shape of IVD’s
Angle of the facet joints
laxity of ligaments/joint capsules
Attaches from Lamina to Lamina from sacrum up to C1.
It helps to preserve normal curves and to return spine to normal position after flexion
Ligamenta Flava
Attaches between SP’s and limits flexion
Interspinous ligaments
Attaches posteriorly along tips of SP’s from C7 to Sacrum and limits flexion
Supraspinous ligament
Attaches from C7 to back of the skull and is a thickening of the interspinous/ supraspinous ligaments
Ligamentum Nuchae
This is the only bony articulation between the upper-limb and the axial skeleton. The Clavical articulates with the manubrium and costal cartilage of the 1st Rib and is a synovial saddle joint. It is also separated by a firbrocartilagenous articular disc
Sternoclavicular Ligament (S-C Joint)
Sternoclavicular Ligament (S-C Joint) available movements
elevation/ depression
protraction/ retraction
ROTATION!!!!!
This ligament attaches from the 1st Rib to the sternal end of the clavical and checks all movements of the clavical except inferior
Costoclavicular ligaments
This ligament connects the 2 SC joints across the manubirum
Interclavicular ligament
You can find this ligament both anteriorly and posteriorly on the SC joint
Sternoclavicular Ligament
The manubrium articulates with the body of the sternum and it is cartilagenous with some movement during respiration
Manubriosternal joint
Where the body of the sternum articulates with the xiphoid process and it cartilagenous
Xiphisternal joint
The cartilages of the first 7 Ribs and costal notches on lateral borders of the sternum.
Chondrosternal Joints
What type of joint(s) is (are) the Chondrosternal Joints?
Hint: Radiate sternocostal ligaments
Rib 1 & Manubrium: Cartilagenous
Rib 2-7: Synovial
These joints are cartilagenous. The lateral end of each costal cartilage fits into a Cup-Shaped anterior end of its associated rib.
Interestingly, it has no ligaments but is supported and bound by periosteum
Costochondral joints
The adjacent borders of the costal cartilages articulate and is supported by its same named ligaments. Synovial!
Interchondral joints
The head of the rib articulates with the facets on the side of the vertebral body.
The superior facet of the head artiiculates with the inferior facet of the superior vertebral body.
The inferior facet on the head articulates with the superior facet on the vertebral body of the same number.
Hint: plane synovial joints
Costovertebral Joints
The head of the Rib to the 2 vertebral bodies and disc between
Radiate Ligaments
This layer of the back has 2 muscles on the posterior thorax, is an accessory muscles of the respiration.
Serratus Posterior Superior
Serratus Posterior Inferior
Intermediate Layer (intrinsic)
3 Layers (superficial, intermediate, and deep) Maintains posture and move the spine/head
Deep Muscles (intrinsic)
Superficial layer (of the deep muscles)
Splenius capitis
Splenius cervicis
Intermediate Layer (of the deep muscles) - 3 columns of muscles collectively called the erector spinae (aka paraspinals).
Medial to Lateral they are…
(a) Spinalis
(b) Longissimus
(c) iliocostalis
Deep Layer: found in the groove between the spinous an transverse processes (the laminar groove) They attach from the transverse processes to the spinous processes (of more superior vertebrae. These muscles are collectively called the transversospinalis muscles.
From superficial to deep they are…
(superomedial fibre)
semispinalis (capitus, cervicis, thoracis)
multifidus
rotatores
(vertical fibre)
interspinales
intertransversarii
Intermediate Layer (intrinsic)
Is deep to rhomboids and is superficial to the erector spinae.
It attaches to the SP’s of C7-T3 medially
It attaches to the superior borders of ribs 2-5 laterally
action: elevates ribs 2-5
Serratus Posterior Superior
Deep Inhilation
Intermediate Layer (intrinsic)
deep to lats/ thoracolumbar fascia and is superficial to the erector spinae
It attaches to SP’s of T11 - L2 medially
It attaches to lower ribs laterally
Action: draws ribs down and back
Serratus Posterior Inferior
Deep Layer (intrinsic)
Inferior attachment: SP’s of C4 - T2
Superior attachment: Mastoid Process and Lateral superior nuchal line
action: Unilateral contraction: ipsilateral rotation
action: bilateral contraction: extension of the neck
Splenius Capitis (Superficial)
Deep Layer (intrinsic)
inferior attachment: SP’s of T3 - T5
Superior attachment: C1 - C4 TVPs (posterior tubercles)
action: Unilateral contraction: ipsilateral rotation
action: bilateral contraction: extension of the neck
Splenius Cervicis
These intermediate muscles arise inferiorly from the thoracolumbar fascia and spread out in a superolateral direction.
They are sibdivided into 3 columns of muscles on either side of the spine and each column has 3 segments
Medial to lateral
1) Spinalis
2) Longissimus
3) Iliocostalis
Very thin and sits in the laminar groove (beside the SP’s)
Attach to SP’s
–> Thoracis; cervicis; capitus
Spinalis
Longest Column and attach to TVP’s
- thoracis (TVP’s of thoracic spine)
- cervicis (TVP’s of cervical spine)
- capitus (mastoid process)
Longissimus
Attaches to angles of the ribs and is most lateral of the 3
- lumborum (angle of ribs 8-12)
- thoracis (angle of ribs 1-7)
- cervicis (TVP’s of C3-6)
actions:
Unilateral: lateral flexion of the vertebral column
Bilateral: extension of the vertebral column
Iliocostalis
Covers 1/2 of the spinal column but skips vertabrae 3-6
–> Thoracis; Cervicis; capitis
Attaches: superiorly to the occipital bone between the superior and inferior nuchal lines
LARGEST MASS IN POSTERIOR NECK
Actions:
Bilateral: extension of the head and neck
Unilateral: Contralateral rotation of the neck
Semispinalis
Only muscle having muscles fibres running over posterior sacrum
From S4 - C2 (skipping 1 - 3 vertebrae)
Actions: Bilateral: extension of the spine, stabilization
Unilateral: lateral flexion, contralateral rotation
Multifidus
Deepest in the laminar groove
Longus: skips 1 vertabra
Brevis: attaches to next highest vertebra
actions; bilateral: stabilization
unilateral: contralateral rotation
Rotatores
Vertical fibre direction
Paired muscles on either side of cervical and lumbar SPs
Action: extension
Interspinalis
Vertical fibre direction
attach TVPs of adjacent vertabrae of cervical and lumbar spine
action: lateral felxion
Intertransversarii
Name the 4 suboccipital muscles
1) Rectus Capitis Posterior Major
2) Rectus Capitis Posterior Minor
3) Obliquus Capitis Inferior
4) Obliquus Capitis Superior
Inferior Attachment: SP of C2
Superior Attachment: inferior nuchal line
Actions: (unilateral contraction): ipsilateral rotation of the head
Actions: (bilateral contraction): extend the head on the neck
Rectus Capitis Posterior Major
Inferior attachment: posterior arch of C1 (posterior tubercle)
Superior attachment: inferior nuchal line
Action: bilateral contraction: extend the head on the neck
Hint: also attaches to the Dura Mater by disrupting CSF flow
Rectus Capitis Posterior Minor
Inferior attachment; SP of C2
Superior attachment: TVP of C1
Action (unilateral contraction): ipsilateral rotation of the head @ atlantoaxial joint
Obliquus Capitis Inferior
Inferior attachment: TVP of C1
Superior attachment: between superior and inferior nuchal lines
Action: Unilateral Contraction: Lateral flexion of the head on neck
(bilateral contraction): extend the head on the neck
Obliquus Capitis Superior
Which muscles define the Suboccipital Triangle?
Name them and the border they occupy.
Key for headaches
Inferolateral border: Obliquus Capitis Inferior
Superolateral border: Obliquus Capitis Superior
Superomedial border: Rectus Capitis Posterior Major
Floor: Posterior Atlanto-Occipital membrane
Roof: Semispinalis m.
Contents: vertebral artery, suboccipital nerve
What is the Looking Reflex?
The head wants to follow where the eye take them
Inferior attachment: lateral Mass C1
Surperior attachment: occiput
action: flexes head on neck
Rectus capitis anterior
Inferior attachment: TVP of C1
Superior attachment: Occiput
Action: flexes head on neck
Action: laterally flexes head on neck
Rectus capitis lateralis
Inferior attachment: body of T3
Superior attachment: anterior tubercle of C1
Additional attachments to the bodies and TVPs of the cervical spine
action: flexion of the neck
Longus Colli (aka longus cervicis)
inferior attachment: TVPs of C3-6
superior attachment: Occiput
action: flexion of the head and neck
Loongus Capitis
S. Attachment: anterior tubercles of C3-6 TVPS
I. Attachment: rib 1 (scalene tubercle)
Actions: flexion of the neck; ipsilateral flexion of the neck; elevates 1st rib during during forced inhalation; contralateral rotation of the neck (weak)
Anterior Scalene
S. attachment: posterior tubercles of C2-7 TVPs
I. attachment: Rib 1 (posterior to subclavian artery)
actions: ipsilateral flexion; elevates 1st rib during inhalation; contralateral rotation of the neck (weak)
middle Scalene
S. Attachment: posterior tubercles of C4-6 TVPs
I. Attachment: rib 2
actions:: ipsilateral lateral flexion & elevates rib 2 during forced inhalation
Posterior Scalene
S. Attachment: Mastoid Process
I. Attachment: Sternum (sternal head)/ Clavical (clavicular head)
Actions: contralateral rotation of the head and neck; ipsilateral lateral felxxion of the head and neck; flexion of the neck (if the neck/head is in neutral or flexed); extension of the head (if the head is already extended); assists with inspiration
Sternocleidomastoid (SCM)
Base: mandible
Lateral border: SCM
medial border: midsagittal plane of the neck
contents: muscles, arteries, veins, lymph nodes, viscera
Anterior Cervical Triangle
