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CrimJ210 Policing in America > Quiz #3 > Flashcards

Quiz #3 Flashcards

1
Q

Central role of patrol?

A

Patrol officers majority assigned to patrol work

  • They are the most important decision makers in policing and Gatekeepers in criminal justice system
  • patrol is a formative part of a police officer’s career
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2
Q

Patrol duty is…?

A
  • Considered the least desirable

- Most look for advancement, by promotion or assignment to something better, like detective work

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3
Q

FINAL Robert Peel (creator of Modern police) defined 3 functions:

A

3 Basic Functions of patrol:

  • To deter crime
  • To enhance feelings of public safety
  • To make officers available for service
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4
Q

O.W. Wilson stated:

A
  • patrol seeks to deter crime by creating “an impression of omnipresence” that will eliminate “the actual opportunity” (or the belief that opportunity exists)
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5
Q

The second function of patrol is to main feelings of public safety.

A

The visible presence of patrol officers assures citizens that they are being protected from crime

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6
Q

The third function of patrol is to make…

A

officers available for service by dispersing officers within the community

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7
Q

Albert Reiss stated

A

“No other professional operates in a comparable setting” Police only profession to make house calls

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8
Q

Factors Affecting the Delivery of Patrol Services

A
  • Efficiency depends on:
    1. The number of sworn officers
    2. The percentage of officers assigned to patrol
    3. The distribution of patrol officers by the time of day and area
    4. The type of patrol used (car or foot)
    5. One officer vs. two officer patrols
    6. Work style of the patrol officers
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9
Q

Number of Sworn Officers in Washington DC

A

The nation’s capital, there were 6.3 sworn officers for every 1,000 people in 2008

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10
Q

Best secrets in policing is to add…

A

…just 1 officer on the street, an agency must hire an additional 10 officers
- 17% of these officers do not work because of sick days, required training, and other personal or professional activities

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11
Q

Police-population ratio?

A

The traditional measure of the level of police protection in a community
**The national average for larger municipal departments in 2008 was 2.5 officers per 1,000 population

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12
Q

FINAL Hot spot?

A

An area that receives a disproportionate number of calls for police service and/or has a very high crime rate.

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13
Q

FINALType of patrol?

A
  • 84% police patrol in cars
  • 4% patrol on foot
  • 5% patrol on motorcycle
  • 5% patrol on bicycles
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14
Q

3 styles of patrol?

A
  • Individual style
  • Supervisor style
  • Organizational style
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15
Q

Officer-initiated activity (Individual Style)

A
  • includes stopping, questioning, and frisking suspicious people, making informal contacts with law-abiding citizens, stopping vehicles for possible violations, writing traffic tickets, checking suspicious events, and making arrests.
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16
Q

Supervisor Style

A
  • Officer’s activity can be shaped by supervisor’s style
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17
Q

FINAL Organizational Style

A

James Q. Wilson identified three different organizational styles:

  • Watchmen
  • Legalistic
  • Service Style
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18
Q

Watchmen Style?

A

Emphasizes peacekeeping, without being agressive

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19
Q

Legalistic Style

A

Emphasizes aggressive crime fighting through a by the book approach

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20
Q

Service Style

A

Usually used where there is little crime, emphasizes responsive to the community expectation

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21
Q

A basic unit of police patrol consists of?

A

A sergeant and a crew of patrol officers

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22
Q

FINAL Span of control

A

that a supervisor can effectively manage only a limited number of officers

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23
Q

FINAL Contemporary 911-driven police work is?

A
  1. ) Citizen dominated
  2. ) Reactive
  3. ) Incident Based
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24
Q

FINAL 911 Systems

A

The 911 Emergency number was introduced by the American Telephone and Telegraph (AT&T) first introduced in 1968.

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25
Q

First system went into operation where?

A

Haleyville, Alabama, right after President Kennedy was shot

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26
Q

911 systems have…?

A

…contributed to the great increase in calls for service.

– Police are able to manage delayed responses to certain nonemergency calls.

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27
Q

FINAL The communications center operators, dispatchers, and patrol officers are?

A

“Information Brokers” who receive citizen calls and translate them into official bureaucratic responses

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28
Q

Operators exercise…?

A

Tremendous discretion

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29
Q

How many calls result in police dispatch?

A

Only half

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30
Q

How many calls referred to other agencies?

A

17 percent

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31
Q

Operator…

A
  • Takes information from caller in 16% of calls
  • Gives information to citizen in 9%
  • In 14% told that police can’t handle the call or call is transferred
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32
Q

Operator-Citizen Interaction

A

Need to provide officers with as much
accurate information as possible
Interactions lengthy, involving many
questions

Some questions gauge caller’s
trustworthiness

Others are a threat to caller’s personal
character/judgment

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33
Q

The Call Service Workload

A

—The Volume of Calls—

Depends on the area

Minneapolis: 550 per year

St. Paul: 221 per year

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34
Q

Type of Calls:

A

Order maintenance calls
Service calls
However, many situations are ambiguous

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35
Q

Response time?

A

To calls is part of policing

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36
Q

4 things in response time:

A
  1. ) Discovery time - when crime is committed to when it’s discovered Can’t be controlled by police
  2. ) Reporting time - Between discovery time and when citizen calls police
  3. ) Processing time - Time between the call and dispatch of a police car
  4. ) Travel Time - Time it takes police officer to reach crime scene
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37
Q

Citizens delay calling the police for several reasons

A
  • To verity that crime actually occurred
  • To regain their composure
  • To call a friend or family first
  • To decide if they want police involved
  • Telephone not immediately available
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38
Q

POPN

A

Project on Policing Neighborhoods

  • Best study on routine police work
  • Study found patrol officers only spend 20% of their time per shift on general patrol and 15% traveling to locations.
  • Community-policing officers spent less time in general patrol
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39
Q

Evading duty?

A

Officers can create free time for themselves by delaying calls

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40
Q

In pursuits…

A

…police departments give officers broad discretion about engaging in pursuits

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41
Q

Operation 25?

A

The NYC Police Department doubled the number of patrol officers in the 25th Precinct for four months during 1954.

  • The department stated increase patrol decreased muggings by 90%
  • Flaw: Didn’t take displacement into consideration
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42
Q

Kansas City Preventative Patrol Experiment

read on p. 220 and 221

A

-Controversial results
-Challenged traditional assumptions about
patrol
– Basically there was no significant changes in behavior or lifestyle because of perceived changes in police protection
- Level of patrol did not affect attitudes towards police
- Patrol had no impact on crime
- Patrol didn’t make citizens feel safe

many crimes are impulsive and happen indoors

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43
Q

Newark Foot Patrol Experiment

A

STUDY FOUND:

  • Patrol did not decrease crime
  • But did effect citizens attitudes
  • Reduced fear of crime
  • More positive and supported police
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44
Q

Differential Response?

A

Classifying calls according to seriousness

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45
Q

Telephone Reporting Units

A
  • Handle calls by taking reports over the phone, 10-20% of calls on some shifts
46
Q

311 non-emergency Numbers

A
  • For less serious situations
47
Q

Non-English 911 Call Services

A
  • Growing number of people do not speak English, patrol officers call this number for a translator
48
Q

Police aides or cadets

A
  • Alternative method of handling low-priority calls is to use nonsworn personnel
49
Q

Street Skills Training for Patrol Officers

A
  • Two-day course focused on “high-risk, low frequency” events eg. pursuit or shooting tactics
50
Q

Directed patrol

A

Program example, involve instruction to look for specific persons or types of crimes, or patrol in specific areas

51
Q

Order Maintenance?

A

Many officers view it as “garbage” “social work” or bullshit”

52
Q

Stephen Mastrofski identifies 4 ways that noncrime calls for service can help improve effectiveness in dealing with crime:

A
  1. ) Crime prophylactic model - that police can defuse violent situations and help in deescalating
  2. ) Police knowledge Model - that noncrime calls give officers a lot of exposure to the community, so gives them knowledge
  3. ) Social Work Model - That power of police helps make lawbreakers into law-abiding citizens
  4. ) Community Cooperation Model - Helps establish credibility with public

However, the models assume that crime fighting is the central part of policing, and noncrime calls is additional

53
Q

Citizens have different reasons for calling the police for noncrime situations…

A
  1. ) To maintain a social boundary
  2. ) To relieve unpleasant situations (eg. noise complaints)
  3. ) Counterpunching ( to divert attention from a crime)
  4. ) To obtain an emergency service (eg. missing child, suicide)
54
Q

What is the most common type of order maintenance?

A

Traffic Enforcement

**Police departments and citizens influence traffic enforcement policies, causes friction

55
Q

Drunk-driving crackdowns

A
  • Small percentage of all drivers are drunk
  • 5% drunk on an average weekend
  • Higher percentage on weekends
56
Q

Domestic violence disputes…

A

…33% involve some form of violence

57
Q

Intimate partner violence

A
  • Has decreased a lot from 1993 to 2010

- Violence against women decreased by 50% during this time

58
Q

NCVS survey in regards to domestic violence calls…

A

…found non-white females more likely to call police than white

  • Middle class women more likely to turn to private sources for help
  • Low income family more likely to have more economic equality to spouse
59
Q

Ways police exercise discretion in domestic violence calls?

A
  1. ) Arrest
  2. ) Mediation
  3. ) Separating parties
  4. ) Refer to other agency
  5. ) No action at all
60
Q

Factors influencing the arrest decision in domestic violence?

A
  • officers see it as a private matter
  • Often victim drops charges
  • victims call for help, but don’t want them arrested
  • Increases work for the officer
  • Don’t view domestic violence as a priority compared to murder or rape
61
Q

The Minneapolis Domestic Violence Experiment

A
  • 1981-1982
  • sought to determine the deterrent effect of arrest, mediation, and separation
  • Each officer carried a color-coded pad of forms and handed each case according to the color of the form
  • Study found arrest = lower rates of repeat violence than separation or mediation.
  • This study impacted public policy
    • In other cities the experiment failed and showed that arrests escalated violence among unemployed people than those employed. Found that arrests effect differently on different people.
62
Q

Mandatory arrests…

A
  • Discourage calls

- Disproportionate impact on lower class men, and poor African American men particularly.

63
Q

Policing Vice

A

Focus on victimless crimes (eg. prostitution, liquor laws)

  1. ) Police must initiate investigation on their own
  2. ) Many people view it as private matter
  3. ) Enforcement is inconsistent
64
Q

Prostitution…

A

…It is estimated that there are about 250,000 full-time prostitutes

65
Q

Streetwalkers?

A

Known as hustlers, hookers, most visible to the public

66
Q

Bar Girls?

A

Work at bars, with managers who receive a small percentage.

67
Q

Skeezers?

A

These prostitutes sell sex for crack cocaine

68
Q

Brothel prostitutes

A

Work in large establishments owned by a single person (massage parlors and escort services have emerged)

69
Q

Call Girls

A

Upper end of economic scale of prostitution

70
Q

FINAL Policing the Homeless

A
  1. ) It is reactive, police respond to calls.
  2. ) Example, Seattle PD uses Community Service Officers (CSO) street team refers homeless people to shelters, drug treatment programs, and financial assistance services.
71
Q

FINAL Policing the Mentally ill

A

Most studies estimate that 7 to 10 percent of police contacts are with mentally ill persons

72
Q

FINAL Police exercise great discretion when dealing with mentally ill, options are:

A
  1. ) hospitalization
  2. ) Arrest
  3. ) Informal disposition
73
Q

Psychiatric first aid?

A

When officers use informal tactics when dealing with mentally ill by calming them down

74
Q

FINAL Mercy booking?

A

When officers arrest a mentally ill for misdemeanor so they get the care they need, so they are safe from streets

75
Q

FINAL CIT?

A

Crisis Intervention Team, in Akron, Ohio, first agencies to replicate the Memphis CIT model
- Officers team up with Community Support Services to help those who are “at risk”

76
Q

Police-Based Specialized Response?

A

Involves sworn officers who have extensive training in dealing with mentally ill

77
Q

Police-Based Specialized Mental Health Response?

A

Involves utilizing mental health professionals, not officers

78
Q

Mental-Health Based Specialized Mental Health Response?

A

Involves formal agreements with police department and mental health organizations

79
Q

Policing Juveniles

A
  1. ) Police have high level of contact with people under 18
  2. ) Young people express more negative attitudes toward the police
  3. ) Juveniles represent significantly in crime problem in the US
80
Q

FINAL Proactive

A

Anticrime strategies (eg. drug enforcement is proactive)

81
Q

FINAL Reactive

A

In response to citizen requests.

82
Q

General crime control

A

Directed at the community at large, not any particular crime.
Eg. Routine preventative patrol

83
Q

Specific Crime Conrol

A

Directed at particular crimes, places, offenders or victims

84
Q

What is the primary crime prevention activity of the police?

A

Routine patrol

85
Q

FINAL How many total officer assigned to specialized crime prevention?

A

3 percent

86
Q

Second major crime-fighting responsibility of the police is?

A

To apprehend criminals

87
Q

Who are the real “gate keepers” in the criminal justice system?

A

Citizens are the real gate keepers, patrol officers rarely discover crimes in progress

88
Q

Unfounding a crime

A

When officers don’t complete a crime report

89
Q

Reasons for unfounding a crime?

A
  1. ) Citizens don’t understand criminal law
    - Eg. in Chicago 58% of calls to police were reported as a crime by citizens, but only 17% was considered a crime by the police
  2. ) Insufficient evidence
  3. ) Officers may abuse their discretion (eg. could be to bias towards the victim)
90
Q

Myths about detective work?

A
  • Created by movies, create unreasonable public expectations about the ability of the police to control crime.
91
Q

Detective work

A
  • located in separate unit
  • considered high-status work
  • Offers great opportunity
  • plain clothes, frees them from stereotypes
  • *Benefit: able to wear plain clothes**
92
Q

Preliminary investigation – 5 steps

A
  • Identify and arrest suspects
  • aid victims
  • secure crime scene
  • collect evidence
  • prepare prelim report
93
Q

Donald Black

A

His study talked about a suspect’s demeanor has an influences the probability of a suspect getting arrested.

94
Q

Reality of detective work?

A
  • Not exciting
  • routine and nonproductive
  • worked on only 30% of all residential burglaries and 18% larcenies
  • most cases receive one day or less work
  • most of their work involves paperwork
95
Q

Case screening?

A
  • Detectives screen cases to see how much effort to put into a case
  • Depends on the seriousness of crime and evidence
  • Some police agencies base it on “case solvability factors”
96
Q

PERF?

A

Police Executive Research Forum

97
Q

PERF divided follow-up in 3 categories?

A

Routine, Secondary and Tertiary

  • Routine: interviewing victim and checking crime scene
  • Secondary: interviewing others, collect evidence
  • Tertiary: discussing case with other officers, interviewing suspects
98
Q

FINAL NCIC?

A

National Crime Information Center

99
Q

PERF found that detective’s caseload has three components:

A
  • Nominal caseload: all cases assigned
  • Workable caseload: Cases you actually work, have leads
  • Actual caseload: Cases actually worked by detectives
100
Q

Clearance Rate?

A

Traditional measure of success in criminal investigation

it is unreliable

101
Q

National clearance rate?

A

Only 21% reported index crimes are cleared (1 in 5)

- Police can manipulate clearance rate

102
Q

Defining an arrest four types?

A

Legally arrested
Behaviorally arrested
Subjectively arrested
Officially arrested

103
Q

Legally arrested?

A

In custody, deprived of liberty

104
Q

Behaviorally arrested?

A

When officer tells someone to stop, verbally telling person under arrest or physically restraining them

105
Q

Subjective arrested?

A

When they feel not free to go

106
Q

Officially arrested?

A

When police make official arrest

107
Q

3 case solvability factors?

A
  • Case structural factors
  • Organizational factors
  • Environmental factors
108
Q

Case structural factors?

A

Related to crime that was committed, presence or absence of a good lead

109
Q

Organizational Factors?

A

Lack of resources does not keep clearance rate low

- different management, different training levels don’t effect clearance rates

110
Q

Environmental Factors?

A
  • Studied the least
  • Characteristics of community
  • Community size most important environmental factor
  • Eg. in small community residents recognize more criminal behavior or suspects
111
Q

Officer Productivity

A
  • Some officers make more arrests

CrimJ210 Policing in America (5 decks)

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