quiz 3 Flashcards
inferior temporal area
a large subdivision in the visual cortex that processes visual stimuli, identifies objects in memory, and helps with visual recognition
prosopagnosia
a condition where it is hard to recognize faces
the “grandmother cell”
the theory that every person / face you know has a specific cell that fires when you see them
distributed coding
representation of specific stimuli by the pattern of firing of many neurons
the inverse projection problem
while one object in a given circumstance forms a single image on the retina, an image on the retina can be created by an infinite number of objects
laws of organization
- Pragnanz
- Grouping
- Perceptions of whole objects
- Constant properties (shape, size, lightness)
how do we group things?
similarity, proximity, good continuation, closure, common fate
The grouping principle of _______ says that things that _____ together are grouped together.
common fate, move
In Triesman’s feature integration theory, a target will “pop out” in the ________ stage of processing when the target is defined by a _________ such as a color or shape. If given a search task with a target that combines two or more features, the ___________ stage of processing will be used and response times will _______ with number of distractors.
preattentive, single feature, focused attention, increase
The grouping principle of _______says that things that are ______ together are grouped together.
proximity, close
In the classic gorilla experiment by Simon and colleagues, people often _______ notice a gorilla walking into a scene when they are not looking for it. This phenomenon is called _______.
FAIL TO, INATTENTIONAL BLINDNESS
two stages of feature processing
preattentive stage
focused attention stage
preattentive stage
independent features
lines, curves, angles, colors, motion
focused attention stage
combining of features
inattentional blindness
a stimulus that is not attended is not perceived
change blindness
difficulty in detecting changes in scenes
hue
associated with color names
saturation
inversely related to the amount of white
brightness
related to intensity of light
color comes from our __________
perceptual system
wavelengths in environment, reflected from objects
selective reflection
different objects (based on what we perceive as their color) reflect/absorb some wavelengths more than others
achromatic
reflection is flat across spectrum
how many types of cone for color vision?
3, (s m l)
why not 1 receptor only?
there would be no color
two theories of color vision
- Young-Helmholtz Trichromatic Theory
- Opponent Process Theory
deutan color deficiency
altered m cones
green missing or deficient
red-green blindness
can see blue/yellow
protan color deficiency
altered L cones
red missing or deficient
red-green blindness
can see blue/yellow
tritan color deficiency
altered s cones
problem with blue / yellow
can see red / green
monochromacy
at least two cones are non-functional
tetrachromacy
fourth cone is present
dichromatism
one photopigment is missing
luminance
light reflected off surface to eye
categories of depth cues
- Primary
- Secondary / Pictorial
- Motion-produced
accommodation
change in curvature of lens depending on distance
useful at close distances
convergence
eyes turn in when focusing on an object
vergence angle: the orientation of the eye relative to looking straight ahead
binocular disparity
the differences of the projection of equivalent points on the retina of each eye as a result of distance
stereopsis
the impression of depth arising from binocular disparity
horoptor
imaginary surface that passes through the point of fixation
secondary depth cues
perception of size and distance are related
stereoscope
device used to present two slightly displaced images to the eyes
horizon ratio
extent of object above horizon divided by the extent of an object below the horizon
relative size
two same size objects, farther one will have smaller image size
familiar size
knowledge about the size of objects will influence judgements of distance
size constancy
perception of an object’s size remains constant even when distance (and retinal image size) changes
perceived size = retinal size x perceived distance
S = RxD
when does good convergence / accommodation appear in infants?
3 months old
when does good stereopsis appear in infants?
4-5 months old
how do we test stereopsis in infants?
random-dot stereograms
visual cliff
infants placed on a center board between two plexiglass surfaces
occlusion
refers to how we perceive hidden objects
viewpoint invariance
the ability to recognize that an object is still that object even when shown at different angles
gestalt psychology
the importance of studying both the parts and the relationship between the parts
transposable parts
even if the actual parts change, if relationships remain the same, we perceive the same whole
like the birthday song
dishabituation
infant senses difference in objects
continued habituation
infant cannot tell difference between new object and old
regularities
what is most likely to occur in the world
where does ventral stream end?
temporal lobe
ventral stream is responsible for ______
object identification, recognition, and facial recognition
ventral»_space;> ____ pathway
what
dorsal stream is responsible for ______
object location and guidance of action
damage to the dorsal stream / parietal lobe causes
optic ataxia
______ psychology perceive _____ from _____ and ______
Gestalt, wholes, parts, relations
the olympic symbol is an example of the Gestalt principle of _____
pragnaz
according to traisman, the ____ stage is the “glue” that combines all the incoming information about an object
focused attention
