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Human Physiology > Quiz 3 > Flashcards

Quiz 3 Flashcards

chap 18, 4, and 5

1
Q

Cancer

A

DIsease of cell cycle (uncontrollable)

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2
Q

Causes of cancer

A

Carcinogens, life style makes up 90%, drinking and smoking

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3
Q

Death in cancer

A

50-70% are caused by human behavior, 30% from smoking

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4
Q

Carcinogens

A

Substance radiation: 90% of cancers are related to exposure of carcinogens. Some promote genetic changes in somatic cells

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5
Q

DNA alteration

leads to

A

effects of gene expression and affects cell division

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6
Q

DNA mutations

A

Frequently occur during DNA replication, can either have a neutral effect (does nothing), a beneficial (evolution), or harmful (cell division)

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7
Q

DNA mechanisms of repair

A

DNA repair Enzyme, are natural killer cells and virus infected cell

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8
Q

Why Cancer develops

A

Mutated or damaged genes, proto-oncogenes, oncogenes, tumor suppressor genes

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9
Q

Oncogenes

A

Mutated or damages proto-oncogenes

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9
Q

Proto-oncogenes

A

Normal regulatory genes

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10
Q

Tumor Surpressor genes

A

Regulatory genes repress cell growth, division, differentiation, adhesion that may be turned off or damaged in cancers

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11
Q

Cancer: Stage 0

A

in situ tumor. Cells in the tumor are abnormal, but they are only found in the tumor

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12
Q

Cancer: stage I-III

A

Defined for each type of cancer, based on size, degree of spread, lympth node involvment

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12
Q

Cancer: stage IV

A

Cancer has metastazized to distant sites and organs

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13
Q
A
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14
Q

Cancer Development

cancer happens when..

A
  1. cells must divide uncontrollably, 2. cell must undergo physical changes and break away from surrounding cells
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15
Q

Benign Tumor

A

non harmful and remain in one location, Is a single well defined mass that may be surrounded by connective tissue

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16
Q

Malignant Tumor development

A

Epithelial cell, Hyperlasia, Dysplasia, In situ Cancer

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17
Q

Cancer Tumor

A

Abnormal cell structure, may appear undifferentiated, may spread,and edge of the tumor is not clearly defined

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18
Q

Hyperlasia

A

Cells devide more rapidly than normal

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19
Q

Dysplasia

A

Cells change form

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20
Q

Lung cancer

A

nearly 90% caused by smoking, no simple screening test, early symptoms are nonspecific, treatment is surgery, chemo, and radiation

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21
Q

Colon and Rectal cancers

A

Tests can detect them early, blood in stool and rectal bleeding are symptoms, life style and genetics are risk factor, treatment is polyp removal and tumor removal

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22
Q

Breast Cancer

A

Early detection is crucial for survival, risk factors are genetics and age

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23
Q

Pancreatic cancer

A

No obvious early signs, 2nd highest death rate
risk factors: smoking and genetics

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24
Q

Prostate cancer

A

Most common after age of 50, can be diagnosed by digital rectal exam, treatment is surgery and radiation therapy

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24
Q

Leukemia

A

cancer of immature white blood cells in bone marrow
risk factors: down syndrome and exposure to ionizing radiation
Treatment: chemotherapy is most effective

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25
Q

Lymphoma

A

Cancers of lymphoid tissue,, risk factors is altered immune function, treatment radiation and chemo

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26
Q

Esphogal Cancer

A

92 deaths for every 100 cases, rarely diagnosed at early stage,treatment is esophagectomy or placement of a sent (small tube)

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27
Q

Conventional Cancer treatments

A

Surgery, radiation:damages DNA and interrupts cell division, and chemotherapy: usage of drugs that disrupt cell division

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28
Q

Advanced diagnoses

A

Tumor Imaging: mRI, x-rays
Genetic testing: Identify mutated genes
Enzyme tests: screening large numbers of people

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28
Q

Immunotherapy

A

protects the immune response

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29
Q

The Immune systems role

A

Natural killer cells detect and destroy cancers
disease that suppresses the Immune systems makes an individual more suseptible to cancer

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29
Q

Starving Cancers

A

Inhibits angiogenesis (youth of new blood vessels)

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30
Q

Molecular treatment

A

Triggers immune system/creates molecules that target oncogenes

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30
Q

Ways to prevent cancer

A

Know your family history, regular medical screenings, self-examination techniques, avoid direct sunlight 10am-4pm, watch diet&weight, don’t smoke, drink only in moderation, exercise regularly

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31
Q

4 primary tissues

A

Epithelial, Connective tissues, muscle, nervous

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31
Q

Epithelial tissues

A

Cover body cavities and surfaces, protects underlying tissues, reduction of friction, transportation + absorbtion of materials, secretion of waste

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32
Q

Tissues

A

Group (2+) of cells with a common function (specialize in structure) and have similar organelles

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33
Q

Glandar Epithelia

A

A tissue who’s main job is secretion, Epithelia cells adopted to make up glands

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33
Q

Exocrine glands

A

Secretion into hallow organs and/or ducts to exterior of body (ex:Salivating)

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34
Q

Endocrine Glands

A

Secretion into blood to carry chemical messages throughout body (ex:thyroids)

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35
Q

Epithelial Tissues: Shape

A
  • Squamous: Flattened cells, Body surface (skin)
  • Cubodial: Cube shaped, urinary system, glandular tissue
  • Columnar: Column shaped, digestive and reproductive tracts
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35
Q

Simple/Single Layer

A

Shape doesnt simply determine function, we can guess based of numbers of layers: SImple/single layered adapted for diffusion across cell barriers

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35
Q

Stratified / Multiple layers

A

protection, skin surfaces

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36
Q

Basement membrane

A

Structural support,attatches epithelial layer to underlying tissues

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37
Q

Tight Junctions

A

Nothing passes (ex: digestive tract) unless it has the specific proton channel. prevents things that don’t have proteins from getting into our blood

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37
Q

Junctions

A

hold epithelial cells together

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38
Q

Adhesion Junctions

A

=Spot desmosomes, some movement between cells (ex:skin, being able to feel pinching of cheeks)

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39
Q

Gap Junctions

A

protein channels that allow movement of ions and water (ex:liver)

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40
Q

Connective tissue

A

Bones / Skeletal system, support softer organs, connects body parts, stores fat and produced blood cells

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41
Q

Junctions

A

Hold epithelial cells together

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42
Q

Connective tissue characteristics

A

few living cells, most of the structure made of matrix, no cell-cell junction

43
Q

Matrix

A

Nonliving extracellular material, provides strength to connective tissue (not the few living cells)

44
Q

Adipose Tissue

A

Stores energy in the form of fat (glucose turns into energy + heat)

45
Q

Muscle tissue

A

shortens and contracts for movement, composed of cells specialized to contract or shorten

46
Q

Muscle fibers

A

tightly packed cells that are in muscle tissue,they are long, thin and parellel to each other

47
Q

3 types of muscle tissue

A

Smooth, Skeletal, cardiac

48
Q

Actin and Myosin

A

Contracted cells that can be found in muscles

49
Q

Skeletal muscles

A

moves body parts, connected to tendons attatched to bone, voluntary muscles

50
Q

Cardiac muscles

A

Shorter than skeletal muscle fiber, involunatry muscles

51
Q

Cardiac muscle components

A

One nucleus, parallel to each other, gap Junctions for contraction at ends of adjoining cells

52
Q

Smooth muscles (overview)

A

Around organs, thin, tapered, surrounds hollow structures, single cell nucleus, gap junctions

53
Q

Nervous tissue

A

Transmits impulses, located in brain, spinal cord, and nerves

53
Q

Nervous tissue cells

A

Neurons, which gnerate and transmit electrical impulses, and Glial cells, which provide protection and support to neurons

54
Q

Nervous tissue structure

A

Cell body, dendrites, axon

54
Q

Microglia

A

picks up debris and supports cells to neurons

55
Q

Organs

A

structure composed of 2 or more tissue types joined together to perform specific functions

56
Q

Organ systems

A

Groups of organs that perform common functions

57
Q

components of

Digestive system

A

Mouth, throat, stomach,intestines, liver

57
Q

Lymphatic system

A

Lymph nodes, tonsils, spleen

57
Q

Integumentary system

A

(the simplest) skin, synthesizes vitamin D, protects from injury, infection and dehydration, recieves stimuli externally

58
Q

Skeletal system (overview)

A

Protects internal organs, provides structural framework, provides blood cells and stores minerals

59
Q

Muscular system (overview)

A

Produces or resists movement, generates heat

60
Q

Nervous system (overview)

A

Detects internal and external stimuli, controls and coordinates rapid responses to stimuli, interrogates the activities of other organ systems

61
Q

Endocrine system

A

Produceses body regulating horomones, helps the nervous system with interrogative functions

62
Q

Digestive system (overview)

A

Provides the body with water and nutrients, (the liver) synthesises proteins and lipids, and inactivates many chemicals

62
Q

Circulatory system

A

Transport materials to and from cells, maintanence of body temp, participated in mechanisms of defense against injury

63
Q

Lymphatic systems

A

Homeostasis, part of immune system, returns excess tissue fluid to circulatory system, participates in mechanisms of defense against disease and injury

63
Q

Respiratory systems

A

Exchanges gases (oxygen and carbon dioxide) between air and blood, production of sound (voice)

64
Q

Reproductive system (female)

A

produces eggs, nurtures the fertalized egg, developing e,bryo and fetus until birth

64
Q

Reproductive systems (Male)

A

produces sperm, participates in delivery of sperm

64
Q

Urinary system

A

controls contents of blood, maintains the volume and composition of body fluids, excretes some waste products

64
Q

Tissue Membrane

A

Line body cavities, consists of a layer of epithelial tissue and a layer of connective tissues lining in each body cavity

65
Q

Serious membranes

A

1/4 major types of tissue membranes, reduces friction between organs

65
Q

Mucous membrane

A

2/4 of main tissue membranes, lubricates surface,captures debris (mucus and hair)

65
Q

Synovial membrane

A

3/4 main tissue membrane, line spaces in movable joints, friction

65
Q

Cutaneous membrane

A

4/4 main tissue membrane, skin

65
Q

Smooth muscle

A

Triggers hair standing, attatched to hair follicle and raises hair to upright positio

65
Q

Skin structure

A

2 major layers: Epidermis, below skin, and Dermis. + Hypodermis, not part of skin, cusioning and insulation

66
Q

Epidermis structure

A

outer layer, stratified squamous epithelial cells, no blood vessels, specialized keratinocytes (keratine) and Melanocytes (melanin)

67
Q

layers of epidermis

A
  1. Dead cells of epidermis (that get replaced)
  2. Living cells of epidermis
    -Keratinocytes, water proof protein
    - creates and contains Melanocytes
  3. Dermis with blood vessel
68
Q

Dermis cells

A

Abundant in fibroblasts, white blood cells, Fat cells (adipocytes)

68
Q

Dermis

A

deepest layer, dense connective tissue, lies underneath epidermis, supports tissues, provides collagen,

69
Q

Dermis accessory structures

A

smooth muscles, oil glands/sebaceous glands, sweat glands, blood vessels, sensory nerve endings

70
Q

Oil glands/sebaceous glands

A

Secretion moistents and softens skin

71
Q

Sensory nerve endings

A

for heat, cold, touch, deep pressure, vibration

72
Q

Homeostasis

A

Characteristics of life, the ability or tendency of an organism or cell to maintain internal equilibrium by adjusting its physiological process

73
Q

Negative feed back

A

homeostasis mechanism: maintains homeostasis, deviations from normal detected and counteracted. Controllable variable - sensor - control center effector

74
Q

Positive feedback

A

Homeostasis mechanism: amplifies original change, rarely found in organisms (ex: child delivery)

75
Q

Skeletal system: composition and functions

A

made of bones, ligaments(connects bone to bone), cartilage. Supports, protects and for movement

76
Q

Bones

A

Hard elements of the skeleton, mainly composed of calcium minerals, contains nerve, blood vessels, and living cells

77
Q

Osteoblasts

A

Young bone cells

78
Q

Osteocytes

A

Mature bone cells

79
Q

Osteoclasts

A

Reabsorbs bones, gently breaks down pieces of bone (increases calcium and helps cleanly heal fractures)

80
Q

5 important functions of bones

A

Support, movement (interact with muscles), formation of blood cells (site of blood production), Protection, mineral storage

81
Q

Cartilage

A

supports, theres: Fibrocartilage (interverbal disks, structures in the knee joints), Hyaline(where bone starts), Elastic cartilage (outer ear)

82
Q

Ligaments

A

(ex: knee) dense fiberous connective tissue, attatches bone to bone

83
Q

Bone formation

A

Begins with fetal development between 2-9 months and continues through childhood

84
Q

Ossification (feetus >3 months)

A

Cartilage model forms, chondroblasts (shape of the bone)

85
Q

Ossification (2-3 month fetus)

A

Blood vessel, compact bone develops, starting at primary ossification, osteoblasts (matrix)

86
Q

Ossification (childhood)

A

Cavity,spongy bone develops, 2nd ossification site (osteocytes)

87
Q

Chondroblasts

A

cartilage forming cells (hyaline) that build a model of the future bone

88
Q

Bone development process

A

Controlled by growth horomones in adolescents or sex horomones during puberty that stimulate growth plate

89
Q

mature bone repair process

A

Hematoma, then fibroblasts, chondroblasts, esteoclasts, osteoblasts, osteoid matrix to bones

89
Q

Mature bone remodling

A

Changes in shape size, strength, regulates by horomones Parathyroid (PTH) which removes calcium and Calcitonin which adds calcium

90
Q

bones: types and amount

A

Long, short, flat, and irregular,there are a total of 206 bones in the human skeleton

91
Q

Axial skeleton: The skull

A

flat bones, sinuses/air spaces (lighter skull), lined with tissue that secretes mucus

92
Q

Axial skeleton: Vertebral column

A

Main axis of body,supports head, protects spinal cord, consists of 33 irregular bones (vertebrate)

93
Q

5 regions of vertebral column

A

Cervical vertebrate, thoracicverterbrate, sacrum, coccyx + Intervertebral disks : cushion, assist in movement, flexibility

94
Q

Axial skeleton: Ribs and sternum

A

protects heart, lungs and other organs, helps in breathing.
Ribs: twelve pairs in humans, bottom 2 pair floating
Sternum: Breastbone (3 bones fused)

95
Q

Appendicular skeleton

A

arms, legsmand attatchment to trunk. 30 different bones in our arm and hand

96
Q

Arm and hand bones

A

Humorous, ulna, radius, 8 carpals, 5 metacarpals, 14 phalanges/finger bones

97
Q

Leg bones

A

Femur/thighbone, tibiaa, fibula, 7 tarsal bones,5 metararsals, 14 phalanges/toe bones

98
Q

Fiberous joints

A

Immoveable

99
Q

Synovial joint

A

Freely moveable

99
Q

Cartilagenous joint

A

Slightly moveable, cartilage connection

99
Q

Tendinitis

A

Inflammation of tendons following an injury

99
Q

Rheumatoid arthritis

A

autoimmune disease that causes joint inflammation

99
Q

Osteoarthritis

A

Degenerative condition affective 20 mil Americans 45+. cartilage covering bone wears out

100
Q

Osteoporosis

A

Disease condition where bones lose mass and become porous due to imbalance of osteoclasrs and osteoblasts

Human Physiology (3 decks)

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