Quiz 3 Flashcards
chap 18, 4, and 5
Cancer
DIsease of cell cycle (uncontrollable)
Causes of cancer
Carcinogens, life style makes up 90%, drinking and smoking
Death in cancer
50-70% are caused by human behavior, 30% from smoking
Carcinogens
Substance radiation: 90% of cancers are related to exposure of carcinogens. Some promote genetic changes in somatic cells
DNA alteration
leads to
effects of gene expression and affects cell division
DNA mutations
Frequently occur during DNA replication, can either have a neutral effect (does nothing), a beneficial (evolution), or harmful (cell division)
DNA mechanisms of repair
DNA repair Enzyme, are natural killer cells and virus infected cell
Why Cancer develops
Mutated or damaged genes, proto-oncogenes, oncogenes, tumor suppressor genes
Oncogenes
Mutated or damages proto-oncogenes
Proto-oncogenes
Normal regulatory genes
Tumor Surpressor genes
Regulatory genes repress cell growth, division, differentiation, adhesion that may be turned off or damaged in cancers
Cancer: Stage 0
in situ tumor. Cells in the tumor are abnormal, but they are only found in the tumor
Cancer: stage I-III
Defined for each type of cancer, based on size, degree of spread, lympth node involvment
Cancer: stage IV
Cancer has metastazized to distant sites and organs
Cancer Development
cancer happens when..
- cells must divide uncontrollably, 2. cell must undergo physical changes and break away from surrounding cells
Benign Tumor
non harmful and remain in one location, Is a single well defined mass that may be surrounded by connective tissue
Malignant Tumor development
Epithelial cell, Hyperlasia, Dysplasia, In situ Cancer
Cancer Tumor
Abnormal cell structure, may appear undifferentiated, may spread,and edge of the tumor is not clearly defined
Hyperlasia
Cells devide more rapidly than normal
Dysplasia
Cells change form
Lung cancer
nearly 90% caused by smoking, no simple screening test, early symptoms are nonspecific, treatment is surgery, chemo, and radiation
Colon and Rectal cancers
Tests can detect them early, blood in stool and rectal bleeding are symptoms, life style and genetics are risk factor, treatment is polyp removal and tumor removal
Breast Cancer
Early detection is crucial for survival, risk factors are genetics and age
Pancreatic cancer
No obvious early signs, 2nd highest death rate
risk factors: smoking and genetics
Prostate cancer
Most common after age of 50, can be diagnosed by digital rectal exam, treatment is surgery and radiation therapy
Leukemia
cancer of immature white blood cells in bone marrow
risk factors: down syndrome and exposure to ionizing radiation
Treatment: chemotherapy is most effective
Lymphoma
Cancers of lymphoid tissue,, risk factors is altered immune function, treatment radiation and chemo
Esphogal Cancer
92 deaths for every 100 cases, rarely diagnosed at early stage,treatment is esophagectomy or placement of a sent (small tube)
Conventional Cancer treatments
Surgery, radiation:damages DNA and interrupts cell division, and chemotherapy: usage of drugs that disrupt cell division
Advanced diagnoses
Tumor Imaging: mRI, x-rays
Genetic testing: Identify mutated genes
Enzyme tests: screening large numbers of people
Immunotherapy
protects the immune response
The Immune systems role
Natural killer cells detect and destroy cancers
disease that suppresses the Immune systems makes an individual more suseptible to cancer
Starving Cancers
Inhibits angiogenesis (youth of new blood vessels)
Molecular treatment
Triggers immune system/creates molecules that target oncogenes
Ways to prevent cancer
Know your family history, regular medical screenings, self-examination techniques, avoid direct sunlight 10am-4pm, watch diet&weight, don’t smoke, drink only in moderation, exercise regularly
4 primary tissues
Epithelial, Connective tissues, muscle, nervous
Epithelial tissues
Cover body cavities and surfaces, protects underlying tissues, reduction of friction, transportation + absorbtion of materials, secretion of waste
Tissues
Group (2+) of cells with a common function (specialize in structure) and have similar organelles
Glandar Epithelia
A tissue who’s main job is secretion, Epithelia cells adopted to make up glands
Exocrine glands
Secretion into hallow organs and/or ducts to exterior of body (ex:Salivating)
Endocrine Glands
Secretion into blood to carry chemical messages throughout body (ex:thyroids)
Epithelial Tissues: Shape
- Squamous: Flattened cells, Body surface (skin)
- Cubodial: Cube shaped, urinary system, glandular tissue
- Columnar: Column shaped, digestive and reproductive tracts
Simple/Single Layer
Shape doesnt simply determine function, we can guess based of numbers of layers: SImple/single layered adapted for diffusion across cell barriers
Stratified / Multiple layers
protection, skin surfaces
Basement membrane
Structural support,attatches epithelial layer to underlying tissues
Tight Junctions
Nothing passes (ex: digestive tract) unless it has the specific proton channel. prevents things that don’t have proteins from getting into our blood
Junctions
hold epithelial cells together
Adhesion Junctions
=Spot desmosomes, some movement between cells (ex:skin, being able to feel pinching of cheeks)
Gap Junctions
protein channels that allow movement of ions and water (ex:liver)
Connective tissue
Bones / Skeletal system, support softer organs, connects body parts, stores fat and produced blood cells
Junctions
Hold epithelial cells together
Connective tissue characteristics
few living cells, most of the structure made of matrix, no cell-cell junction
Matrix
Nonliving extracellular material, provides strength to connective tissue (not the few living cells)
Adipose Tissue
Stores energy in the form of fat (glucose turns into energy + heat)
Muscle tissue
shortens and contracts for movement, composed of cells specialized to contract or shorten
Muscle fibers
tightly packed cells that are in muscle tissue,they are long, thin and parellel to each other
3 types of muscle tissue
Smooth, Skeletal, cardiac
Actin and Myosin
Contracted cells that can be found in muscles
Skeletal muscles
moves body parts, connected to tendons attatched to bone, voluntary muscles
Cardiac muscles
Shorter than skeletal muscle fiber, involunatry muscles
Cardiac muscle components
One nucleus, parallel to each other, gap Junctions for contraction at ends of adjoining cells
Smooth muscles (overview)
Around organs, thin, tapered, surrounds hollow structures, single cell nucleus, gap junctions
Nervous tissue
Transmits impulses, located in brain, spinal cord, and nerves
Nervous tissue cells
Neurons, which gnerate and transmit electrical impulses, and Glial cells, which provide protection and support to neurons
Nervous tissue structure
Cell body, dendrites, axon
Microglia
picks up debris and supports cells to neurons
Organs
structure composed of 2 or more tissue types joined together to perform specific functions
Organ systems
Groups of organs that perform common functions
components of
Digestive system
Mouth, throat, stomach,intestines, liver
Lymphatic system
Lymph nodes, tonsils, spleen
Integumentary system
(the simplest) skin, synthesizes vitamin D, protects from injury, infection and dehydration, recieves stimuli externally
Skeletal system (overview)
Protects internal organs, provides structural framework, provides blood cells and stores minerals
Muscular system (overview)
Produces or resists movement, generates heat
Nervous system (overview)
Detects internal and external stimuli, controls and coordinates rapid responses to stimuli, interrogates the activities of other organ systems
Endocrine system
Produceses body regulating horomones, helps the nervous system with interrogative functions
Digestive system (overview)
Provides the body with water and nutrients, (the liver) synthesises proteins and lipids, and inactivates many chemicals
Circulatory system
Transport materials to and from cells, maintanence of body temp, participated in mechanisms of defense against injury
Lymphatic systems
Homeostasis, part of immune system, returns excess tissue fluid to circulatory system, participates in mechanisms of defense against disease and injury
Respiratory systems
Exchanges gases (oxygen and carbon dioxide) between air and blood, production of sound (voice)
Reproductive system (female)
produces eggs, nurtures the fertalized egg, developing e,bryo and fetus until birth
Reproductive systems (Male)
produces sperm, participates in delivery of sperm
Urinary system
controls contents of blood, maintains the volume and composition of body fluids, excretes some waste products
Tissue Membrane
Line body cavities, consists of a layer of epithelial tissue and a layer of connective tissues lining in each body cavity
Serious membranes
1/4 major types of tissue membranes, reduces friction between organs
Mucous membrane
2/4 of main tissue membranes, lubricates surface,captures debris (mucus and hair)
Synovial membrane
3/4 main tissue membrane, line spaces in movable joints, friction
Cutaneous membrane
4/4 main tissue membrane, skin
Smooth muscle
Triggers hair standing, attatched to hair follicle and raises hair to upright positio
Skin structure
2 major layers: Epidermis, below skin, and Dermis. + Hypodermis, not part of skin, cusioning and insulation
Epidermis structure
outer layer, stratified squamous epithelial cells, no blood vessels, specialized keratinocytes (keratine) and Melanocytes (melanin)
layers of epidermis
- Dead cells of epidermis (that get replaced)
- Living cells of epidermis
-Keratinocytes, water proof protein
- creates and contains Melanocytes - Dermis with blood vessel
Dermis cells
Abundant in fibroblasts, white blood cells, Fat cells (adipocytes)
Dermis
deepest layer, dense connective tissue, lies underneath epidermis, supports tissues, provides collagen,
Dermis accessory structures
smooth muscles, oil glands/sebaceous glands, sweat glands, blood vessels, sensory nerve endings
Oil glands/sebaceous glands
Secretion moistents and softens skin
Sensory nerve endings
for heat, cold, touch, deep pressure, vibration
Homeostasis
Characteristics of life, the ability or tendency of an organism or cell to maintain internal equilibrium by adjusting its physiological process
Negative feed back
homeostasis mechanism: maintains homeostasis, deviations from normal detected and counteracted. Controllable variable - sensor - control center effector
Positive feedback
Homeostasis mechanism: amplifies original change, rarely found in organisms (ex: child delivery)
Skeletal system: composition and functions
made of bones, ligaments(connects bone to bone), cartilage. Supports, protects and for movement
Bones
Hard elements of the skeleton, mainly composed of calcium minerals, contains nerve, blood vessels, and living cells
Osteoblasts
Young bone cells
Osteocytes
Mature bone cells
Osteoclasts
Reabsorbs bones, gently breaks down pieces of bone (increases calcium and helps cleanly heal fractures)
5 important functions of bones
Support, movement (interact with muscles), formation of blood cells (site of blood production), Protection, mineral storage
Cartilage
supports, theres: Fibrocartilage (interverbal disks, structures in the knee joints), Hyaline(where bone starts), Elastic cartilage (outer ear)
Ligaments
(ex: knee) dense fiberous connective tissue, attatches bone to bone
Bone formation
Begins with fetal development between 2-9 months and continues through childhood
Ossification (feetus >3 months)
Cartilage model forms, chondroblasts (shape of the bone)
Ossification (2-3 month fetus)
Blood vessel, compact bone develops, starting at primary ossification, osteoblasts (matrix)
Ossification (childhood)
Cavity,spongy bone develops, 2nd ossification site (osteocytes)
Chondroblasts
cartilage forming cells (hyaline) that build a model of the future bone
Bone development process
Controlled by growth horomones in adolescents or sex horomones during puberty that stimulate growth plate
mature bone repair process
Hematoma, then fibroblasts, chondroblasts, esteoclasts, osteoblasts, osteoid matrix to bones
Mature bone remodling
Changes in shape size, strength, regulates by horomones Parathyroid (PTH) which removes calcium and Calcitonin which adds calcium
bones: types and amount
Long, short, flat, and irregular,there are a total of 206 bones in the human skeleton
Axial skeleton: The skull
flat bones, sinuses/air spaces (lighter skull), lined with tissue that secretes mucus
Axial skeleton: Vertebral column
Main axis of body,supports head, protects spinal cord, consists of 33 irregular bones (vertebrate)
5 regions of vertebral column
Cervical vertebrate, thoracicverterbrate, sacrum, coccyx + Intervertebral disks : cushion, assist in movement, flexibility
Axial skeleton: Ribs and sternum
protects heart, lungs and other organs, helps in breathing.
Ribs: twelve pairs in humans, bottom 2 pair floating
Sternum: Breastbone (3 bones fused)
Appendicular skeleton
arms, legsmand attatchment to trunk. 30 different bones in our arm and hand
Arm and hand bones
Humorous, ulna, radius, 8 carpals, 5 metacarpals, 14 phalanges/finger bones
Leg bones
Femur/thighbone, tibiaa, fibula, 7 tarsal bones,5 metararsals, 14 phalanges/toe bones
Fiberous joints
Immoveable
Synovial joint
Freely moveable
Cartilagenous joint
Slightly moveable, cartilage connection
Tendinitis
Inflammation of tendons following an injury
Rheumatoid arthritis
autoimmune disease that causes joint inflammation
Osteoarthritis
Degenerative condition affective 20 mil Americans 45+. cartilage covering bone wears out
Osteoporosis
Disease condition where bones lose mass and become porous due to imbalance of osteoclasrs and osteoblasts
