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Human Physiology > Midterm 1,2,3, &17 > Flashcards

Midterm 1,2,3, &17 Flashcards

1
Q

Cells

A

living things that create energy

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2
Q

Levels of biological organization

A

Atom + Molecule, Cell, Tissue, organ, organ systems

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3
Q

two types of cells

A

Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic which contain DNA and plasma membrane

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4
Q

Prokaryotic

A

simple, no organelles

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5
Q

Eukaryotic

A

complex, has organelle and nucleus

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6
Q

Element

A

a substance that cannot be broken down to other substances

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7
Q

Essential Elements

A

Carbon (c), Oxygen (o), Hydrogen (h), Nitrogen (n) which makes up 96% of 22.2% essential natural elements

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8
Q

Remaining 4% of essential natural elements

A

Phosphorus (p), Sulfur (s), Calcium (ca), Potassium (k)

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9
Q

Trace elements

A

Required in minute qualities, Iron (fe) - Carries oxygen
Iodine (I) Thyroid gland essential ingredient to make hormones

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10
Q

Metabolism

A

Energy is utilized in chemical reactions called metabolism

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11
Q

Homeostasis

A

regulate cells to maintain stable internal conditions

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12
Q

Nucleus

A

contains dna

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13
Q

Subatomic particles

A

parts composing an atom

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14
Q

Element defiency

A

could lead to disease in both plants and animals

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15
Q

3 main subatomic particles

A

Neutrons, Protons, and Electrons

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16
Q

Electric charges

A

Only protons and electrons are electrically charged

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17
Q

Protons

A

One unit of positive charge

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18
Q

Electron

A

One unit of negative charge

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19
Q

Atomic number

A

Number of protons in an element, written as the subscript to the left of an element

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20
Q

Atomic mass

A

Mass of protons + mass of neutrons

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21
Q

One dalton

A

One mass - mass number

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22
Q

Isotopes

A

different atomic forms of an element, has the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons

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23
Q

Radioactive Isotopes applied

A

tracers of metabolism, monitor cellular function and processes such as cell division and mitosis

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24
Q

Chemical bonds

A

Atom attractions that combine to form and hold together molecules and ionic compounds

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25
Q

Covalent bond

A

the sharing of electrons by two atoms, strongest bond in nature

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26
Q

Weak chemical bonds

A

Most important macromolecules are held in their functional forms by weak bonds

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27
Q

Weak bonds are

A

Ionic and Hydrogen bonds

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28
Q

Ionic bonds

A

charged molecules are ions, occurs between oppositely charged ions

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29
Q

Hydrogen bonds

A

Formed when a hydrogen atom covalently bonded to one electronegative atom is attracted to another one of its kind

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30
Q

Electronegative atom

A

oxygen and nitrogen

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31
Q

Water

A

Polar molecule held together by hydrogen

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32
Q

Acid

A

Substance that donates hydrogen while dissolving in water

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33
Q

Base

A

substance that reduces the concentation of hydrogen directly or indirectly in a solution. accept hydrogen ions

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34
Q

what do these do?

Acids

A

proton donors

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35
Q

Buffer solution

A

solution with minimal changes of H+ and OH- concentrates, minimizes ph changes

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36
Q

Macromolecules

A

DNA and Carbohydrates

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37
Q

The four large molecules in cells

A

Carbohydrates, Lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids

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38
Q

Types of carbohydrates

A

Monosaccharides, oligosaccharides, polysaccharides

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39
Q

Carbohydrates

participate in..

A

energy storage and provide structural support

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40
Q

Monosaccharides

A

main fuel that cells use for cellular work

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41
Q

Disaccharides

A

double sugar, constructed from two monosaccharides and are joined through a dehydration reaction

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42
Q

Types of disaccharides

A

Lactose and Sucrose

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43
Q

what are

Polysaccharides

A

Complex carbohydrates and long chains of sugar

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44
Q

Cellulose

A

Structural support, most abundant organic compound on earth. Dietary fiber.

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45
Q

Glycogen

A

Stores energy

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46
Q

Lipids

A

insoluble in water

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47
Q

Triglycerides

A

energy storing molecules

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48
Q

Phosolipids

A

Cell membranes, structural components of cells, one side is soluble and the other is insoluble in water

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49
Q

Steroids

A

Carbon based ring structures

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50
Q

Cholesterol

A

Used in making estrogen and testosterone, base steroids

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51
Q

LDL

A

bad cholesterol, can lead to heart disease

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52
Q

HDL

A

good cholesterol recycled by liver

53
Q

Amino acids

consist of

A

central carbon atom bonded to four covalent partners

54
Q

Secondary amino structure

A

Alpha, helix, and beta sheet

55
Q

Tertiary sequence

A

describes 3 dimensional shape created by disulfide and hydrogen bonds. creates polar and nonplar areas in molecules

56
Q

Quartinay sequence

A

describes proteins in which two or more tietary protein chains are associted

57
Q

Enzymatic catalysis

A

boosts chemical reaction

58
Q

Himoglobins

A

transport 02 in red blood cells

59
Q

Myoglobin

A

transports 02 in muscles

60
Q

Ferritin

A

Iron stored in liver

61
Q

Enzyme Function

A

dependent on the temperature of reaction medium, ph levels, ion concentration and precence of inhibitors

62
Q

Nucleic acid functions

A

Store genetic information, provides info used in making proteins

63
Q

Nucleic acid structure

A

nucleotides consist of a phosphate group, a sugar, and a nitrogenous base

64
Q

DNA

A

Double helix : 2 associated strands of nucleic acid : Contains Deoxyribose

65
Q

DNA nitrogenous bases

A

Adenine - Thymine, Cytosine - Guanine

66
Q

RNA

A

SIngle stranded nucleic acid : passes along genetic messages : contains ribose

67
Q

RNA nitrogenous bases

A

Adenine - Uracil, Cytosine - Guanine

68
Q

Polypeptide

A

long chain of amino acids that makes proteins

69
Q

polynucleotide

A

A polymer made up of many nucleotides covalently bonded together

70
Q

Plasma membrane is made up of

A

phosolipids, cholesterol, protein and carbohydrates

71
Q

Nucleotides

A

Basic units of DNA molecule, composed of a sugar, a phosphate, and one of 4 DNA bases

72
Q

Prokaryotic DNA

A

one single chromosome to attached cell membrane

73
Q

Phosolipids

A

found in all cell membranes. have polar and nonpolar tail

74
Q

plasma membrane

A

A phospholipid bilayer forming the boundary of the cells

75
Q

Protein in membranes

A

Assist other molecules to move in and out of the membrane

76
Q

Membrane transport

A

the movement of ions or molecules across the cell membrane

77
Q

Passive transport (diffusion)

A

a process that requires no energy to move molecules down their concentration gradient (from high to low concentation)

78
Q

Active transport

A

An energy-requiring process that moves material across the cell membrane against a concentration difference. (Facilitated transport)

79
Q

Osmosis and Diffusion

A

two types of transport, moves water through semipermable membrane

80
Q

Endocytosis

A

process in which cell takes material into the cell via infolding of the cell membrane

81
Q

Exocytosis

A

process in which cells release large amounts of material

82
Q

Tonicity

A

the ability of a solution to cause a cell to gain or lose water

83
Q

Isotonic

A

when the concentration of two solutions is the same

84
Q

hypotonic

A

having a lower concentration of solute than other solution, cell will swell and burst water

85
Q

hypertonic

A

having a higher concentration of solute than other solution, cell can break (lysis)

86
Q

Plastids (chloroplast)

A

Used for storage and making food (photosynthesis)
Only in plant cells and contains the color pigment

87
Q

Passive transport happens as

A

DIffusion through lipid layer and through protein channels

88
Q

Amyloplast

A

unpigmented plastids that store startch grains. abundent in cells of stems

89
Q

Nucleus function

A

the command center of the cell that contains genetic material and chromosomes

90
Q

Nucleus structure

A

Bonded by double membrane and contains DNA

91
Q

Ribosomes

A

used in protein assembly, free and membrane bound

92
Q

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

A

the region of ER that is studded with ribosomes and engages in protein modification

93
Q

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

The region of ER that doesn’t have ribosomes attached to it, involved in synthesis and secretion of lipids

94
Q

Golgi appartus

A

a system of membranes that modifies and packages proteins for export by the cell

95
Q

Vesicles

A

small membrane sacs that specialize in moving products into, out of, and within the cell

96
Q

Lysomes

A

contains digestive enzymes, removes foreign material and waste from the cell

97
Q

Enzymes

A

break down macromolecules

98
Q

Mitochondria

A

organelle that is the site of ATP (energy) production, site of cellular respiration, has its own DNA, and contains ribosomes

99
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

a network of fibers that hold the cell together, helps cells keep their shape, and aids in movement

100
Q

Cilia and Flagella

A

used in cell structures for support and movement. Cilia moves back and forth, Flagella moves in a whip-like motion

101
Q

Mitosis

A

part of eukaryotic cell division during which the cell nucleus divides and DNA distributes

102
Q

Sequence of Mitosis

A

prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase + cytokinesis

103
Q

Mitosis passing on genes

A

before parent cell divides and duplicates its DNA (chromosomes), resulting in daughter cells that are genetically identical

104
Q

Karyotope

A

orderly arrangement of chromosomes

105
Q

Homologous chromosomes

A

matching pairs of chromosomes

106
Q

Diploid organisms

A

Humans are diploid organisms, with 23 pairs of chromosomes in each cell, or 46 chromosomes in total.

107
Q

Haploid organisms

A

our gamates (germ line cells) are haploid, only has one set of chromosomes

108
Q

Prophase in mitosis

A

Chromatin fibers condense

109
Q

Metaphase in mitosis

A

Chromosomes align on the metaphase plate

110
Q

Anaphase

A

separation of sister chromatids, movement of chromosomes towards opposite ends

111
Q

Telophase + Cytokinesis

A

formation of two daughter nuclei in the cell, end of mitosis and beginning of division of cytoplasm

112
Q

Meiosis

A

haploid daughter cells being produced in diploid organisms, main goal is 2 cell divisions and ends in 4

113
Q

Crossing over

A

homologous chromosomes exchange genetic info. Occurs in meiosis (prophase I) but not in
normal mitosis

114
Q

Interphase

A

What follows after Miosis 1 and Miosis 2, chromosome replication of two genetically identical chromosome sisters

115
Q

Key roles of meiosis

A

Preparation to fertilization, reduction of number of chromosome sets from diploid to haploid

116
Q

Sexual reproduction depends on

A

Meiosis: diploid + haploid stages
fertalization

117
Q

Prophase 1 (miosis)

A

takes about 90% of the time that mitosis takes, chromosomes begin to condense, crossing over, breakdown of nuclear envolope

118
Q

Metaphase 1

A

Pairs of homologous
chromosomes forming tetrads
aligning on the metaphase plate. attached to microtubules from one pole

119
Q

Anaphase 1

A

Movement of chromosomes
towards opposite ends: homologous chromosomes (two sister chromatids) toward opposite pole

120
Q

Telophase + Cytokineses in miosis

A

Each half of the cell has a complete haploid set of chromosomes, still composed of two sister chromatids. occur
simultaneaously

121
Q

Prophase 2

A

Formation of spindle apparatus. Beginning of chromosome
movement toward the metaphase II plate

122
Q

Metaphase 2

A

Chromosomes align on the
metaphase plate as in mitosis

123
Q

Anaphase 2

A

The centromeres of each
chromosome finally separate and sister chromatids come apart - toward opposite
poles

124
Q

Telophase 2 + Cytokinesis

A

Chromosomes begin decondensing, Cytokinesis
produces 4 daughter cells, each
with a haploid set of chromosomes and are
genetically distinct

125
Q

Mitosis vs Meiosis

A

Meiosis reduces number of chromosome sets from
diploid to haploid
Mitosis conserves the number of chromosome set

126
Q

Sex differences in meiosis

A

Males: 4 sperm produced from each meiotic division; all viable.
* Female: one egg produced fromeach meiotic division; meiosis II is not complete until fertilization.

127
Q

Cell cycle regulation

A

control mechanisms that determine whether cells will divide, remain dormant, arrest, or undergo programmed cell death

128
Q

Accidents in meiosis

A

The members of a chromosome pair fail to separate or Gametes with an incorrect number of chromosomes are
produced.

129
Q

Examples of meiosis accidents

Human Physiology (3 decks)

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