quiz 3

Question 1

define sinusitis

Answer 1

inflammation of the sinus

Question 2

define Otis media

Answer 2

infection of the middle ear and microbes travel in via Eustachian tubes to cause infection

Question 3

define pharyngitis

Answer 3

inflammation of the pharynx

Question 4

define laryngitis

Answer 4

inflammation of the larynx

Question 5

define pneumonia

Answer 5

fluid in the lungs and one of the first symptoms higher back pain

Question 6

Labar vs bronchial pneumonia

Answer 6

Labar pneumonia is lobes of lungs

bronchial pneumonia is the connective branches of the lung

Question 7

define pleurisy

Answer 7

fluid between the visceral and parietal layers

Question 8

define the mucociliary escalator

Answer 8

ciliary cells that bring up stuff from the lower respiratory tract to the mouth to expel

Question 9

Streptococcal Pharyngitis ( Bacterial) a.ka strep throat

Answer 9

Caused By Streptococcus pyrogens aka Group pyogenes
Can produce many virulence factors

Spread via inhalation of droplet nuclei
Inflammation, pus filled nodules in throat

May lead to post-Strep complications
Scarlet fever, autoimmunity
Treatment with antibiotics
( Amoxicillin/ Augmentin) is effective, but reassurance is common leaves behind capsules in bloodstream

Question 10

define diptheria

Answer 10

Caused by Corynebacterium diphtheria

Must be infected with phage to make toxin is an phage-embedded toxin

Spread via inhalation of droplet nuclei

Diphtheria Toxin (DT)= An A-B Toxin

Flu-like symptoms—- pseudomembrane in throat

Bull neck ( swelling in neck) may also result

Treatment with antibiotics/ antitoxin is effective
DTaP (TDaP) Vaccine for prevention,tetanus, pertuses,diptheria

Question 11

define otis media

Answer 11

Usually caused by Streptococcus pneumonia and is an endogenous infection

Otitis Media with Effusion
Oral or pharyngeal bacteria can enter the middle ear via the eustachian tube

Painful inflammation with pus in middle ear
Treatment with antibiotics is effective, but reasurance is common

Tubes in the eardrums may also be helpful and helps relieve the pressure and pus comes out

Question 12

define pertussis (bacterial)

Answer 12

a.k.a. “whooping cough”
– Usually caused by Bordetella pertussis
* Produces an A-B toxin that damages
respiratory cilia
– Usually spread via droplet nuclei
– Catarrhal Stage
– Paroxysmal Stage
– Treatment with antibiotics is usually effective
– DPT (DTaP) Vaccine for prevention

Question 13

define the common cold (viral)

Answer 13

a.k.a. “acute coryza”, “rhinitis”, etc.
– Caused by…
* Rhinoviruses (usually)
* Coronaviruses
* Adenoviruses
– Usually spread via fomites (or droplets)
– Inflammation in upper resp. tract
– May have excessive mucus discharge
– OTC cold remedies, “ride it out”

Question 14

define legionnaire disease

Answer 14

Caused by Legionella pneumophila
– Spreads via aerosolization
* A non-communicable pathogen!
– Begins with flu-like S&Sx
* Can lead to: severe chest/abdominal pain,
profuse sweating, confusion
– Few antibiotics are useful
– Prevention is key!

Question 15

define Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections (Viral)

Answer 15

– Caused by RSV (a paramyxovirus)
– Spread via nasal secretions & droplet nuclei
– Can cause lung cells to form syncytia
– Usually affects children under 1 year old
– Fever, other flu-like S&Sx, that may lead to
fluid accumulation in the lungs
– Ribavarin/interferon may be used to “slow”
disease
– No cure or vaccine but iVG can help mrna vaccines exist now

Question 16

define pneumonia

Answer 16

Inflammation of the lung tissue
– Kills more than any infectious disease in U.S.! will be a secondary infection to the compromised host
– Common causative agent(s):
* Bacteria (usually), apart of many people nasal pharyngeal flora
–Streptococcus pneumoniae
–Klebsiella pneumoniae (and CRKP)
–Mycoplasma pneumoniae walking pneumonia cell wall less
* Fungi/Protozoans, e.g…
–Pneumocystis jiroveci (PCP) pneumocystis most common killer of individual with aids
* Viruses (rare )

Question 17

define pneumonia lower respiratory

Answer 17

Usually spread via droplet nuclei
– Lobar Pneumonia
* Consolidation of fibrin deposits in lung, tissues in lungs have been damaged extensively, scar tissue
* May also present with pleurisy two layers that surround the lung can get fluid between to cause infection
– Bronchial Pneumonia (Often a 2º infection)
– Walking Pneumonia
– Tx depends on organism causing pneumonia
* Antibiotics for bacterial pneumonias
– Vaccination, if available (e.g. Pneumovax,
Prevnar)

Answer 18

Caused by Histoplasma capsulatum
– Spread via inhalation of fungal spores
* A non-communicable pathogen picked up from the environment
– Flu and pneumonia-like S&Sx may result
– Granulomas may form in lungs (and
elsewhere) walls of pathogen that body had trouble with/they encapsulate them to keep them from getting to the rest of the body
– Treatment is usually complicated and long-
lasting (but possible, if caught in time)

Question 19

Staphylococcal Skin Diseases (Bacterial)

Answer 19

Usually Staphylococcus aureus
– Usually endogenous bacteria( strains of staff that are apart of the skin flora)
– Folliculitis is when all your hair follicles get inflammed
– Furuncles /Carbuncles also known as a boil and can get really big and painful
– Impetigo is a commonly and highly contagious skin infection that affects young adults and infants
– Staphylococcal Scalded Skin Syndrome (SSSS) is a toxinoses that breaks down certain molecules that keeps the dermis intact.
– Acne Vulgaris, and Cystic Acne
– Often treated with antibiotics and/or “lancing”
* Watch out for MRSA is one of the baddest Hospital Acquired Infection

Question 20

acne Vulgaris ( Bacterial )

Answer 20

Usually caused by Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis
And Propionibacterium acnes
Diffuse pimples ( usually on acne )
Many human hormones contribute to pathogenesis
Many progress to cystic acne where the acne gets deep in the skin and can get become really painful
Treated with antibiotics, accutane helps your skin renew itself more quickly or doxycycline which is the most common antibiotic used for acne

Question 21

epidermis vs dermis

Answer 21

Epidermis is the outermost layer
Dermis is the middle layer of skin in your body that supports,protects and nourishes your epidermis

Question 22

define subcutaneous tissue

Answer 22

Subcutaneous Tissue is the tissue underneath the skin itself and known as the innermost layer of the skin

Question 23

sweat glands vs sebaceous glands

Answer 23

Sweat Glands are exocrine glands found in mammals that produce sweat and Sebaceous Glands produces oil ( both can get infected and inflamed )