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medical microbiology > chapter 16 -20 test > Flashcards

chapter 16 -20 test Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is an exotoxin

A

an exotoxin is when bacteria actively make and secrete a toxin to cause diseases

proteins excreted by bacteria

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2
Q

endotoxin

A

liposaccharides that are a part of the outer membrane of the cell wall of gram-negative bacteria. Can cause fever and shock and shock is a sudden dramatic drop in blood pressure.

only released when bacteria die

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3
Q

what is a reservoir

A

it is the primary habitat in the natural world where from a pathogen originates

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4
Q

what are toxinoses

A

Disease whose adverse effects are primarily due to the production and release of toxins.

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5
Q

describe toxoid as a vaccine

A

toxoid as a vaccine induces the production of specific antibodies and triggers an immune response

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6
Q

what are neurotoxins

A

toxins that cause damage to the nervous system and interfere with nerve impulses

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7
Q

what are enterotoxins

A

toxins that affect the intestines that can cause symptoms associated with intestinal disturbance

modify intestinal cells so they can continue to secrete water

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8
Q

what are cytotoxins

A

are generally killer cells that damage a variety of different cell types by lysing them

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9
Q

what are mycotoxins

A

any toxic substance produced by a fungus or mold

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10
Q

describe the type of exotoxin called A-B toxins

A

:toxic Active part that enters inside host cell
B: helps in recognition of target cell, binds to receptor on target cell, helps A part enter.

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11
Q

describe the membrane damaging toxins hemolysins

A

enzymes that lyse red blood cells

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12
Q

phosophilases

A

ubiquitous class of enzymes that degrade phospholipids into fatty acids and other lipophilic compounds

disrupting the phospholipid bilayer in your host cells and they hydrolyze phospholipids in the cytoplasmic membrane

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13
Q

what are suoerantigens

A

endotoxins that stimulate the immune systen and abnormally high number of Th cells causing a massive number of cytotoxins and causes host tissue damage

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14
Q

what is ecm damaging toxins

A

ecm is the extracellular matrix or ground substance. it’s space between bones, ligaments, and muscle tissues.

epithelial tissues have cells packed together not so much in the extracellular matrix

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15
Q

What are proteases

A

Proteases they brake down proteins

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16
Q

What are lipases

A

An enzyme that breaks down lipids

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17
Q

What are hyaluronidases

A

An enzyme that breaks down hyaluronic acid

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18
Q

what is an interferon

A

secretions from an infected cell that stimulate other cells to make antiviral proteins to protect themselves. Protect your cells.

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19
Q

define Endogenous Antigen Presentation

A
  • any cell in your body can present itself to the immune system if there is a viral antigen in it. Any intracellular threat is presented this way.
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20
Q

define communicable disease

A

spread from person to person, most infectious diseases are communicable. They do depend on humans.

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21
Q

define noncommunicable disease

A

disease that doesn’t spread to other people, you get it from the environment. Example: legionnaires disease, contaminates water supply. It tells you the organism does not depend on humans, it has someplace else to live

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22
Q

define contagious disease

A

it is a very easily communicable infectious disease - like measles and mumps, common cold, etc.

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23
Q

define incidence

A

the total number of new cases in an area in a certain amount of time per 100,00 people. This is always less than prevalence, the closer it gets to the prevalence number the faster it’s spreading.

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24
Q

define prevalence

A

the total number of cases in an area in a certain amount of time per 100,00 people.

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25
Q

define MHC class 1 molecules, cytotoxic cells, and mhc class 1”decoys”

A

MHC class I (MHC-I) molecules: the way cells present themselves to the immune system.

CD8/Cytotoxic T-cells: the T cell that recognizes or identifies the MHC-I molecule and knows to kill that cell.

MHC Class I “Decoys” - some viruses can encourage the cell to produce MHC-I molecules with no antigen in them. So cytotoxic T-cells don’t attack the cells.

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26
Q

eukaryotic pathogens- host response

A

pike in Eosinophils to break down large pathogens, dump chemicals on the large molecules to break them down and make them easier for phagocytes.

GI Eukaryotic pathogens - spike in Eosinophils as well as a spike in IgE class antibodies. Decrease in B-Vitamins because they are important for the growth of their cells as well as yours. B-Vitamins are essential in red blood cell synthesis. Low B-

Vitamin levels → patients get really fatigued and appear anemic.

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27
Q

selective toxicity

A

harder to find a drug that can combat eukaryotic pathogens because they are most similar to us. You might see pts who are on a heavy hitting drug for longer with a lot more side effects

the ability of a substance to kill or harm a substance without harming the host

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28
Q

what is the difference between isolation and quarantine

A

isolation means state of being seperated and you may or may not have symptoms

Quarantine means you are separated because you have obvious signs and symptoms of that infecrtious disease

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29
Q

define isolation procedures

A

Isolation Procedures don’t really have to involve physical separation from people they are just a set of steps are followed to contain and manage crisis or to reduce the risk of transmission infection

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30
Q

define pathogen classification ( class 1-4)

A

As the number goes up the pathogenic potential goes up

Class 1 pathogen are microrganisms that are not not pathogenic to humans

Class 2 pathogen are microorganisms that can cause human diseases but are unlikely to spread to the community

Class 3 pathogen is a microorganism that can cause severe human diseases and is a serious health hazard to those who are exposed

Class 4 pathogen a highly infectious agent with a high potential for causing severe diseases and a threat to public health

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31
Q

what are notable infectious diseases

A

Notifiable infectious diseases is a disease that is legally required to report to the CDC or public health officials by health providers once diagnosed

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32
Q

describe the usphs,cdc, mmwr, and the world health organization

A

US Public Health organizations are more geared towards helping people with prevention and advancing the health and saftety of the nation

CDC get involved when there is an outbreak and they are worried if it will get any further

MMWR is a publication the CDC puts out and it stands for morbidity and mortality weekly report

WHO stands world health organization cleaning house for epidemic data

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33
Q

what is a vaccination

A

Vaccination is a biological presentation that stimulates the body’s immune system to recognize and fight or defend against a disease causing microrganism

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34
Q

define a whole cell vaccine

A

Whole cell vaccines is an inactivated vaccine that involves the production of the infectious microbe that is then killed so it cannot replicate .

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35
Q

define mrna vaccines

A

Mrna vaccines work by introducing a piece of mRna that corresponds to a viral protein and the lipid nanospheres that have the messenger on them get into your cells read the messenger rna and display that antigen on the surface to prime your immune system

36
Q

define attenuated vaccine

A

Attenuated vaccine is a vaccine that contains a weakened form of a of a live pathogen meaning the virus or bacteria has been altered to be less harmful and primes the immune system

37
Q

define toxoid vaccine

A

Toxoid vaccine is a vaccine that uses a weakened or inactivated form of a bacterial toxin (toxoid) to stimulate the immune system. Tetanus shot

38
Q

define recombinant vaccine

A

Recombinant vaccines is genetic manipulation is a vaccine produced through recombinant DNA technology . some kind of genetic manipulation of existing DNA from a pathogen that can be used as a vaccinating agent

39
Q

define vector vaccine

A

Vector vaccine uses a modified version of a different virus as a vector to deliver protection
Often called adenovirus vector vaccine which is a vaccine that uses a harmless adenovirus
To deliver the vaccine

40
Q

define acellular/subunit vaccine

A

acelluar/subunit vaccines grow up a pathogen smash it into pieces and uses the pieces as a vaccine to prime the immune system

41
Q

define nosocomial infections

A

Nosocomial infections are infections that are commonly seen and spread in clinical settings

42
Q

exogenous versus endogenous vaccine

A

Exogenous infection caused by a pathogen that enters the body from an external source
Endogenous infection is a disease cause by an infectious agent that was already present in the body prior to the infection

43
Q

define emerging infectious disease

A

Emerging infectious diseases (EID) are defined as infectious diseases that are newly recognized in a population or have existed but are rapidly increasing in incidence or geographic range.

44
Q

horizontal versus vertical transmission

A

Horizontal transmission from one individual to another
Vertical transmission from mother to child transmission.

You can never pass a pathogen vertically.

45
Q

direct contact trasnission

A

the spread of a disease from an infected person to a susceptible person through physical contact

46
Q

indirect contact transmission

A

the spread of an infectious disease when a person comes into contact with a contaminated surface or object

47
Q

mechanical versus biological vectors

A

A mechanical vector is a fly an is an organism which only transports a pathogen

Biological vectors is an organism that only transports a pathogen but also plays a role in the life cycle of a pathogen ( bacteria inside a tick)

48
Q

what is a vector

A

a living organism that can transmits disease

49
Q

droplet transmission

A

occurs when a droplet from coughing or sneezing carry the pathogen to the host body

50
Q

droplet nuclei

A

droplet nuclei may be suspended in the air for significant periods of time

51
Q

food/ waterborne transmission

A

harmful parasites or chemicals contaminate food or drinks which can make people sick

52
Q

vector transmission

A

the spread of a disease through a living organism like an insect that carries a pathogen from an infected host to a healthy one

53
Q

what are factors affecting the spread of infectious disease

A

infectious dose of a pathogen is the amount of pathogens required to cause the infection

incubation period of a pathogen is the amount of time it takes
between the initial infection, and then the 1st symptom to appear.

Immunity among members of a population helps limit the pathogen’s ability to spread

54
Q

what is herd immunity
continued with factors affecting spread of diseases

A

Herd immunity is when enough people in a group or enough people in a group or area have achieved immunity (protection) against a virus or other infectious agent to make it very difficult for the infection to spread

55
Q

virulence of a pathogen ( factors affected spreading of a disease)

A

determines how succesful a pathogen is to cause a disease

56
Q

describe the factors of infectious spread of a disease

A

general health of a population is how healthy in general are member s are in a population

genetic factors ( like a high degree of resitance in some area ) and
age
cultural pratices

57
Q

describe descriptive studies

A

its a survey of diseases and how they spread

  1. number of cases in a disease
  2. segments of population affected
  3. location and time of appearance of cases
58
Q

define an index case

A

it is an identified case in a group of related cases of a communicable or heritable disease

59
Q

Retrospective vs. prospective studies -

A

Retrospective vs. prospective studies - retrospective studies looks at what has happened looking backwards and prospective studies is what could potentially happen going forward

60
Q

whats a placebo in an experimental study

A

the controlled group gets the placebo is usually something tat doesn’t contain the drug or treatment

61
Q

blind versus double studies

A

in a single blind study the researchers know who gets the treatment but the subjects do not

in a double blind study both the researchers and the participants do not know who gets the placebo treatment

62
Q

what is an sporadic disease

A

A sporadic disease occurs in a random and unpredictable manner, involving several isolated cases that pose no great threat to the population as a whole.

63
Q

define endemic disease

A

cases are concentrated in one area at a stable rate and are always present in a certain population or region.

64
Q

epidemic disease

A

diseases for which a larger number of cases occurs in a region within a geographic area.

65
Q

pandemic

A

A pandemic occurs when an epidemic spreads worldwide

66
Q

propagated epidemic

A

Propagated epidemic more cases spread out for a longer period of time

67
Q

common sourve epidemic

A

Common source epidemic is an outbreak which a group of persons are all exposed to an agent or a toxin from the same source

68
Q

asymptomatic versus passive carriers

A

An asymptomatic carrier is an individual who harbors an infection but does not exhibit signs or symptoms of the disease and they are actually sick.
Passive carriers are individuals who are capable of transmitting a pathogen without displaying symptoms.

69
Q

define chronic carriers

A

Chronic carriers refers to an individual who harbors a pathogen for an extended period without showing symptoms and can transmit the pathogen to others for a long period of time . Examples : HIV

70
Q

define incubation versus convalescent carriers

A

Convalescent carriers are individuals who have recovered from an infectious disease but are still capable of transmitting the infectious agent

An incubation carrier is an individual who can transmit an infectious agent to others during the incubation period of a disease before you know you are sick

71
Q

define zoonoses

A

Diseases that can be transmitted under natural conditions to from animal to humans

72
Q

vector transmission

A

vectors are living organisms that transmit disease to humans

73
Q

what is an chemotherapeutic drug

A

any chemical used in treatment of relief of a disease

74
Q

what is an antimicrobial

A

Antimicrobial is an agent that destroys or prevents the growth of many microrganims.
Antimicrobial agents must have a good selective toxicity ( a substance that causes harm to pathogen and not the host )
Penicillin is a selective toxic drug that goes after peptidoglycan

Penicillin makes an antimicrobial substance for competitive advantage

75
Q

broad spectrum versus narrow spectrum

A

broad spectrun is effective against a wide range of microorganisms

narrow spectrum affect only a select group of microorganisms

76
Q

what is an antibiotic

A

a natural substance that is produced for the purpose of competition in nature and to kill or inhibit bacteria

77
Q

antimicrobial drugs may be synthetic ,semisynthetic or natural

A

synthetic is made in lab derived from organic compounds

semisynthetic derived from naturally occurring substances and are altered

natural - 1 st generation

78
Q

define the therapeutic index, toxic dose, and therapeutic dose

A

Therapeutic index is the margin of safety between the dose of that drug

The therapeutic dose of a medication refers to the amount needed to achieve the desired therapeutic effect without causing toxicity

Toxic dose the minimum dose where you see toxic side effects

79
Q

micobicidal versus microbiostatic

A

Microbicidal - kills microbes
Microbiostatic - stall growth of the microbe and give the immune system a chance to catch up.

80
Q

what are targets of antimicrobial agents

A

Cell wall (inhibitors of synthesis and repair

Cell membrane (disruption of function and loss of selctive permeabiltiy)
Nucleic acid (DNA replication inhibitors)
Protein synthesis (ribosome inhibitors)
Metabolic Pathways (“antimetabolites”)

Cell wall and protein synthesis drugs are the most common because animals don’t have cell walls and ribosomes are a different size in bacteria. Least in common
Cell membrane is the most highly conserved so is DNA structure so we don’t have many drugs of those. More in common

81
Q

what are the courses of evets in antimicrobial therapy

A

Drug is given to the host (IV, IM, orally, etc.)
Drug dissolves in body fluids
Drug is delivered to infected area
Drug inhibits growth (or kills) microbes
Drug is broken down or excreted by the host (peed out, broken down and breakdown products are excreted

82
Q

define synergistic antagonistic and additive combination

A

Synergistic - you get more virtue taking them together than separately, more helpful this way 2+2=5

Antagonistic - drugs interfere with activity of other drugs but if you need both of those drugs you have no choice 2+2=3

Additive combination - Drugs don’t get in each other way nor help each other 2+2=4

83
Q

who is alexander flemming

A

Alexander Fleming (1929) - penicillin, totally natural antibiotic, he grew bacteria in his lab and there was green fuzz growing on them (contamination), and there was an area surrounding the green fuzz and noticed bacteria isn’t growing there, called it penicillin.

84
Q

who was florey and chain

A

Florey & Chain - wanted to see if penicillin has any clinical applications

85
Q

who was gerhard domagk

A

Gerhard Domagk (1935) - Sulfonamides, totally synthetic, antibacterial drugs built from the atom up. Antimetabolites which interfere with the metabolism of bacteria. Bactrim (SXT). The first antimicrobial drug to go into world wide use

medical microbiology (3 decks)

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