Quiz 3 Flashcards
What are the three classes of just city-state?
- Appetite: the part of the soul aimed at material satisfaction (e.g. money-driven individuals)
- Spirit: the part of the soul that desires socialization and the recognition of others (e.g. those seeking fame)
- Reason: the part of the soul that desires wisdom to make good judgements to balance all parts of the soul
Name Hume’s 2 circumstances that make justice an inevitable issue?
- Humans have self-interests
- Humans have finite resources
What is justice?
Applying equality and fairness to social, economic, and political situations
What is equity? How is it different from equality?
When additional resources are provided to disadvantaged groups to ensure equal opportunity. Equality is when equal resources are provided to all groups.
What are the 2 competing theories on justice?
Libertarianism: Defends liberty rights including freedom of religion, property rights, and individual liberty. Gives power to the state to protect individuals property rights and, solve crime and its punishment, and defend against conquest.
Egalitarianism: Defends welfare rights. Protects individual’s liberties and welfare. Empowers the state to correct inequalities.
Lib = rights
Ega = rights and welfare
What are Rawls 2 principles on moral equality?
Each person has equal right to basic liberties
Social and economic inequalities are arranged so they are both
a) Greatly benefiting the most disadvantaged
b) attached to offices open to all for fair equality of opportunity
What was the Magna Carta?
The first document on human rights for lords in medival england. Rights on religion and property
What are Iris Young’s 5 faces of oppression?
- Exploitation
- Marginalization
- Powerlessness
- Cultural Imperialism
- Violence
What is the Racial Contract?
Patterns of injustice supporting white supremacy. Example: colonialism
What disease led to the acknowledgement of discrimination against the LGBTQ community?
AIDS/HIV
What was the 1996 Defense of Marriage Act (DOMA)?
Governments prohibited from recognizing same sex marriage
What group received more discrimination after the LGBTQ community at large made significant advances in human rights?
Trans community
What is the difference between disability and impairment?
Impairment: present and absence of key features that impact an individuals functioning
Disability: societal norms that limits the participation of people with impairments
Which minority received the most health impacts from covid 19?
Black population due to poverty and physical environment (homelessness). Black community did not have as many WFH jobs and were at more risk of infection
What are some reasons for increased economic inequality in America?
- Large tax cuts for the rich
- Preferential treatment of investment income in tax codes
- Minimal increases to minimum wage
- Decline of labour unions and manufacturing jobs
What is the Veil of Ignorance?
Moral reasoning device that limits information that would lead to individuals adopting principles based on individual interests
What were the 2 conclusions of Norton and Ariely’s study on preferences in wealth distribution?
- Respondents preferred a more equal distribution of wealth
- Fair distribution is subjective to political affiliations
How much share of wealth do the top 1% in america have?
40% of wealth
What impact did the pandemic lockdown have on women?
- Precarious employment in service
- Unemployment
- Increased domestic abuse
- Above reasons led to worsened health for women
How can mathematical approaches obscure ethical considerations?
Risk and resilience assessments are not objective, and require human judgement. Example: environmental impact of the highest performance material
How can monetization obscure ethical considerations?
Human lives cannot be fairly monetized from comparison of benefits
In what ways can the public and experts have differing expectations on a situation?
The public does not have as much information as experts do. Examples: building damages in an earthquake, perceived safety of airplanes
Should the opinion of experts be the basis for safety?
No, the public must have a say on perceived risk. Other groups have their theories, values and worldviews, and they take on the risk.
What are the roles of engineers in public decisions?
Public welfare should be a public decision. Engineers play a support role for public needs, values, and risk tolerance
