Quiz 3

Question 1

What are the three classes of just city-state?

Answer 1

1. Appetite: the part of the soul aimed at material satisfaction (e.g. money-driven individuals)
2. Spirit: the part of the soul that desires socialization and the recognition of others (e.g. those seeking fame)
3. Reason: the part of the soul that desires wisdom to make good judgements to balance all parts of the soul

Question 2

Name Hume’s 2 circumstances that make justice an inevitable issue?

Answer 2

1. Humans have self-interests
2. Humans have finite resources

Question 3

What is justice?

Answer 3

Applying equality and fairness to social, economic, and political situations

Question 4

What is equity? How is it different from equality?

Answer 4

When additional resources are provided to disadvantaged groups to ensure equal opportunity. Equality is when equal resources are provided to all groups.

Question 5

What are the 2 competing theories on justice?

Answer 5

Libertarianism: Defends liberty rights that depend on equality of individual rights. Gives power to the state to protect individuals property rights and, solve crime and its punishment, and defend against conquest.

Egalitarianism: Defends welfare rights. Protects individual’s liberties and welfare. Empowers the state to correct inequalities.

Lib = rights
Ega = rights and welfare

Question 6

What are Rawls 2 principles on moral equality?

Answer 6

Each person has equal right to basic liberties

Social and economic inequalities are arranged so they are both
a) benefiting the disadvantaged
b) attached to offices open to all for fair equality of opportunity

Question 7

What was the Magna Carta?

Answer 7

The first document on human rights for lords in medical england. Rights on religion and property

Question 8

What are Iris Young’s the 5 faces of oppression?

Answer 8

1. Exploitation
2. Marginalization
3. Powerlessness
4. Cultural Imperialism
5. Violence

Question 9

What is the Racial Contract?

Answer 9

Patterns of injustice supporting white supremacy. Example: colonialism

Question 10

What disease led to the acknowledgement of discrimination against the LGBTQ community?

Answer 10

AIDS/HIV

Question 11

What was the 1996 Defense of Marriage Act (DOMA)?

Answer 11

Governments prohibited from recognizing same sex marriage

Question 12

What group received more discrimination after the LGBTQ community at large made significant advances in human rights?

Answer 12

Trans community

Question 13

What is the difference between disability and impairment?

Answer 13

Impairment: present and absence of key features that impact an individuals functioning

Disability: societal norms that limits the participation of people with impairments

Question 14

Which minority received the most health impacts from covid 19?

Answer 14

Black population due to poverty and physical environment (homelessness). Black community did not have as many WFH jobs and were at more risk of infection

Question 15

What are some reasons for increased economic inequality in America?

Answer 15

1. Large tax cuts for the rich
2. Preferential treatment of investment income in tax codes
3. Minimal increases to minimum wage
4. Decline of labour unions and manufacturing jobs

Question 16

What is the Veil of Ignorance?

Answer 16

Limits information that would lead to individuals adopting principles based on individual interests

Question 16

What were the 2 conclusions of Norton and Ariely’s study on preferences in wealth distribution?

Answer 16

1. Respondents preferred a more equal distribution of wealth
2. Fair distribution is subjective to political affiliations

Question 17

How much share of wealth do the top 1% in america have?

Answer 17

40% of wealth

Question 18

What impact did the pandemic lockdown have on women?

Answer 18

1. Precarious employment in service
2. Unemployment
3. Increased domestic abuse
4. Above reasons led to worsened health for women

Question 19

How can mathematical approaches obscure ethical considerations?

Answer 19

Risk and resilience assessments are not objective, and require human judgement. Example: environmental impact of the highest performance material

Question 20

How can monetization obscure ethical considerations?

Answer 20

Human lives cannot be fairly monetized from comparison of benefits

Question 21

In what ways can the public and experts have differing expectations on a situation?

Answer 21

The public does not have as much information as experts do. Examples: building damages in an earthquake, perceived safety of airplanes

Question 22

Should the opinion of experts be the basis for safety?

Answer 22

No, the public must have a say on perceived risk. Other groups have their theories, values and worldviews, and they take on the risk.

Question 23

What are the roles of engineers in public decisions?

Answer 23

Public welfare are public decisions. Engineers play a support role for public needs, values, and risk tolerance

Question 24

How can incomplete knowledge create ethical dilemmas?

Answer 24

When choices are made without full justification and understand of the risks and costs. Stakeholders must be informed of uncertainties.