Quiz 3 Flashcards
- What were the “Four Freedoms” as portrayed in the painting by artist,
Norman Rockwell? p.864 (Picture) Introduction
Freedom of speech
Freedom of worship
Freedom from want
Freedom from fear
- How did the Iroquois enlist in the armed services for WWII? Did many
Native Americans go back to the reservations after the war? Pp.887-
888 Indians During the War
Insisting that the United States lacked the authority to draft Indian men into the army, the Iroquois issued their own declaration of war against the Axis powers. Tens of thousands of Indians left reservations for jobs in war industries.
Exposed for the first time to urban life and industrial society, many chose not to return to the reservations after the war ended indeed, the reservations did not share in wartime prosperity).
Know the final outcome of Japanese-Americans who were wrongly
interned during WWII and justice for Fred Korematsu. p.892
Japanese-American Internment
The courts refused to intervene. In 1944, in Korematsu v. United States, the Supreme Court denied the appeal of Fred Korematsu, a Japanese-American citizen who had been arrested for refusing to present himself for internment, Speaking for a 6-3 majority, Justice Hugo Black, usually an avid defender of civil liberties, upheld the legality of the internment policy, insisting that an order applying only to persons of Japanese descent was not based on race. In 2018, in a case involving President Trump’s order banning travel to the United States by citizens of several Muslim-majority countries, the Supreme Court, as an aside, declared that the Korematsu decision was “gravely wrong” and had no legal standing.
A long campaign for acknowledgment of the injustice done to Japanese-Americans followed the end of the war, In 1988, Congress apologized for internment and provided $20,000 in compensation to each surviving victim. President Bill Clinton subsequently awarded Fred Korematsu the Presidential Medal of Freedom.
What is NSC-68 and how did it define the Cold War? p.915
The Growing Communist Challenge
In the wake of Soviet-American confrontations over southern and eastern Europe and Berlin, the communist victory in China, and Soviet success in developing an atomic bomb, the National Security Council approved a call for a permanent military buildup to enable the United States to pursue a global crusade against communism. Known as NSC-68, this 1950 manifesto described the Cold War as an epic struggle between “the idea of freedom” and the “idea of slavery under the grim oligarchy of the Kremlin.” One of the most important policy statements of the early Cold War, NSC-68 helped to spur a dramatic increase in American military spending.
What is the “Fair Deal” and what were its goals? p.923 The Fair Deal
In the immediate aftermath of World War Il, President Truman, backed by party liberals and organized labor, moved to revive the stalled momentum of the New Deal. Truman’s program, which he announced in September 1945 and would later call the Fair Deal, focused on improving the social safety net and raising the standard of living of ordinary Americans. He called on Congress to increase the minimum wage, enact a program of national health insurance, and expand public housing, Social Security, and aid to education. Truman, complained one Republican leader, was “out-New Dealing the New Deal.”
Who were the Dixiecrats and who did they nominate for President in
the Election of 1948? p.A-58 Glossary
• Dixiecrats
Lower South delegates who walked out of the 1948 Democratic national convention in protest of the party’s support for civil rights legislation and later formed the States’ Rights Democratic (Dixiecrat) Party, which nominated Strom Thurmond of South Carolina for president.
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What is the League of United Latin American Citizens? What areas of
segregation did it confront in the American Southwest?
With Truman’s civil rights initiative having faded and the Eisenhower administration reluctant to address the issue, it fell to the courts to confront the problem of racial segregation. In the Southwest, the League of United Latin American Citizens (LULAC), the counterpart of the NAACP, challenged restrictive housing, employment discrimination, and the segregation of Latino students. It won an important victory in 1946 in the case of Mendez v. Westminster, when a federal court ordered the schools of Orange County desegregated. In response, the state legislature repealed all school laws requiring racial segregation.
- Where did Thurgood Marshall place the focus of the court case, Brown
v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas? How did Chief Justice Warren
build unanimity on a divided Supreme Court?
Thurgood Marshall decided that the time had come to attack not the unfair applications of the “separate but equal” principle but the doctrine itself.
Even with the same funding and facilities, he insisted, segregation was inherently unequal since it stigmatized one group of citizens as unfit to associate with others. Drawing on studies by New York psychologists Kenneth and Mamie Clark, Marshall argued that segregation did lifelong damage to black children, undermining their self-esteem.
Chief Justice Warren managed to create unanimity on a divided Court, some of whose members disliked segregation but feared that a decision to outlaw it would spark widespread violence. On May 17, 1954, Warren himself read aloud the decision, only eleven pages long. Segregation in public education, he concluded, violated the equal protection of the laws guaranteed by the Fourteenth Amendment. “In the field of education, the doctrine of ‘separate but equal’ has no place. Separate educational facilities are inherently unequal.”
What was the role of SNCC (Student Nonviolent Coordinating
Committee) and CORE (Congress of Racial Equality) in the Civil Rights
Revolution of the 1960s? p.987 The Rising Tide of Protest
In April 1960, Ella Baker, a longtime civil rights organizer, called a meeting of young activists in Raleigh, North Carolina. About 200 black students and a few whites attended. Out of the gathering came the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC), dedicated to replacing the culture of segregation with a “beloved community” of racial justice and to empowering ordinary blacks to take control of the decisions that affected their lives.
Scores were arrested and two black teenagers were killed. In 1961, the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) launched the Freedom Rides. Integrated groups traveled by bus into the Lower South to test compliance with court orders banning segregation on interstate buses and trains and in terminal facilities.
What did John F. Kennedy see as his “main concern” in his
presidency (before 1963 Kennedy and Civil Rights p.993)? p.991 The
Kennedy Years
Kennedy’s inaugural address of January 1961 announced a watershed in American politics: “The torch has been passed,” he declared, “to a new generation of Americans” who would “pay any price, bear any burden,” to
“assure the survival and success of liberty.” The speech seemed to urge Americans to move beyond the self-centered consumer culture of the 1950s: “Ask not what your country can do for you; ask what you can do for your country.” But while the sit-ins were by now a year old, the speech said nothing about segregation or race. At the outset of his presidency, Kennedy regarded civil rights as a distraction from his main concern-vigorous conduct of the Cold War.
How did the 1965 Voting Rights Act affect the voting rights of
Blacks in America? p.998 The Voting Rights Act
Congress quickly passed the Voting Rights Act of 1965, which allowed federal officials to register voters. Black southerners finally regained the suffrage that had been stripped from them at the turn of the twentieth century. In addition, the Twenty-fourth Amendment to the Constitution outlawed the poll tax, which had long prevented poor blacks (and some whites) from voting in the South.
Where did the “War on Poverty” see success? Were poor people
expected to play a role in the “War on Poverty?” Pp.1000-1001 The
War on Poverty
One of the Great Society’s most popular and successful components, food stamps, offered direct aid to the poor. But, in general, the War on Poverty concentrated on equipping the poor with skills and rebuilding their spirit and motivation.
In an echo of SNCC’s philosophy of empowering ordinary individuals to take control of their lives, the War on Poverty required that poor people play a leading part in the design and implementation of local policies, a recipe for continuing conflict with local political leaders accustomed to controlling the flow of federal dollars. The grassroots War on Poverty contributed to an upsurge of local radical activism.
